RESUMEN
Mucormycosis is an extremely aggressive fungal disease with a high mortality rate, especially in people with compromised immune systems. Most cases of mucormycosis are caused by the fungus Rhizopus oryzae. The treatments used are based on high doses of antifungals, associated with surgical resections, when it is possible. However, even with this aggressive treatment, the estimated attributable mortality rate is high. There is therefore a need to develop adjuvant treatments. Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) may be an auxiliary therapeutic option for mucormycosis. Due to the lack of reports in the literature on the morphology and photodynamic inactivation of R. oryzae, characterization of the fungus using Confocal Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy, and different protocols using Photodithazine® (PDZ), a chlorin e6 compound, as a photosensitizer, were performed. The fungus growth rate under different concentrations and incubation times of the photosensitizer and its association with the surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) was evaluated. For the hyphae, both in the light and dark phases, in the protocols using only PDZ, no effective photodynamic response was observed. Meanwhile with the combination of SDS 0.05% and PDZ, inhibition growth rates of 98% and 72% were achieved for the white and black phase, respectively. In the conidia phase, only a 1.7 log10 reduction of the infective spores was observed. High concentration of melanin and the complex and resistant structures, especially at the black phase, results in a high limitation of the PDI inactivation response. The combined use of the SDS resulted in an improved response, when compared to the one obtained with the amphotericin B treatment.
Asunto(s)
Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes , Rhizopus oryzae , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/química , Rhizopus oryzae/efectos de los fármacos , Porfirinas/farmacología , Porfirinas/química , Fotoquimioterapia , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/química , Dodecil Sulfato de Sodio/farmacología , Dodecil Sulfato de Sodio/química , Luz , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Lumbar pain is a very common symptom that derives from benign musculoskeletal conditions, rheumatic inflammatory diseases, neoplasms, and referred and/or nociplastic pain. A 70-year-old man with psoriatic arthritis presented with early-onset lumbosacral pain without evident red flags. Symptomatic treatment was unhelpful. Radiographic imaging showed subtle signs of a disease that could easily be missed. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a massive prostatic malignancy with bone (sacral and iliopubic) metastasis. Awareness must be given not to disregard every lumbar pain as part of the preexisting rheumatic inflammatory disease (spondyloarthropathy in this case) or a common muscle/ligament/articular disarrangement. Persistence of pain, albeit not inflam-matory nor sharp in nature, despite adequate treatment might be just as important as an acute red flag and requires proper follow-up.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Psoriásica , Dolor de la Región Lumbar , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas , Enfermedades Reumáticas , Masculino , Humanos , Anciano , Artritis Psoriásica/complicaciones , Región Lumbosacra , Enfermedades Reumáticas/complicacionesRESUMEN
Algumas espécies de Staphylococcus causam infecções crônicas intramamárias e podem levar à formação de biofilme. No presente estudo, levantou-se a hipótese de que as espécies de Staphylococcus isolados da mastite bovina são capazes de formar biofilme in vitro associado à presença dos genes icaA, icaD ou bap. Um total de 200 isolados de Staphylococcus, sendo 100 Staphylococcus aureus de casos de mastite subclínica e 100 estafilococos não aureus (ENA) de casos de mastite subclínica e clínica, obtidos em duas fazendas leiteiras, no estado de São Paulo, foram avaliados quanto à capacidade de produzir biofilmes in vitro. A presença de icaA, icaD e bap foi confirmada por PCR, e a produção de biofilme em ágar vermelho congo (Congo Red Agar - CRA) e em teste de microplaca (Microtiter Plate - MtP) foi avaliada nos isolados de S. aureus e ENA. Os resultados mostraram a presença dos genes icaA, icaD e bap em S. aureus, mas não em ENA. A produção de biofilme pode estar associada à presença de outros fatores ou genes que estimulam a produção de biofilme in vitro. O ensaio de MtP serve como um modelo quantitativo para o estudo da aderência de espécies de estafilococos associados à mastite bovina.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus aureus/aislamiento & purificación , Biopelículas , Mastitis Bovina/diagnóstico , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , AgarRESUMEN
INTRODUCCIÓN: La Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) es un instrumento válido y confiable para medir funcionamiento físico en unida-des de cuidados intensivos. Sin embargo, la traducción y adaptación trans-cultural de la FSS-ICU en Chile no ha sido publicada. OBJETIVO: Traducir y adaptar transculturalmente todos los documentos asociados de la FSS-ICU original para Chile. MÉTODO: Se utilizó como punto de partida la versión en español de la FSS-ICU, disponible en www.ImproveLTO.com. Esta versión se tradujo previamente junto a los desarrolladores originales de la FSS-ICU, siguiendo las recomen-daciones establecidas para este proceso. La versión de bolsillo chilena se desarrolló recientemente en base a la versión original en inglés. Se realizaron entrevistas cognitivas a kinesiólogos de la unidad de cuidados intensivos para evaluar la comprensión de la FSS-ICU y versión de bolsillo. Las adaptaciones se realizaron cuando el acuerdo entre los kinesiólogos fue inferior al 80%. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron las entrevistas cognitivas de la FSS-ICU en español (85 ítems) y versión de bolsillo (18 ítems) en 30 kinesiólogos chilenos provenientes de 18 diferentes hospitales (14 públicos y 4 privados). Durante las entrevistas se realizaron adaptaciones principalmente en las guías generales e instrucciones específicas para tres ítems de la FSS-ICU y dos ítems de la versión de bolsillo. Finalmente, se desarrollaron las preguntas frecuentes, la versión de bolsillo y la versión completa de la FSS-ICU. Todas las adaptaciones fueron aceptadas por los desarrolladores originales. CONCLUSIONES: La versión chilena de la FSS-ICU fue fácil de entender por los kinesiólogos. La FSS-ICU está disponible gratis para uso clínico e investigación no comercial en Chile.
