Longitudinal adherence to annual colorectal cancer screening among Black persons living in the United States enrolled in a community-based randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: This study examined repeat colorectal cancer screening rates at 12 and 24 months as part of a randomized intervention trial among Black persons living in the United States and factors associated with screening adherence. METHODS: Participants completed a survey assessing demographics and Preventive Health Model (PHM) factors (e.g., self efficacy, susceptibility) and received either a culturally targeted photonovella plus free fecal immunochemical test (FIT) kits (intervention group) or a standard educational brochure plus free FIT kits (comparison group). FIT return was assessed at 6, 12, and 24 months. Descriptive statistics summarized patterns of repeat screening. Logistic regression models assessed FIT uptake overtime, and demographic and PHM factors associated with screening adherence. RESULTS: Participants (N = 330) were U.S.-born (93%), non-Hispanic (97%), and male (52%). Initial FIT uptake within 6 months of enrollment was 86.6%, and subsequently dropped to 54.5% at 12 months and 36.6% at 24 months. Higher FIT return rates were observed for the brochure group at 24 months (51.5% vs 33.3% photonovella, p = .023). Multiple patterns of FIT kit return were observed: 37% completed FIT at all three time points (full adherence), 22% completed two of three (partial adherence), 29% completed one of three (partial adherence), and 12% did not return any FIT kits (complete nonadherence). Predictors of full adherence were higher levels of education and self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Full adherence to repeat screening was suboptimal. Most participants had partial adherence (one or two of three) to annual FIT screening. Future studies should focus on strategies to support repeat FIT screening.

Factors associated with prior completion of colorectal cancer and hepatitis C virus screenings among community health center patients: a cross-sectional study to inform a multi-behavioral educational intervention.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) and liver cancer are two of the leading causes of cancer death in the United States and persistent disparities in CRC and liver cancer incidence and outcomes exist. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the main contributors to liver cancer. Effective screening for both CRC and HCV exist and are recommended for individuals based upon age, regardless of gender or sex assigned at birth. Recommendations for both screening behaviors have been recently updated. However, screening rates for both CRC and HCV are suboptimal. Targeting adoption of multiple screening behaviors has the potential to reduce cancer mortality and disparities. OBJECTIVE: To examine psychosocial factors associated with completion of CRC and HCV screenings in order to inform a multi-behavioral educational intervention that pairs CRC and HCV screening information. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with participants (N = 50) recruited at two community health centers in Florida (United States). Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher's exact tests were used to examine associations between completion of both CRC and HCV screening, CRC and HCV knowledge, Preventive Health Model constructs (e.g., salience and coherence, response efficacy, social influence), and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Most participants were White (84%), female (56%), insured (80%), and reported a household income of $25,000 or less (53%). 30% reported ever previously completing both CRC and HCV screenings. Prior completion of both screening behaviors was associated with higher educational attainment (p = .014), having health insurance (p = .022), being U.S.-born (p = .043), and higher salience and coherence scores for CRC (p = .040) and HCV (p = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrate limited uptake of both CRC and HCV screenings among adults born between 1945 and 1965. Uptake was associated with multiple sociodemographic factors and health beliefs related to salience and coherence. Salience and coherence are modifiable factors associated with completion of both screening tests, suggesting the importance of incorporating these health beliefs in a multi-behavioral cancer education intervention. Additionally, health providers could simultaneously recommend and order CRC and HCV screening to improve uptake among this age cohort.

Changes in Cancer Screening Knowledge Among a Prospective Cohort of Spanish-Speaking Hispanic Community Outreach Event Participants in Florida and Puerto Rico.

