[Impact of projectile incidence angle with obstacle during ricochet on the damage characteristics formed in smoothbore weapon shot]. / Vliyanie ugla vstrechi puli s pregradoi pri rikoshete na kharakteristiku povrezhdenii, obrazuyushchikhsya pri vystrele iz gladkostvol'nogo oruzhiya.

The aim of this study was to establish the degree of projectile incidence angle with obstacle on forensic medical characteristic of gunshot injuries arising from smoothbore weapon fire and bullet ricochet. Based on the comprehensive forensic study results of experimental entry gunshot injuries, statistically significant differences in the following morphological signs were found for two ranges of incidence angle values (10-20° and 30-50°): «Number of MD¼, «Length 1 MD¼, «Length 2 MD¼, «Width 1 MD¼, «Orientation of AD to the conventional clock face relative to MD 1 or to the group of largest MD (max. value)¼. The medians and limits of 99% confidence intervals of these features values were observed depending on the range of incidence angle values. The revealed patterns can be used in expert practice during forensic medical examination of gunshot injuries formed as a result of a projectile ricochet after smoothbore weapon fire, as well as to develop a methodology for conducting a forensic study of this gunshot injury type.

[Effect of the target type on the characteristics of gunshot injuries resulting from bullet and shrapnel ricochet]. / Vliyanie vida misheni na kharakteristiku ognestrel'nykh povrezhdenii, obrazuyushchikhsya v rezul'tate rikosheta puli i kartechi.

The study objective is to establish the effect of the type of experimental target (biological, non-biological) on the forensic medical characteristics of gunshot injuries resulting from bullet and shrapnel ricochet when fired from a smooth-bore weapon. Differences in the skin and clothing or their imitators render different morphological patterns of the input gunshot injuries. Based on the results of the ballistic experiment, a list of statistically significant differences in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the input gunshot injuries to biological and non-biological targets as a result of a ricochet when a bullet is fired from a smooth-bore weapon was compiled. In addition, the characteristics of the input gunshot injuries were established, demonstrating statistically significant differences only in certain combinations of the specified types of bullet and experimental target. The results obtained can be used in medical forensic examinations of gunshot injuries.

[Morphological characteristics of gunshot injuries resulting from ricochet depending on type of experimental barrier]. / Morfologicheskaya kharakteristika ognestrel'nykh povrezhdenii, obrazovavshikhsya v rezul'tate rikosheta, v zavisimosti ot vida eksperimental'noi pregrady.

The purpose of this study was to establish a set of distinctive features of the qualitative and quantitative parameters of gunshot injuries resulting from the ricochet of a bullet and buckshot when firing from a smooth-bore weapon, depending on the type of experimental barrier. As a result of the ballistic experiment, a list of statistically significant characteristics of input gunshot injuries of biological and non-biological targets formed when firing with a bullet and buckshot followed by a ricochet was revealed, which will enable to determine the sought type of barrier from the two suggested options: «Concrete 2¼ or «Brick¼, «Concrete 2¼ or «Metal¼, «Brick¼ or «Metal¼. Besides, a list of characteristics of input gunshot injuries has been established, the parameters of which are under statistically significant influence of the type of experimental barrier. The revealed patterns can be used to reconstruct the circumstances of an incident during situational examination depending on the characteristics of input gunshot injuries as a result of a ricochet when firing from a smooth-bore weapon.

[The phenomenon of the formation of a ricocheted buckshot of a negative angle of reflection]. / Fenomen obrazovaniya rikoshetirovavshei kartech'yu otritsatel'nogo ugla otrazheniya.

The purpose of the study is to establish the possibility, determine the conditions and parameters for the formation of a negative angle of reflection of a firearm after a ricochet from the surface of an obstacle based on the results of our own experimental studies. Expert and law enforcement practice shows that after a shot, firearms, both before interaction with an obstacle and after a ricochet, move in space in the same plane with respect to the surface of the obstacle, forming a reflection angle with a positive or zero degree value. As a result of ballistic experiments, the possibility of forming a negative angle of reflection by ricocheted buckshot was established, the conditions and parameters for the occurrence of this pattern were determined. The identified ballistic «Gusentsov phenomenon¼ has an important interdisciplinary scientific and practical significance for further expanding knowledge and understanding of external and internal ballistics and can be successfully used in scientific, practical, forensic and educational activities.