BACKGROUND: The Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) is a valid and reliable instrument to measure physical functioning in the intensive care unit setting. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation in Chile has not been published for the FSS-ICU. AIM: To translate and cross-culturally adapt all associated documents of the original FSS-ICU for Chile. METHOD: The Spanish version of FSS-ICU, available at www.ImproveLTO.com, was used as the starting point. This version was previously translated, with the original FSS-ICU developers, following established guidelines for this process. The Chilean pocket card version was newly developed based on the English version at www.ImproveLTO.com. Cognitive interviews were conducted for the adaptation of the FSS-ICU and pocket card version to assess understanding of relevant stakeholders (i.e., Chilean intensive care unit physiotherapists). Adaptations to the translation were made when agreement among the physiotherapists was less than 80%. RESULTS: Cognitive interviews of the Chilean FSS-ICU (85 items) and pocket card version (18 items) were performed with 30 Chilean physiotherapists from 18 hospitals (14 public and 4 private). During the interviews, modest adaptations mainly made in the general guidelines and specific instructions for three items of the FSS-ICU and two items of the pocket card. Finally, the frequently asked questions, pocket card and full version of the FSS-ICU were developed. The original developers accepted all adaptations. CONCLUSIONS: The Chilean version of the FSS-ICU was easy to understand by the physiotherapists. The FSS-ICU is freely available for non-commercial clinical and research use by Chilean Spanish-speakers.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Comparación Transcultural , Estado de Salud , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Chile , Entrevistas como Asunto , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Guías como Asunto , Fisioterapeutas , LenguajeRESUMEN
Introducción: La Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo, generalmente no se diagnostica hasta etapas avanzadas de la enfermedad. En Portugal, el estudio de la Carga Portuguesa de Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva (BOLD) ha estimado una prevalencia de 14,2% en adultos mayores de 40 años, con un 86,8% de infradiagnóstico. El uso de herramientas simples de cribado en Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) puede aumentar el número de pacientes identificados en riesgo de desarrollar EPOC. Objetivos: Validar un cuestionario de EPOC y determinar la exactitud diagnóstica de una relación FEV1/FEV6de la mini-espirometría con respecto a una prueba de espirometría diagnóstica como un instrumento de tamizaje a la EPOC en Atención Primaria. Métodos: Se seleccionaron pacientes de más de 40 años de 4 unidades de APS diferentes. Se aplicó el cuestionario IPAG y se realizaron pruebas con el dispositivo PIKO-6(R). Los resultados se compararon con la espirometría. Resultados. Se analizaron datos de 471 sujetos (235 hombres, con una edad media de 60,1 ± 10,9 años). Se diagnosticaron cincuenta y siete (12,1%) casos de EPOC. La sensibilidad y especificidad fueron, respectivamente, 84,1% y 49,9% para el cuestionario del IPAG; 61,4% y 93,7% para PIKO-6(R)y 45,6% y 96,5% para IPAG + PIKO-6(R). La mejor zona bajo la curva que se encontró con la combinación IPAG + PIKO-6(R) fue del 73%. Conclusión: El cuestionario IPAG y el dispositivo PIKO-6(R) son herramientas útiles para la detección de la EPOC y podrían utilizarse en combinación. Se debe realizar una espirometría confirmatoria en presencia de resultados positivos de IPAG y/o PIKO-6(R) Estas herramientas podrían ser útiles para disminuir el infradiagnóstico de EPOC
Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, usually not diagnosed until advanced stages of the disease. In Portugal, the Portuguese Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study has estimated a prevalence of 14.2% in adults over 40 years, with 86.8% of under-diagnosis. The use of simple screening tools in Primary Health Care (PHC) can increase the number of identified patients at risk of developing COPD. Objectives: To validate a COPD questionnaire and determine the diagnostic accuracy of a FEV1/FEV6 ratio from mini-spirometry relative to a diagnostic spirometry test as a screening tolls to COPD in Primary Care. Methods: Patients aged over 40 years were selected from 4 different PHC units. It was applied the IPAG questionnaire and tests with PIKO-6(R) device were performed. The results were then compared with spirometry. Results. Data from 471 subjects were analysed (235 men; mean age 60.1±10.9 years).Fifty seven (12.1%) cases of COPD were diagnosed. The sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 84.1% and 49.9% for the IPAG questionnaire; 61.4% and 93.7% for the PIKO-6(R) and 45.6% and 96.5% for the IPAG+PIKO-6(R). The best area under the curve that was found with the IPAG+ PIKO-6(R) combination was 73%. Conclusion: The IPAG questionnaire and PIKO-6(R) device are useful COPD screening tools and could be used in combination. A confirmatory spirometry should be carried out in the presence of positive results from IPAG and/or PIKO-6(R) . These tools could be useful to diminish COPD underdiagnosis