The current study examined cancer prevention and early detection awareness (pre-workshop) and changes in knowledge (from pre- to post-workshop) among Hispanic/Latino (H/L) community members who participated in Spanish-language educational outreach events in Puerto Rico (PR) and Florida (FL). Spanish-language educational outreach events were comprised of an educational session lasting approximately 45-60 min and were delivered to groups in rural and urban community settings by a single trained community health educator (CHE). The research team assessed sociodemographic characteristics, personal and familial cancer health history, as well as awareness and knowledge (pre-test) of a range of cancer prevention and screening topics. Following the presentation, participants completed a post-test knowledge survey which also measured likelihood of engaging in cancer screening, cancer preventive behaviors, and cancer research as a result of information presented during the session. Change in the average knowledge score was evaluated using a paired samples t-test. Post-session likelihood of completing cancer screening and preventive behaviors and engaging in cancer research were examined using descriptive statistics and group/site comparisons. The percentage reporting awareness of screening procedures ranged from 33% (PSA test) to 79% (mammogram). H/L in PR reported higher percentage of stool blood test awareness when compared to H/L in FL (χ2(1)= 19.20, p<.001). The average knowledge score increased from 5.97 at pre-test to 7.09 at post-test (Cohen's d=0.69). The increase was significant across all participants (t(315)= 12.4, p<.001), as well as within the FL site (t(124)= 6.66, p<.001, d=0.59) and the PR site (t(190)=10.66, p<.001, d=0.77). Results from this study suggest that educational outreach events delivered to H/L community members by a CHE are valuable strategies to address challenges regarding cancer screening knowledge and engagement in multiple behaviors.

Factors related to human papillomavirus vaccine uptake and intentions among adults aged 18-26 and 27-45 years in the United States: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The current study examined self-reported human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination uptake and intentions, and associations with psychosocial constructs among United States adults aged 18 to 26 and 27 to 45 years. METHODS: Data were collected via an online survey from participants recruited from a research panel. Outcomes were HPV vaccination uptake and intentions. Multivariable binary and ordered logistic regression models were used to examine associations between HPV vaccination outcomes and psychosocial constructs, sociodemographics, and previous health behaviors. RESULTS: HPV vaccination uptake in both age cohorts (N =  2722) was associated with multiple variables, including but not limited to: provider recommendation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 11.63 [95% CI, 7.70-17.56] and aOR, 14.26 [95% CI, 9.52-21.38], for those aged 18 to 26 and 27 to 45 years, respectively) and positive HPV vaccine attitudes (aOR, 2.40 [95% CI, 1.70-3.40] and aOR, 1.46 [95% CI,1.06-2.02]). Among those who did not report or were unsure of prior HPV vaccination (N =1894), only 4.6% and 8.1% (aged 18-26 and 27-45 years, respectively) reported being very likely to receive the HPV vaccine in the next year. Increased intentions were associated with more positive vaccine attitudes (aOR, 2.45 [95% CI, 1.91-3.15] and aOR, 2.19 [95% CI, 1.72-2.78]) and provider recommendation (yes vs no; aOR, 1.97 [95% CI, 1.38-2.83] and aOR, 1.82 [95% CI, 1.31-2.52]; don't know/can't remember vs no; aOR, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.03-1.84] and aOR, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.17-2.18]). Sociodemographics and health behaviors associated with increased intentions differed for each age cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Individual and interpersonal factors were associated with HPV vaccination uptake and intentions. Findings reveal the need for targeted interventions to improve HPV vaccination rates among these age groups.

Sociocultural factors associated with physical activity in Black prostate cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer disproportionately affects Black men. Physical activity protects long-term health and quality of life outcomes in prostate cancer survivors. This study aimed to identify sociocultural factors related to physical activity among Black prostate cancer survivors to inform culturally tailored intervention development. METHODS: This secondary analysis included data from 257 men who identified as Black or African American and were diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2013 and 2018. Participants completed validated self-report measures of perceived history of racial discrimination, religiosity, fatalism, sociodemographic (e.g., age, ethnicity, income) and clinical characteristics (e.g., years since diagnosis, comorbidity burden), and leisure-time physical activity. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between sociocultural factors and mild, moderate, and vigorous physical activity. RESULTS: Participants were on average 68.7 years old (SD = 7.7), and most were non-Hispanic (97.3%), married (68.9%), reported an annual household income above $50,000 (57.1%), received at least some college education (74.1%), and were overweight or had obesity (78.5%). Participants reported on average 88.1 (SD = 208.6) min of weekly mild physical activity, and most did not meet guidelines for weekly moderate (80.5%) or vigorous (73.0%) physical activity. After adjusting for covariates, older age and greater religiosity were associated with mild physical activity (ps ≤ 0.05). Higher levels of fatalism were associated with lower odds of meeting guidelines for moderate physical activity (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.77-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Sociocultural factors such as religiosity and fatalism may be associated with some forms of physical activity in Black prostate cancer survivors. These findings suggest that incorporating faith-based practices into health behavior interventions may be appropriate for this population.

Cancer screening educational interventions in rural and farmworker communities: a systematic literature review.

