Reduced cellularity of bone marrow in multiple sclerosis with decreased MSC expansion potential and premature ageing in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Autologous bone-marrow-derived cells are currently employed in clinical studies of cell-based therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS) although the bone marrow microenvironment and marrow-derived cells isolated from patients with MS have not been extensively characterised. OBJECTIVES: To examine the bone marrow microenvironment and assess the proliferative potential of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in progressive MS. METHODS: Comparative phenotypic analysis of bone marrow and marrow-derived MSCs isolated from patients with progressive MS and control subjects was undertaken. RESULTS: In MS marrow, there was an interstitial infiltrate of inflammatory cells with lymphoid (predominantly T-cell) nodules although total cellularity was reduced. Controlling for age, MSCs isolated from patients with MS had reduced in vitro expansion potential as determined by population doubling time, colony-forming unit assay, and expression of ß-galactosidase. MS MSCs expressed reduced levels of Stro-1 and displayed accelerated shortening of telomere terminal restriction fragments (TRF) in vitro. CONCLUSION: Our results are consistent with reduced proliferative capacity and ex vivo premature ageing of bone-marrow-derived cells, particularly MSCs, in MS. They have significant implication for MSC-based therapies for MS and suggest that accelerated cellular ageing and senescence may contribute to the pathophysiology of progressive MS.

Human bone marrow processing using a new continuous-flow cell separation device.

BACKGROUND: Processing of bone marrow (BM) is often required to remove incompatible red blood cells (RBCs) or to reduce the volume before transplantation or cryopreservation. We have evaluated the Spectra Optia apheresis system to determine its effectiveness in volume reduction and RBC depletion of human BM before transplantation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: BM from 30 donations (28 allogeneic and two autologous) were processed using the Spectra Optia over a 12-month period. The mean BM collection volume was 1094 ± 337 mL and RBC volume was 374 ± 148 mL. Processing using the Spectra Optia was as described by the manufacturer. RESULTS: Volume reduction achieved was 93.0 ± 1.2%; RBC depletion was 98.8 ± 0.4%; and mononuclear, CD34+, and CD3+ cell recoveries were 79.12 ± 14.03, 88.36 ± 13.76, and 79.84 ± 16.27%, respectively. In total 26 of 28 processed allografts were transplanted; 24 achieved neutrophil engraftment in 20.7 ± 5.9 days and 18 achieved platelet engraftment in 19.6 ± 8.9 days. Time in transit significantly affected the Spectra Optia's ability to recover mononuclear, CD34+, and CD3+ cells, and the overall age of the BM at the time of processing significantly affected the recovery of mononuclear and CD3+ cells, but not CD34+ cells. Time in storage at 2 to 6°C had no adverse effect on processing. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the Spectra Optia can effectively volume reduce and RBC deplete human BM before transplantation. Time in transit should be as short as possible but may be extended up to 24 hours if the donation is refrigerated during transit.

Storage time affects umbilical cord blood viability.

BACKGROUND: Cryopreserved umbilical cord blood (CB) is increasingly used as a cell source to reconstitute marrow in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Delays in cryopreservation may adversely affect cell viability, thereby reducing their potential for engraftment after transplantation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The impact of delayed cryopreservation for up to 3 days on the viability of both CD45+ and CD34+ cell populations in 28 CB donations with volumes of 58.40 ± 15.4 mL (range, 39.4-107.4 mL) was investigated to establish whether precryopreservation storage time could be extended from our current time of 24 to 48 hours in line with other CB banks. Viability was assessed on 3 consecutive days, both before and after cryopreservation, by flow cytometry using 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) and annexin V methods. RESULTS: The results using 7-AAD and annexin V indicated the viability of CD34+ cells before cryopreservation remained high (>92.33 ± 4.11%) over 3 days, whereas the viability of CD45+ cells decreased from 86.36 ± 4.97% to 66.24 ± 7.78% (p < 0.0001) by Day 3. Storage time significantly affected the viability of CD34+ cells after cryopreservation. Using 7-AAD, the mean CD34+ cell viability decreased by approximately 5% per extra day in storage from 84.30 ± 6.27% on Day 1 to 79.01 ± 7.44% (p < 0.0057) on Day 2 and to 73.95 ± 7.54% (p < 0.0001) on Day 3. With annexin V staining CD34+ cell viability fell by approximately 7% per extra day in storage from 77.17 ± 8.47% on Day 1 to 69.56 ± 13.30% (p < 0.0194) on Day 2 and to 62.89 ± 15.22% (p < 0.0002) on Day 3. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that extended precryopreservation storage adversely affects viability and should be avoided.

Repeat infusion of autologous bone marrow cells in multiple sclerosis: protocol for a phase I extension study (SIAMMS-II).