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica/epidemiología , Atención Primaria de Salud , Portugal/epidemiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Espirometría/métodos , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
Milk samples from 257 goats and 513 half udders of 10 dairy goat farms were analyzed by microbiological culture, to evaluate the sanitary management, and epidemiological questionnaire results. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for subclinical mastitis in goats, with the adjusted Odds Ratio for subclinical mastitis was performed. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in goats by microbiological culture was 43.6%, and clinical mastitis was 5.84%. From 178 positive teats by microbiological culture, the most prevalent pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci - CNS (70%), S. aureus (13.5%), S. intermedius (7.9%), and Enterobacteriaceae (4%). The risk factors analysis revealed significant association between the disease and the flock size (OR= 3.33; P= 0.0268), and the farm was a confounding factor, being kept in the final statistical model. Despite the non-identification of all the factors associated with subclinical mastitis in herds and the existence of confounding factors that hinder statistical analyzes, the study of risk factors is important for the improvement of disease control and prevention programs in dairy goat, and it can be used as a tool in the reduction of environmental and contagious pathogens such as staphylococci that were the most identified pathogens causing caprine mastitis in the study.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Cabras , Mastitis/veterinaria , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Mastitis caused by Mycoplasma spp., regardless of species, are considered highly contagious pathogens and, usually was not responsive to antimicrobial therapy. Five dairy herds, comprising 489 animals and 1,956 mammary glands, were used in this study. Milk samples were obtained from bulk tanks and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of Mollicutes, Mycoplasma spp., and Mycoplasma bovis. Moreover, individual samples from cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis in quarters of the dairy herds' animals that yielded a positive PCR upon bulk tank analysis were subjected to molecular analysis. Only one bulk tank was positive for class Mollicutes by PCR. All positive samples classified as mastitis teats had their DNA extracted and tested by PCR for both class Mollicutes and M. bovis. Of these, two (2.08%) were positive for Mycoplasma genus, although none was positive for M. bovis. This result suggests that the PCR of bulk tanks is a viable tool in monitoring and preventing mastitis infections caused by Mycoplasma spp.(AU)
Mastites bovinas causadas por Mycoplasma spp., independentemente da espécie causadora, são consideradas de alta contagiosidade e geralmente não responsivas à terapia antimicrobiana. Cinco propriedades leiteiras foram utilizadas neste estudo, totalizando 489 animais e 1956 quartos mamários. As amostras de leite foram obtidas de tanques de expansão e submetidas à reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para pesquisa de Mollicutes, Mycoplasma spp. e Mycoplasma bovis. Apenas um tanque de uma propriedade foi positivo na PCR para a classe Mollicutes. Amostras individuais de casos de mastite subclínica provenientes de propriedade com tanque positivo também foram submetidas à análise molecular; dessas, duas delas (2,08%) foram positivas para a classe Mollicutes e para o gênero Mycoplasma, entretanto nenhuma foi positiva para a espécie Mycoplasma bovis. Isso sugere que a PCR de tanques de expansão de propriedades leiteiras demonstra ser uma ferramenta viável no monitoramento e na prevenção de infecções por Mycoplasma spp.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Mastitis Bovina/clasificación , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/veterinaria , EstanquesRESUMEN
Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell bone marrow neoplasia characterized by inflammation with an intense secretion of growth factors that promote tumor growth, cell survival, migration and invasion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pravastatin, a drug used to reduce cholesterol, in a MM cell line.Cell cycle and viability were determinate by Trypan Blue and Propidium Iodide. IL6, VEGF, bFGF and TGFβ were quantified by ELISA and qRT-PCR including here de HMG CoA reductase. It was observed reduction of cell viability, increase of cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and reducing the factors VEGF and bFGF without influence on 3-Methyl-Glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase expression.The results demonstrated that pravastatin induces cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and decreased production of growth factors in Multiple Myeloma cell line.