OBJECTIVES: Men and women living in rural communities of the United States (US) are less likely than those in urban or suburban communities to be up to date with cancer screenings. Delayed screening contributes to later stage at diagnosis and higher cancer mortality for individuals living in rural areas. These effects may be compounded in some rural subpopulations (e.g. migrant and seasonal farmworkers). This systematic review examines educational interventions aimed at increasing colorectal, breast, prostate, oral, and/or cervical cancer screening in the rural US, with special consideration for the farmworker subpopulation. DESIGN: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, our systematic literature review employed the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, Embase, and Web of Science. Search terms included, but were not limited to 'rural,' 'cancer screening,' 'farmworker,' and 'cancer prevention.' Eligible studies featured an educational intervention implemented in agricultural or rural US settings with a cancer screening behavioral outcome, male and/or female participants, and were published in English between 2002 and 2020. Article screening and data extraction were conducted by two independent reviewers. RESULTS: Twenty-six articles were eligible. Of the six studies focused on the farmworker population (n=2,732), 61.75% of participants reported Hispanic ethnicity. Of the sixteen studies on unspecified rural communities reporting participant race/ethnicity (n=10,442), 39.29% reported Black/African American race. Efficacious interventions included culturally-targeted educational materials, lay health advisors (LHAs), and components that addressed practical barriers (e.g. financial or logistical). CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate the value of LHAs and targeted education to increase screening for multiple cancer types in rural communities. Prospective research should incorporate and facilitate access to screening and provider-level and/or organizational-level interventions to increase overall impact. ABBREVIATIONS: HPV: human papillomavirus; LHA: lay health advisors; MeSH: Medical Subject Headings; PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; RCT: randomized controlled trial; US: United States.

Factors associated with parental COVID-19 vaccine attitudes and intentions among a national sample of United States adults ages 18-45.

PURPOSE: This study explored factors associated with parents' attitudes and intentions to seek information about the COVID-19 vaccine for their children (ages 0-18) and intentions to vaccinate their age-eligible children. DESIGN AND METHODS: As part of an anonymous online cross-sectional survey, parents' vaccine attitudes, COVID-19 vaccine intentions for their children, health literacy, health numeracy, and sociodemographic variables were assessed. Multivariable ordered logistic regression models identified factors associated with parents' COVID-19 vaccine intentions for their children. RESULTS: Parents/guardians (n = 963) were mostly White (82.3%), insured (88.0%), and college graduates (57.3%). Men reported higher intentions than women to seek information about the COVID-19 vaccine for their children (p = 0.003) and higher intentions to vaccinate their children (p = 0.049). Parental characteristics associated with increased intentions to have their children vaccinated included higher educational attainment (p < 0.001), more positive general vaccine attitudes (p < 0.001), preference for health information in a language other than English (p = 0.006), higher income (p = 0.048), having health insurance (p = 0.05), health literacy (p = 0.024), and health numeracy (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple sociodemographic characteristics including male gender, higher health literacy and numeracy, and language preference are noteworthy factors associated with parental COVID-19 vaccine intentions that could inform the planning and implementation of educational interventions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Nurses are important sources of trusted information and play an important role in parent/family health education and in understanding myriad factors that may improve attitudes and enhance readiness toward vaccine uptake. Our findings emphasize the potential value of examining tailored/targeted COVID-19 vaccine education according to key influencing factors.

Association of Preventive Care Attitudes and Beliefs with Colorectal Cancer Screening History among African American Patients of Community Health Centers.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer-related death among African Americans in the United States. However, when detected early, CRC is treatable and survival rates are high. CRC health disparities for African Americans compared with other groups may be due in part to lower screening adherence and later stage diagnosis. The objective of this research phase was to test predictors of ever having received CRC screening (i.e., self-report of lifetime receipt of CRC screening) using survey measures in the domains of healthcare communication, trust in doctors, CRC perceived susceptibility, CRC worry, negative cancer beliefs, CRC screening self-efficacy, and cultural constructs for CRC screening in a sample of African American community health center patients. The study recruited 115 African American patients between the ages of 45 to 64 years old from community health centers in north Florida to complete the baseline survey. Our results show significant differences in CRC screening history by age, marital status, level of mistrust of healthcare providers, and level of empowerment toward cancer screening. To increase CRC screening in this population, the study findings suggest development of intervention programs that focus on priority populations of younger, unmarried African Americans, especially given the current trend of early onset CRC. Moreover, survival rates are lower for unmarried and younger African Americans relative to older and married individuals. Such interventions should also aim to increase trust in healthcare providers and increase empowerment for CRC screening decision making to increase screening participation.