INTRODUCTION: The 'Study of Intravenous Autologous Marrow in Multiple Sclerosis (SIAMMS)' trial was a safety and feasibility study which examined the effect of intravenous infusion of autologous bone marrow without myeloablative therapy. This trial was well tolerated and improvement was noted in the global evoked potential (GEP)--a neurophysiological secondary outcome measure recording speed of conduction in central nervous system pathways. The efficacy of intravenous delivery of autologous marrow in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) will be examined in the phase II study the 'Assessment of Bone Marrow-Derived Cellular Therapy in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (ACTiMuS; NCT01815632)'. In parallel with the 'ACTiMuS' study, the current study 'SIAMMS-II' will explore the feasibility of repeated, non-myeloablative autologous bone marrow-derived cell therapy in progressive MS. Furthermore, information will be obtained regarding the persistence or otherwise of improvements in conduction in central nervous system pathways observed in the original 'SIAMMS' study and whether these can be reproduced or augmented by a second infusion of autologous bone marrow-derived cells. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: An open, prospective, single-centre phase I extension study. The six patients with progressive MS who participated in the 'SIAMMS' study will be invited to undergo repeat bone marrow harvest and receive an intravenous infusion of autologous, unfractionated bone marrow as a day-case procedure. The primary outcome measure is the number of adverse events, and secondary outcome measures will include change in clinical rating scales of disability, GEP and cranial MRI. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has UK National Research Ethics Committee approval (13/SW/0255). Study results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01932593.

A journey from basic stem cell discovery to clinical application: the case of adventitial progenitor cells.

Ischemia is a leading cause of death in the western world. Regenerative medicine aims to improve healing of ischemic injury by complementing pharmacologic/interventional treatments. Navigating regenerative therapies from 'bench-to-bedside' is a multistep time-consuming process, balancing cell expansion, purity, safety and efficacy while complying with regulatory guidelines. Studies started in academic laboratories unused to long-term planning often fail because of poor strategy design, lack of contingency plans or funding. We provide a strategic insight into our translation of saphenous vein-derived adventitial progenitor cells into a clinical grade product to treat angina. We discuss discovery phases, introduction of standard operating procedures and upgrade to clinical standards. We also examine contractual aspects of transferring to GMP-accredited facilities for clinical production and unexpected hurdles.

Assessment of bone marrow-derived Cellular Therapy in progressive Multiple Sclerosis (ACTiMuS): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: We have recently completed an evaluation of the safety and feasibility of intravenous delivery of autologous bone marrow in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). The possibility of repair was suggested by improvement in the neurophysiological secondary outcome measure seen in all participants. The current study will examine the efficacy of intravenous delivery of autologous marrow in progressive MS. Laboratory studies performed in parallel with the clinical trial will further investigate the biology of bone marrow-derived stem cell infusion in MS, including mechanisms underlying repair. METHODS/DESIGN: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stepped wedge design will be employed at a single centre (Bristol, UK). Eighty patients with progressive MS will be recruited; 60 will have secondary progressive disease (SPMS) but a subset (n = 20) will have primary progressive disease (PPMS). Participants will be randomised to either early or late (1 year) intravenous infusion of autologous, unfractionated bone marrow. The placebo intervention is infusion of autologous blood. The primary outcome measure is global evoked potential derived from multimodal evoked potentials. Secondary outcome measures include adverse event reporting, clinical (EDSS and MSFC) and self-assessment (MSIS-29) rating scales, optical coherence tomography (OCT) as well as brain and spine MRI. Participants will be followed up for a further year following the final intervention. Outcomes will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. DISCUSSION: Assessment of bone marrow-derived Cellular Therapy in progressive Multiple Sclerosis (ACTiMuS) is the first randomised, placebo-controlled trial of non-myeloablative autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapy in MS. It will determine whether bone marrow cell therapy can, as was suggested by the phase I safety study, improve conduction in multiple central nervous system pathways affected in progressive MS. Furthermore, laboratory studies performed in parallel with the clinical trial will inform our understanding of the cellular pharmacodynamics of bone marrow infusion in MS patients and the mechanisms underlying cell therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN27232902 Registration date 11/09/2012. NCT01815632 Registration date 19/03/2013.

Directed sibling cord blood banking for transplantation: the 10-year experience in the national blood service in England.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an important source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation. Although UCB is often collected from unrelated donors, directed umbilical cord blood (DCB) from sibling donors also provides an important source of UCB for transplantation. This report summarizes the experience in collection, testing, storage, and transplantation of DCB units by the National Blood Service for England and North Wales over 10 years. Eligibility for collection was based on an existing sibling suffering from a disease that may be treated by stem cell transplantation or a family history that could result in the birth of a sibling with a disease that could be treated by stem cell transplantation. Collections were made on the provision that the sibling's clinician was willing to financially support the collection and to take responsibility for medical review of the mother and potential recipient. Given the high investment in UCB banking and the introduction of new regulations and mandatory licensing under the European Union Tissues and Cells Directive and those proposed in the U.S., this report details the procedures that we have used for DCB donations, the outcome data where donations have been used for transplantation, and it provides some timely recommendations for best practices. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.