Resumo O Mieloma Múltiplo é uma neoplasia de linfócitos B da medula óssea, caracterizada por inflamação com uma intensa secreção de fatores de crescimento que promovem o aumento do volume do tumor, sobrevivência celular, migração e invasão. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da pravastatina, uma droga usada para reduzir o colesterol, em um linhagem de MM. O ciclo celular e viabilidade foram determinadas por Trypan Blue e iodeto de propídio. IL6, VEGF, bFGF e TGF foram quantificadas por ELISA e qRT-PCR, incluindo aqui de HMG CoA redutase. Observou-se a redução da viabilidade das células, aumento de células na fase G0/G1 do ciclo celular e redução no VEGF e bFGF, sem influência na expressão da enzima 3-Metil-Glutaril Coenzima A redutase. Os resultados demonstraram que a pravastatina induz parada no ciclo celular em G0/G1 e diminuição da produção de fatores de crescimento em várias linhas de células de Mieloma.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Factores de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/genética , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/farmacología , Mieloma Múltiple/metabolismo , Pravastatina/farmacología , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genética , Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacología , Línea Celular , Puntos de Control del Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Colesterol/metabolismo , Factores de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismoRESUMEN
Radiotherapy is one of the main approaches to cure prostate cancer, and its success depends on the accuracy of dose planning. A complicating factor is the presence of a metallic prosthesis in the femur and pelvis, which is becoming more common in elderly populations. The goal of this work was to perform dose measurements to check the accuracy of radiotherapy treatment planning under these complicated conditions. To accomplish this, a scale phantom of an adult pelvic region was used with alanine dosimeters inserted in the prostate region. This phantom was irradiated according to the planned treatment under the following three conditions: with two metallic prostheses in the region of the femur head, with only one prosthesis, and without any prostheses. The combined relative standard uncertainty of dose measurement by electron spin resonance (ESR)/alanine was 5.05%, whereas the combined relative standard uncertainty of the applied dose was 3.35%, resulting in a combined relative standard uncertainty of the whole process of 6.06%. The ESR dosimetry indicated that there was no difference (P>0.05, ANOVA) in dosage between the planned dose and treatments. The results are in the range of the planned dose, within the combined relative uncertainty, demonstrating that the treatment-planning system compensates for the effects caused by the presence of femur and hip metal prostheses.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Citocinas/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , Linfoma Relacionado con SIDA/sangre , Linfoma de Células B/sangre , Linfoma de Células B/virología , Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Bisexualidad , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Homosexualidad , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/virología , Activación de Linfocitos , Linfoma Relacionado con SIDA/inmunología , Linfoma de Células B/inmunología , Análisis MultivarianteRESUMEN
No disponible
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Cuidados Críticos , Insuflación/métodos , Modalidades de Fisioterapia/enfermería , Respiración Artificial , Volumen de Ventilación Pulmonar , Músculos Respiratorios , Unidades de Cuidados IntensivosRESUMEN
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes doses de nitrogênio no solo e de épocas de coleta sobre a eficiência nutricional do nitrogênio e a produção de biomassa em Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) em condições de casa de vegetação. O substrato utilizado foi a camada de 0 - 20 cm de Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro doses de N (0, 21, 42 e 84mg dm-3) e cinco épocas de colheita (15, 30, 45, 60 e 90 dias após o transplante). O teor de N na inflorescência de calêndula reduziu com as épocas de coleta, redução essa que ocorreu possivelmente devido à menor eficiência da absorção desse elemento pela planta e menor translocação do N para as inflorescências. Pode se concluir que as épocas de avaliação influenciaram na resposta da planta à eficiência de absorção (EFA), sendo a máxima EFA de N aos 51 dias após o transplante das mudas. Observou-se aumento na translocação de N da parte aérea (folhas e caules) para as inflorescências, tendo como consequência a redução do N na parte aérea. Houve incremento na produção de biomassa de calêndula em função das épocas de coleta , e do aumento das doses de N aplicadas no solo. A eficiência nutricional do N foi influenciada pelas épocas de avaliação e pelo teor de N presente no solo.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both the application of different nitrogen levels on the soil and the harvest periods on nitrogen nutritional efficiency and biomass production in Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) under greenhouse conditions. The employed substrate was 0-20cm layer of Oxisol. Experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates. Treatments consisted of four N levels (0, 21, 42 and 84 mg dm-3) and five harvest periods (15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after transplanting). N levels in Calendula officinalis inflorescences reduced with the harvest periods, and such a reduction was probably due to the lower efficiency of absorption of this element by the plant and to the lower N translocation to inflorescences. We can conclude that the evaluation periods influenced the response of plants to uptake efficiency (UE), and the maximal UE for N was found at 51 days after transplanting of seedlings. There was an increase in N translocation from the shoot (leaves and stems) to inflorescences, which has as consequence N reduction in the shoot. Calendula officinalis biomass production increased with the harvest periods and with the increase in the N levels applied on the soil. N nutritional efficiency was influenced by both the evaluation periods and the N levels present on the soil.