Cancer disparities in the context of rurality: risk factors and screening across various U.S. rural classification codes.

PURPOSE: Prior cancer research is limited by inconsistencies in defining rurality. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of cancer risk factors and cancer screening behaviors across various county-based rural classification codes, including measures reflecting a continuum, to inform our understanding of cancer disparities according to the extent of rurality. METHODS: Using an ecological cross-sectional design, we examined differences in cancer risk factors and cancer screening behaviors from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and National Health Interview Survey (2008-2013) across rural counties and between rural and urban counties using four rural-urban classification codes for counties and county-equivalents in 2013: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, National Center for Health Statistics, USDA Economic Research Service's rural-urban continuum codes, and Urban Influence Codes. RESULTS: Although a rural-to-urban gradient was not consistently evident across all classification codes, the prevalence of smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and binge alcohol use increased (all ptrend < 0.03), while colorectal, cervical and breast cancer screening decreased (all ptrend < 0.001) with increasing rurality. Differences in the prevalence of risk factors and screening behaviors across rural areas were greater than differences between rural and urban counties for obesity (2.4% vs. 1.5%), physical activity (2.9% vs. 2.5%), binge alcohol use (3.4% vs. 0.4%), cervical cancer screening (6.8% vs. 4.0%), and colorectal cancer screening (4.4% vs. 3.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Rural cancer disparities persist across multiple rural-urban classification codes, with marked variation in cancer risk factors and screening evident within rural regions. Focusing only on a rural-urban dichotomy may not sufficiently capture subpopulations of rural residents at greater risk for cancer and cancer-related mortality.

Developing the Florida Academic Cancer Center Alliance Health Disparities Common Measure: The Florida Health and Ancestry Survey.

PURPOSE: Our specific aim was to develop and assess the consensus-based validity of common measures for understanding health behaviors and ancestry in Florida's population subgroups and establish the feasibility of wide-scale implementation of the measures and biospecimen collection within three cancer centers' catchment areas. METHODS: Using the National Cancer Institute's Grid-Enabled Measures web-based platform and an iterative process, we developed the Florida Health and Ancestry Survey (FHAS). We then used three sampling approaches to implement the FHAS: community-engaged, panel respondent, and random digit dialing (RDD). We asked a subset of participants to provide a saliva sample for future validation of subjective ancestry report with DNA-derived ancestry markers. RESULTS: This process supported the FHAS content validity. As an indicator of feasibility, the goals for completed surveys by sampling approach were met for two of the three cancer centers, yielding a total of 1438 completed surveys. The RDD approach produced the most representative sample. The panel sampling approach produced inadequate representation of older individuals and males. The community-engaged approach along with social media recruitment produced extreme underrepresentation only for males. Two of the cancer centers mailed biospecimen kits, whereas one did not due to resource constraints. On average, the community engaged approach was more productive in obtaining returned biospecimen samples (80%) than the panel approach (48%). CONCLUSIONS: We successfully developed and implemented the FHAS as a common measure to show its feasibility for understanding cancer health disparities in Florida. We identified sampling approach successes and challenges to obtaining biospecimens for ancestry research.

A multilevel, low literacy dual language intervention to promote colorectal cancer screening in community clinics in Florida: A randomized controlled trial.

One of the largest disparities in cancer mortality in the United States occurs with colorectal cancer (CRC). The objectives of this multilevel two-arm intervention trial were to compare the efficacy of two interventions to promote CRC screening (CRCS) with fecal immunochemical test (FIT) and examine sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of FIT screening. Individuals ages 50-75 (n = 326) who were not up-to-date with CRCS, could understand English or Spanish, and were at average CRC risk were recruited from two federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) in Florida. Prior to intervention, CRCS rates in the FQHCs were 27.1% and 32.9%, respectively. Study enrollment occurred April 2018-November 2019. System-level intervention components included leveraging electronic medical record (EMR) systems and delivering patient reminders. Participants were randomized to C-CARES (education+FIT) or C-CARES Plus (C-CARES+personalized coaching [for those not completing FIT within 90 days]). Primary outcome was completed FIT returned <1 year. Primary outcome analyses were performed using logistic regression. 225 participants completed FIT (69.0% [95% CI: 64.0-74.0%]), with no significant difference in FIT uptake by intervention arm (67.3% C-CARES Plus vs. 70.8% C-CARES; p = .49). FIT uptake was significantly higher among patients who received intervention materials in Spanish (77.2%) compared to those who received materials in English (63.2%, p < .01). The personalized coaching in the C-CARES Plus arm did not appear to provide added benefit beyond the C-CARES intervention. Multilevel approaches that include EMR prompts, reminders, FIT access, and provision of low-literacy, language-concordant education can support efforts to improved community clinics' CRCS rates. Future efforts should focus on repeat FIT screening. Trial registration: The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03906110).