[A human body simulator as an input parameter of ballistic experiment]. / Imitator tela cheloveka kak vkhodnoi parametr ballisticheskogo eksperimenta.

The purpose of the work is a comparative analysis of objects used in forensic ballistics as imitators of the human body for the formation of gunshot injuries, based on literature data and the results of our own experimental studies. A classification of objects of biological and non-biological origin, used to simulate the human body during the experimental simulation of a gunshot injury, is proposed. A set of advantages and disadvantages was studied, a critical assessment of the objects of each group was given, recommendations were made on their rational use in ballistic research.

[Assessment of effect of underlying skim-muscule flap on damage to non-biological targets by a ricocheting bullet and buckshot during a shot from smooth-bore weapons]. / Otsenka vliyaniya kozhno-myshechnogo loskuta na povrezhdeniya nebiologicheskikh mishenei rikoshetirovavshei pulei i kartech'yu pri vystrele iz gladkostvol'nogo oruzhiya.

The purpose of the work is to determine the advisability of using a skin-muscle flap as an imitator of a human body under a dense cotton target when modeling gunshot injuries resulting from ricochet of a bullet and buckshot when fired from a smooth-bore weapon through clothing. We conducted a ballistic experiment on the formation of gunshot injuries of dense cotton targets themselves, as well as with the underlying skin-muscle flap, formed when a 12-gauge hunting rifle is shot and the subsequent ricochet of bullets and buckshot. As a result of a comprehensive study, the absence of the effect of the underlying skin-muscle flap on the average values of most parameters of gunshot injuries of non-biological targets (p<0.01) was established. The results can be used in planning and conducting of experimental research in the field of forensic ballistics.

[Modelling the ricochet of a projectile in the firing of rifles and smooth-bore weapons (experimental study)]. / Modelirovanie rikosheta ognestrel'nogo snariada pri vystrele iz nareznogo i gladkostvol'nogo oruzhiia (éksperimental'noe issledovanie).

The goal of the work is to study and analyze the main ballistic characteristics of a bullet and buckshot after a ricochet. A ballistic experiment on the formation of gunshot injuries when fired from a 12-gauge hunting gun with a subsequent ricochet of a bullet and buckshot was carried out. The distinctive features of the external ballistics of these projectiles were established and analyzed (including a comparison with the results of a previously conducted experimental study), and the possibility and conditions for the formation of a negative angle of deflection of the projectile were revealed. The methodological approaches to experimental modelling of a ricochet of a firearm projectile, depending on the type of weapon and ammunition, were optimized.

[The current state of forensic medical expertise and the experimental studies of the after-penetration guhshot wound]. / Sovremennoe sostoianie sudebno-meditsinskoi ékspertizy i éksperimental'nykh issledovanii zapregradnoi ognestrel'noi travmy.

This article reports the results of the analysis of the literature publications illustrating the current state of forensic medical expertise of gunshot injuries formed as a consequence of the interaction of the projectile with the obstacle. Also presented are the results of the experimental studies in this field and the prospects for their further development. The completeness of the solution of the topical problems of forensic medical ballistics is estimated. Taken together, the literature data and the results of the authors' original investigations provided the objective grounds for carrying out the experimental studies of gunshot injuries resulting from ricocheting bullets and shotgun pellets depending on the conditions and circumstances of the shot.

[The modeling of the ricochet shot fired from a light weapon]. / Modelirovanie rikosheta pri vystrele iz strelkovogo oruzhiia.

The objective of the present study was to choose the optimal method for the modeling of the glance of a bullet after hitting a target under conditions of the laboratory experiment. The study required the designing and construction of an original device for the modeling of the rebound effect of a light-firearm shot under experimental conditions. The device was tested under conditions of the laboratory experiment. The trials have demonstrated the possibility of using barriers of different weight and dimensions in the above device, their positioning and fixation depending on the purpose of the experiment, dynamic alteration of its conditions with due regard for the safety and security arrangements to protect the health and life of the experimenters without compromising the statistical significance and scientific validity of the results of the experiments.