Asunto(s)
Calendula , Nitrógeno/efectos adversos , Biomasa , Eficiencia/clasificaciónRESUMEN
O tamanduá-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla) é um xenartro da família Myrmecophagidae, encontrado da Venezuela ao sul do Brasil. Estudos apontam que essa é uma das espécies de animais selvagens mais vitimadas em número de atropelamentos, e, muitas vezes, o atendimento clínico adequado aos indivíduos feridos é dificultado pela carência de informações acerca dos mesmos. Visando contribuir com o conhecimento dessa espécie, este estudo teve como objetivo descrever seu plexo lombossacral. Para tanto, foram utilizados quatro cadáveres de Tamandua tetradactyla adultos e de ambos os sexos. O plexo lombossacral dessa espécie é formado pelos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais T18, L1, L2, L3, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5. Os nervos integrantes do plexo lombossacral do T. tetradactyla com suas formações mais frequentes foram os seguintes: genitofemoral (T18), cutâneo femoral lateral (T18-L1), femoral (T18, L1-L3), obturador (T18, L1-L3), glúteo cranial (L3-S1), isquiático (L3-S3), pudendo (S3-S4 ou S4-S5), retal caudal (S4 ou S5) e cutâneo femoral caudal (S4-S5). O plexo lombar e sacral dessa espécie é unido, sendo L3 o ponto de união entre eles. Devido ao pequeno número de vértebras lombares, a composição dos nervos do plexo lombossacral do T. tetradactyla apresenta características peculiares que se diferem das características das demais espécies já estudadas, quais sejam, a ausência dos nervos ílio-hipogástrico e ilioinguinal e participação de nervos torácicos na composição dos nervos do plexo lombar, presença de contribuição sacral na composição do nervo obturador e ausência de contribuição lombar na composição do nervo isquiático e um limite mais caudal na extensão do plexo sacral.
The lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) is a xenarthra of the Myrmecophagidae family found from Venezuela to southern Brazil. Studies have shown that this is one of the most numerous wildlife species victims of car collisions on roads, and often the appropriate clinical care to injured animals is hindered by the lack of information about them. In order to contribute to the knowledge of this species, this study aimed to describe its lumbosacral plexus. For this purpose, four cadavers of adult specimens of both sexes of T. tetradactyla were used. The lumbosacral plexus of the T. tetradactyla is formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves T18, L1, L2, L3, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5. The lumbosacral plexus nerves with their most common formations in this species were as follows: genitofemoral (T18), lateral femoral cutaneous (T18-L1), femoral (T18, L1-L3), obturator (T18, L1-L3), cranial gluteal (L3-S1), ischiatic (L3-S3), pudendus (S3-S4 or S4-S5), caudal retal (S4 or S5), and caudal femoral cutaneous (S4-S5). The lumbar and sacral plexus of this species is joined, L3 being the link between them. Due to the small number of lumbar vertebrae, the arrangement of the lumbosacral plexus nerves of the T. tetradactyla showed peculiar characteristics that differ it from that of other previously studied species, such as the absence of iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves and contribution of thoracic nerves in the formation of all the nerves of the lumbar plexus, presence of sacral contribution in the formation of the obturator nerve, and the lack of lumbar contribution for sciatic nerve formation and a most caudal extent of the sacral plexus.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Plexo Lumbosacro/anatomía & histología , Sistema Nervioso/anatomía & histología , Xenarthra , Xenarthra/clasificaciónRESUMEN
The orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine (Sphiggurus villosus) is a rodent species common in most parts of South America, and little is known about the pathologies that can afflict it. A specimen was delivered at the Wildlife Research and Medical Center (CEMPAS), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. The animal showed intense apathy, with purulent secretion in the nasal cavity and fracture of the lumbar spine. Due to the unfavorable prognosis, the porcupine was euthanized and microbiological culture of nasal discharge showed Staphylococcus epidermidis. The antimicrobial resistance test revealed sensitivity to all tested antimicrobials (ampicillin, oxacillin, tetracycline, penicillin G, neomycin, cephalexin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazol, cefoxitin and cephalothin). This bacterium is part of the nasal flora of humans and other animals, and may cause infection under certain conditions. In the present study, the infection and colonization by S. epidermidis was the probable cause of the inflammatory process. The sensitivity to all tested antimicrobials suggests that this strain has not been previously exposed to such drugs.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Antiinfecciosos , Roedores/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Sistema Respiratorio/parasitología , Staphylococcus epidermidis/aislamiento & purificación , Farmacorresistencia FúngicaRESUMEN