COVID-19 vaccine behaviors and intentions among a national sample of United States adults ages 18-45.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 illness, is an important public health tool to reduce hospitalizations and deaths. PURPOSE: This report focuses on intentions and behaviors related to COVID-19 vaccination among United States (U.S.) adults ages 18-45. METHODS: From February 25-March 24, 2021, we conducted an online survey assessing COVID-19 vaccine intentions and behaviors, health beliefs, vaccine attitudes, and sociodemographic characteristics. Participants were adults aged 18-45, living throughout the U.S. with oversampling in Florida, panelists of a research panel company directly or via verified partners, and able to read, write, and understand English. Associations between COVID-19 vaccination uptake, intentions, and other study variables were examined through multivariable logistic and proportional odds regression analyses. RESULTS: Among participants in the final analytic sample (n = 2722), 18% reported having received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. Approximately 31% of unvaccinated participants reported strong intentions to receive a COVID-19 vaccine in the next year, whereas 35% reported strong intentions to receive a COVID-19 vaccine if it were strongly recommended by a healthcare provider. All COVID-19 vaccination outcomes were associated with male gender, sexual minority status, higher levels of education, and previous influenza vaccination. All vaccination intention outcomes were associated with vaccine attitudes and geographic region. Vaccination status and intentions were differentially associated with multiple additional sociodemographic, attitudinal, and/or healthcare experience variables. CONCLUSIONS: Several demographic variables, vaccine attitudes, and healthcare experiences were found to contribute to COVID-19 vaccine receipt and intentions. Targeted efforts are necessary to increase uptake of the vaccine in the U.S.

Rationale and study protocol for a randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a culturally relevant, stress management enhanced behavioral weight loss intervention on weight loss outcomes of black women.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a persistent public health concern and a risk factor for many chronic diseases including at least 13 different cancers. Adult Black females have the highest prevalence of obesity (57%) compared to other racial/gender groups in the U.S. Although behavioral weight loss (BWL) interventions have demonstrated effectiveness, Black females tend to lose less weight than White counterparts. The higher prevalence of chronic psychological stress reported by Black females may contribute to their disproportionate prevalence of obesity and observed suboptimal weight loss. This study will examine the effectiveness of a 12-month culturally-targeted, stress management-enhanced BWL intervention on weight loss and stress reduction among Black females in a fully-powered randomized, controlled trial. METHODS: Adult Black females with obesity (n = 340) will be randomized to either a culturally targeted stress management-enhanced BWL intervention (BWL-Stress) or the same BWL intervention alone (BWL-alone). The primary outcome is weight change at month 6. Secondary outcomes will include changes in stress measures (e.g., perceived stress, cortisol), energy intake, and physical activity at month 6. We will also assess process measures (e.g., treatment adherence, treatment burden). Each outcome will also be evaluated at month 12 to assess longer-term effects of the intervention. DISCUSSION: This novel approach for enhancing an evidence-based BWL program with culturally-targeted stress management strategies for Black females addresses an understudied barrier to effective weight management among a population at high risk for obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases. This study will potentially elucidate psychological or behavioral mechanisms linking our novel intervention to study outcomes. If the intervention is proven to be effective, this study will have significant clinical and public health implications for weight management among Black females. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov , identifier NCT04335799t , on April 6, 2020.

Improving Multi-site Interaction Through Remote Learning Technology: Report from a Training Program to Increase Underrepresented Undergraduate and Medical Students in Health Disparities Research.