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) plays an important role in the assessment of functional capacity in patients with interstitial lung disease. The aim of this study was to identify CPET measures that might be helpful in predicting the vital capacity and diffusion capacity outcomes of patients with thoracic sarcoidosis. A longitudinal study was conducted on 42 nonsmoking patients with thoracic sarcoidosis (median age = 46.5 years, 22 females). At the first evaluation, spirometry, the measurement of single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (D LCOsb) and CPET were performed. Five years later, the patients underwent a second evaluation consisting of spirometry and D LCOsb measurement. After 5 years, forced vital capacity (FVC) percent and D LCOsb percent had decreased significantly [95.5 (82-105) vs 87.5 (58-103) and 93.5 (79-103) vs 84.5 (44-102), respectively; P < 0.0001 for both]. In CPET, the peak oxygen uptake, maximum respiratory rate, breathing reserve, alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradient at peak exercise (P(A-a)O2), and Δ SpO2 values showed a strong correlation with the relative differences for FVC percent and D LCOsb percent (P < 0.0001 for all). P(A-a)O2 ≥22 mmHg and breathing reserve ≤40 percent were identified as significant independent variables for the decline in pulmonary function. Patients with thoracic sarcoidosis showed a significant reduction in FVC percent and D LCOsb percent after 5 years of follow-up. These data show that the outcome measures of CPET are predictors of the decline of pulmonary function.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Consumo de Oxígeno/fisiología , Sarcoidosis Pulmonar/fisiopatología , Capacidad Vital/fisiología , Tolerancia al Ejercicio , Volumen Espiratorio Forzado/fisiología , Estudios Longitudinales , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , EspirometríaRESUMEN
This paper presents an up-to-date review of the evidence indicating that atypical neurotransmitters such as nitric oxide (NO) and endocannabinoids (eCBs) play an important role in the regulation of aversive responses in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Among the results supporting this role, several studies have shown that inhibitors of neuronal NO synthase or cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor agonists cause clear anxiolytic responses when injected into this region. The nitrergic and eCB systems can regulate the activity of classical neurotransmitters such as glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that control PAG activity. We propose that they exert a ‘fine-tuning’ regulatory control of defensive responses in this area. This control, however, is probably complex, which may explain the usually bell-shaped dose-response curves observed with drugs that act on NO- or CB1-mediated neurotransmission. Even if the mechanisms responsible for this complex interaction are still poorly understood, they are beginning to be recognized. For example, activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 channel (TRPV1) receptors by anandamide seems to counteract the anxiolytic effects induced by CB1 receptor activation caused by this compound. Further studies, however, are needed to identify other mechanisms responsible for this fine-tuning effect.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratones , Ratas , Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Reacción de Fuga/fisiología , Neurotransmisores/fisiología , Sustancia Gris Periacueductal/fisiología , Transmisión Sináptica/fisiología , Ansiedad/metabolismo , Ácidos Araquidónicos/farmacología , Agonistas de Receptores de Cannabinoides/farmacología , Endocannabinoides/farmacología , Endocannabinoides/fisiología , Óxido Nítrico/fisiología , Sustancia Gris Periacueductal/metabolismo , Alcamidas Poliinsaturadas/farmacología , Canales Catiónicos TRPV/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is the origin of ascending serotonergic projections and is considered to be an important component of the brain circuit that mediates anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. A large fraction of DRN serotonin-positive neurons contain nitric oxide (NO). Disruption of NO-mediated neurotransmission in the DRN by NO synthase inhibitors produces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rats and also induces nonspecific interference with locomotor activity. We investigated the involvement of the 5-HT1A autoreceptor in the locomotor effects induced by NO in the DRN of male Wistar rats (280-310 g, N = 9-10 per group). The NO donor 3-morpholinosylnomine hydrochloride (SIN-1, 150, and 300 nmol) and the NO scavenger S-3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycine (carboxy-PTIO, 0.1-3.0 nmol) were injected into the DRN of rats immediately before they were exposed to the open field for 10 min. To evaluate the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor in the locomotor effects of NO, animals were pretreated with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT, 8 nmol), the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist N-(2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl)-N-2-pyridinyl-cyclohexanecarboxamide maleate (WAY-100635, 0.37 nmol), and the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7, 1 nmol), followed by microinjection of SIN-1 into the DRN. SIN-1 increased the distance traveled (mean ± SEM) in the open-field test (4431 ± 306.1 cm; F7,63 = 2.44, P = 0.028) and this effect was blocked by previous 8-OH-DPAT (2885 ± 490.4 cm) or AP7 (3335 ± 283.5 cm) administration (P < 0.05, Duncan test). These results indicate that 5-HT1A receptor activation and/or facilitation of glutamate neurotransmission can modulate the locomotor effects induced by NO in the DRN.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Molsidomina/análogos & derivados , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/farmacología , Núcleos del Rafe/efectos de los fármacos , /efectos de los fármacos , /farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/farmacología , Molsidomina/farmacología , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The serological profile of 300 mongrel dogs of various ages and gender were investigated. Animals were captured in the streets and afterwards directed to a private kennel in Avaré city (SP) to search for leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, and neosporosis. Blood samples were obtained from jugular or cephalic vein for the obtention of sera. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used to leptospirosis. MAT detect the prevalence of 9.3%. The most frequent reactant serovars were Bratislava (35.7%), Cynopteri (17.9%), Autumnalis (14.3%), and Copenhageni (10.7%), besides 7.1% to others serovars: Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, and Hardjo. The modified agglutination test used for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis showed 26% of positive animals, with titers varying from 16 to 256, with 16 in 3.3%, 64 in 13.7%, and 256 in 9% of the samples. To canine neosporosis, it was used the indirect fluorescent antibody test, and two animals (0.7%) demonstrated antibodies with titers 25 and 100. The results show the participation of the animals in the epidemiological chain of the researched diseases.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Perros , Leptospira/inmunología , Neospora/inmunología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Perros , SerologíaRESUMEN
Hippocampal output is increased in affective disorders and is mediated by increased glutamatergic input via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and moderated by antidepressant treatment. Activation of NMDA receptors by glutamate evokes the release of nitric oxide (NO) by the activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The human hippocampus contains a high density of NMDA receptors and nNOS-expressing neurons suggesting the existence of an NMDA-NO transduction pathway which can be involved in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. We tested the hypothesis that nNOS expression is increased in the human hippocampus from affectively ill patients. Immunocytochemistry was used to demonstrate nNOS-expressing neurons in sections obtained from the Stanley Consortium postmortem brain collection from patients with major depression (MD, N = 15), bipolar disorder (BD, N = 15), and schizophrenia (N = 15) and from controls (N = 15). nNOS-immunoreactive (nNOS-IR) and Nissl-stained neurons were counted in entorhinal cortex, hippocampal CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 subfields, and subiculum. The numbers of Nissl-stained neurons were very similar in different diagnostic groups and correlated significantly with the number of nNOS-IR neurons. Both the MD and the BD groups had greater number of nNOS-IR neurons/400 µm² in CA1 (mean ± SEM: MD = 9.2 ± 0.6 and BD = 8.4 ± 0.6) and subiculum (BD = 6.7 ± 0.4) when compared to control group (6.6 ± 0.5) and this was significantly more marked in samples from the right hemisphere. These changes were specific to affective disorders since no changes were seen in the schizophrenic group (6.7 ± 0.8). The results support the current view of the NMDA-NO pathway as a target for the pathophysiology of affective disorders and antidepressant drug development.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastorno Bipolar/enzimología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/enzimología , Hipocampo/enzimología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo I/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/enzimología , Trastorno Bipolar/fisiopatología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/fisiopatología , Hipocampo/fisiopatología , Inmunohistoquímica , N-Metilaspartato/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Transducción de Señal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: As complicações respiratórias são as principais causas de aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade em indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de andar superior do abdômen. A eficácia dos procedimentos fisioterapêuticos precisa ser melhor definida, assim como é necessário o conhecimento da melhor estratégia terapêutica a ser implementada. OBJETIVO: Comparar o volume inspiratório mobilizado durante a técnica de breath stacking, com o volume na inspirometria de incentivo em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Doze pacientes, no primeiro dia de pós-operatório, foram orientados a inspirar profundamente por meio do inspirômetro de incentivo Voldyne® e a realizar esforços inspiratórios sucessivos pela máscara facial adaptada para realização da manobra de breath stacking. Cada técnica foi realizada cinco vezes de acordo com a randomização. No período pré-operatório, os pacientes realizaram prova espirométrica, foram avaliados e instruídos quanto à realização das técnicas. Um ventilômetro de Wright® permitiu o registro da capacidade inspiratória. RESULTADOS: A capacidade inspiratória foi significativamente maior durante o breath stacking do que durante a inspirometria de incentivo, tanto no pré quanto no pós-operatório. Houve redução significativa dos volumes após o procedimento cirúrgico, independentemente da técnica realizada. CONCLUSÕES: A técnica de breath stacking mostrou-se eficaz e superior à inspirometria de incentivo para a geração e sustentação de volumes inspiratórios. Por não haver descrição de efeitos adversos, essa técnica pode, provavelmente, ser utilizada de forma segura e eficaz, principalmente em pacientes pouco cooperativos.