Since 2018, we have evaluated the effectiveness of various teaching technologies for training young investigators on translational research in cancer health disparities. The Southeast Partnership for Improving Research and Training in Cancer Health Disparities (SPIRIT-CHD) unites Moffitt Cancer Center and the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. One of the main components of the SPIRIT-CHD is the Cancer Research Education Program (CREP) for training undergraduate and medical students from underrepresented backgrounds. The CREP utilizes a web-based didactic curriculum to engage students at both institutions in biobanking, precision medicine, and cancer health disparities topics. We report experiences from our cross-institutional cancer education program, specifically evaluating the cohorts' satisfaction and learning gains using various communication technologies and instructional approaches. Trainees completed a survey with questions evaluating the curriculum and technology. Trainees reported satisfaction with the flipped classroom model (FCM) content and overall program (mean score = 3.2, SD = 0.79), and would recommend the program to peers. Yet, despite improved program delivery, trainees felt interaction between the two sites (mean score = 1.5, SD = 0.85) and engagement with faculty (mean score = 2.80, SD = 1.14) could be improved. The technology with the highest reported use was e-mail, with a mean score of 4.6 (SD = 0.52). LinkedIn and Twitter had the lowest frequency of use with mean scores at 1.90 (SD = 0.99) and 1.30 (SD = 1.34). Our study highlights the successes and challenges of remote learning using technology to increase interaction and engagement among trainees and faculty in a multi-site cancer research training program.

Engaging the Community on Colorectal Cancer Screening Education: Focus Group Discussions Among African Americans.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed cancer in the USA, and African Americans experience disproportionate CRC diagnosis and mortality. Early detection could reduce CRC incidence and mortality, and reduce CRC health disparities, which may be due in part to lower screening adherence and later stage diagnosis among African Americans compared to whites. Culturally tailored interventions to increase access to and uptake of CRC stool-based tests are one effective strategy to increase benefits of screening among African Americans. The objectives of this study were to obtain feedback from African Americans on CRC educational materials being developed for a subsequent behavioral clinical trial and explore participants' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about CRC and CRC screening. Seven focus groups were conducted between February and November 2020. Participants were African Americans recruited through community contacts. Four focus groups were held in-person and three were conducted virtually due to Covid-19 restrictions. Participants ranked CRC educational text messages and provided feedback on a culturally tailored educational brochure. A focus group guide with scripted probes was used to elicit discussion and transcripts were analyzed using traditional content analysis. Forty-two African Americans participated. Four themes were identified from focus group discussions: (1) knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs on CRC and CRC screening; (2) reliable sources of cancer education information; (3) cultural factors affecting perspectives on health; and (4) community insights into cancer education. Participant input on the brochure was incorporated in content creation. Engaging African American community members to qualitatively examine cancer prevention has value in improving implementation strategy and planning for behavioral clinical trials.

Finding incident cancer cases through outpatient oncology clinic claims data and integration into a state cancer registry.

Cancer data from population-based cancer registries under-report cancer cases, especially for cancers primarily diagnosed and treated in outpatient clinical settings, away from hospital-based cancer registrars. Previously, we developed alternative methods of cancer case capture including a claims-based method, which identified a large proportion of cancer cases missed by traditional population-based cancer registries. In this study, we adapted a claims-based method for statewide implementation of cancer surveillance in Florida. Between 2010 and 2017 the claims-based method identified 143,083 cancer abstracts, of which 42% were new and 58% were previously registered. The claims-based method led to the creation of 53,419 new cancer cases in the state cancer registry, which made up 9.3% of all cancer cases registered between 2010 and 2017. The types of cancers identified by the claims-based method were typical of the kinds primarily diagnosed and treated in outpatient oncology clinic settings, such as hematological malignancies, prostate cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, and bladder cancer. These cases were added to the Florida cancer registry and may produce an artefactual increase in cancer incidence, which is believed to be closer to the actual burden of cancer in the state.

Characterizing Health Literacy Among Spanish Language-Preferring Latinos Ages 50-75.

BACKGROUND: Cultural background, language, and literacy are factors that may affect access, healthcare utilization, and cancer screening behaviors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize health literacy among Spanish-preferring Hispanic/Latino individuals ages 50-75 and examine associations between sociodemographic characteristics, health beliefs, and health literacy. METHODS: Participants self-identified as Hispanic/Latino, preferring health information in Spanish, were ages 50-75 years old, at average risk for colorectal cancer (CRC), not up to date with CRC screening, and enrolled in a CRC screening education intervention trial. Sociodemographic characteristics, health beliefs, and health literacy (i.e., difficulty understanding written health information and confidence completing health forms) were assessed at baseline. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Fifty-three percent of participants reported either sometimes having difficulty or always having difficulty with written health information, and 25% reported always asking for help or being not so confident in completing health forms. Univariate predictors of adequate health literacy for written health information were lower cancer worry and lower religious beliefs. Higher educational attainment predicted confidence in completing health forms. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the need for interventions that address health beliefs and health literacy among Hispanic/Latino patients who have low confidence in completing written forms and difficulty understanding written information and reinforce the use of plain language and salient design features when developing patient education materials.

Systematic Review of Interventions to Increase Stool Blood Colorectal Cancer Screening in African Americans.

African Americans experience colorectal cancer (CRC) related disparities compared to other racial groups in the United States. African Americans are frequently diagnosed with CRC at a later stage, screening is underutilized, and mortality rates are highest in this group. This systematic review focused on intervention studies using stool blood CRC screening among African Americans in primary care and community settings. Given wide accessibility, low cost, and ease of dissemination of stool-based CRC screening tests, this review aims to determine effective interventions to improve participation rates. This systematic review included intervention studies published between January 1, 2000 and March 16, 2019. After reviewing an initial search of 650 studies, 11 studies were eventually included in this review. The included studies were studies conducted in community and clinical settings, using both inreach and outreach strategies to increase CRC screening. For each study, an unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for the CRC screening intervention compared to the control arm was calculated based on the data in each study to report effectiveness. The eleven studies together recruited a total of 3334 participants. The five studies using two-arm experimental designs ranged in effectiveness with ORs ranging from 1.1 to 13.0 using interventions such as mailed reminders, patient navigation, and tailored educational materials. Effective strategies to increase stool blood testing included mailed stool blood tests augmented by patient navigation, tailored educational materials, and follow-up calls or mailings to increase trust in the patient-provider relationship. More studies are needed on stool blood testing interventions to determine effectiveness in this population.

'Simple and easy:' providers' and latinos' perceptions of the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) for colorectal cancer screening.

Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening efforts have effectively reduced CRC morbidity and mortality, yet screening remains relatively low among Latinos. The study's purpose was to document the awareness/knowledge of Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) among Latinos, gain better understanding of patient and health care provider perceptions about FIT, and explore the feasibility of adoption/uptake.Design/Methods: The study was guided by qualitative, ethnography design and methods. Eight focus groups (FG) with patients who self-identified as Hispanic/Latino between 50-75 years of age and key informant interviews with providers (N = 10) were conducted followed by a brief demographic questionnaire.Results: Awareness levels varied based on prior screening experiences among patients and providers. Both patients and providers believed the FIT is simple and easy to use; although, a minority of patients expressed doubts about the efficacy of the FIT when compared to colonoscopy.Conclusions: Despite the increasing acceptance of the FIT among the health care community, a significant lag time still exists among our study's populations. Study findings speak to novelty of the FIT test among underserved populations and the health disparity gap between health innovations/discoveries. Increased awareness and education efforts about the efficacy coupled with information about its accessibility, ease, and user instructions may increase the adoption of FIT.

Impact of a web-based reproductive health training program: ENRICH (Educating Nurses about Reproductive Issues in Cancer Healthcare).

OBJECTIVE: Educating Nurses about Reproductive Issues in Cancer Healthcare (ENRICH) is a web-based training program to assist oncology nurses with timely communication and relevant information regarding reproductive health issues (eg, risk of infertility, fertility preservation, and sexual health) to adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients and survivors. This manuscript describes impact on knowledge, perceived communication skills, and practice behaviors. METHODS: The eight-module course incorporated didactic content and an interactive applied learning component on the following reproductive health topics: overview, men, women, family building options, pediatrics, sexual health, communication, and practical applications. A 14-question pretest and posttest was administered to assess changes in knowledge. Additionally, participants received a follow-up survey addressing communication skills and practice behaviors. RESULTS: Over a 3-year period, 233 nurses completed the training. The mean pretest to posttest total score increased significantly (P < .001). Nurses rated their communication skills regarding risk of infertility with males as 7.5 and females as 7.4, based on a 10-point scale. Half of participants noted that they often or always discuss risk of infertility and fertility preservation options. Two-thirds indicated they refer patients to reproductive specialists, and majority (72%) indicated they document those referrals. CONCLUSIONS: ENRICH is a successful intervention for oncology nurses caring for AYA patients and survivors by increasing knowledge, communication skills, and frequency of discussion of reproductive health.