BACKGROUND: Respiratory complications are the main causes of increased morbidity and mortality in individuals who undergo upper abdominal surgery. The efficacy of physical therapy procedures needs clarification, and it is necessary to know which therapeutic approaches are the best ones to implement. OBJECTIVE: To compare the inspiratory volume during the breath stacking maneuver with the volume during incentive spirometry, in abdominal surgery patients. METHODS: Twelve patients, on their first postoperative day, were instructed to take a deep breath through the VoldyneTM incentive spirometer and to make successive inspiratory efforts using a facemask that had been adapted for performing the breath stacking maneuver. Each technique was performed five times according to the randomization. Before the operation, the patients performed a spirometric test. They were also assessed and instructed about the procedures. A WrightTM ventilometer allowed inspiratory capacity to be recorded. RESULTS: The inspiratory capacity during breath stacking was significantly higher than during incentive spirometry, both before and after the operation. There was a significant reduction in volumes after the surgical procedure, independent of the technique performed. CONCLUSIONS: The breath stacking technique was shown to be effective. This technique was better than incentive spirometry for generating and sustaining inspiratory volumes. Since no adverse effects have been described, this technique can probably be used safely and effectively, particularly in uncooperative patients.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicios Respiratorios , Capacidad Inspiratoria , Modalidades de Fisioterapia , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Operativos , Capacidad Pulmonar TotalRESUMEN
CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A ventilação mecânica, embora necessária para o tratamento da insuficiência respiratória aguda, pode estar associada ao descondicionamento e à disfunção muscular respiratória. A avaliação da pressão inspiratória máxima (PiMáx) é utilizada para estimar a força muscular inspiratória de pacientes ventilados artificialmente, porém não há uma definição quanto à melhor forma de realizar esta medida. OBJETIVO: Comparar 2 métodos de avaliação da PiMáx, por meio de 4 protocolos diferentes, em pacientes não cooperativos ventilados artificialmente. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 30 pacientes não cooperativos e em processo de desmame da ventilação mecânica. De acordo com a randomização em blocos, o Método de Oclusão Simples (MO) e o Método da Válvula Unidirecional (VU) foram aplicados com tempo de duração de 20 e 40 segundos para cada paciente. Adicionalmente, durante as medições em 40s, foi anotado o valor da PiMáx em 30s. RESULTADOS: Os valores de PiMáx foram maiores em 40s do que em 20s para MO (48,2 ± 21,7 vs 36 ± 18,7 cmH2O; p< 0,001) e VU (56,6 ± 23,3 vs 43,4 ± 24 cmH2O; p< 0,001). Os valores de PiMáx foram maiores no método VU em 40s (VU40) do que MO em 40s (MO40) (56,6 ± 23,3 vs 48,2 ± 21,7 cmH2O; p< 0,001). Houve diferença entre VU em 30 e 40s (51,5 ± 20,8 vs 56,6 ± 23,3 cmH2O; p< 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes não-cooperativos, valores maiores de PiMax são obtidos com o método da válvula unidirecional com oclusão durante 40 segundos em comparação com os outros protocolos avaliados.
BACKGROUND: Although mechanical ventilation is necessary for treating acute respiratory insufficiency, it may be associated with deconditioning and respiratory muscle dysfunction. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) evaluation is used to estimate inspiratory muscle strength in artificially ventilated patients, but there is no definition as to the best way to make this measurement. OBJECTIVE: To compare two methods for MIP evaluation, using four different protocols, among non-cooperative artificially ventilated patients. METHOD: Thirty non-cooperative patients undergoing the process of weaning off mechanical ventilation were evaluated. In accordance with block randomization, the simple occlusion method (OM) or the unidirectional valve method (UV) was applied to each patient for time periods of 20 and 40 seconds. Additionally, during the 40s measurements, the MIP value at 30s was recorded. RESULTS: The MIP values were higher at 40s than at 20s, both from OM (48.2 ± 21.7 vs. 36 ± 18.7 cmH2O; p< 0.001) and from UV (56.6 ± 23.3 vs. 43.4 ± 24 cmH2O; p< 0.001). The MIP values were higher from UV at 40s (UV40) than from OM at 40s (OM40) (56.6 ± 23.3 vs. 48.2 ± 21.7 cmH2O; p< 0.001). There was a difference between UV at 30 and 40s (51.5 ± 20.8 vs. 56.6 ± 23.3 cmH2O; p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: Among non-cooperative patients, higher MIP values were obtained from the unidirectional valve method with 40s of occlusion than from the other protocols evaluated.