Quantitative evaluation of the tibiofemoral joint cartilage by T2 mapping in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament injury vs contralateral knees: results from the subacute phase using data from the NACOX study cohort.

OBJECTIVE: Immediate cartilage structural alterations in the acute phase after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture may be a precursor to posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) development. Our aim was to describe changes in cartilage matrix in the subacute phase of the acutely ACL-injured knee compared to the contralateral uninjured knee. DESIGN: Participants (n = 118) aged 15-40 years with an acute ACL injury were consecutively included in subacute phase after acute ACL-injury and underwent MRI (mean 29 days post trauma) of both knees. Mean T2 relaxation times, T2 spatial coefficient of variation and cartilage thickness were determined for different regions of the tibiofemoral cartilage. Differences between the acutely ACL-injured and uninjured knee were evaluated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: T2 relaxation time in injured knees was increased in multiple cartilage regions from both medial and lateral compartment compared to contralateral knees, mostly in medial trochlea and posterior tibia (P-value<0.001). In the same sites of injured knees, we observed significantly thinner cartilage. Moreover, injured knees presented shorter T2 relaxation time in superficial cartilage on lateral central femur and trochlea (P-value<0.001), and decreased T2 spatial coefficient of variation in lateral trochlea and load bearing regions of medial-central femoral condyle and central tibia in both compartments. CONCLUSION: Small but statistically significant differences were observed in the subacute phase between ACL-injured and uninjured knee in cartilage T2 relaxation time and cartilage thickness. Future longitudinal observations of the same cohort will allow for better understanding of early development of PTOA. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02931084.

Defective WNT signaling may protect from articular cartilage deterioration - a quantitative MRI study on subjects with a heterozygous WNT1 mutation.

OBJECTIVE: WNT signaling is of key importance in chondrogenesis and defective WNT signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and other cartilage diseases. Biochemical composition of articular cartilage in patients with aberrant WNT signaling has not been studied. Our objective was to assess the knee articular cartilage in WNT1 mutation-positive individuals using a 3.0T MRI unit to measure cartilage thickness, relaxation times, and texture features. DESIGN: Cohort comprised mutation-positive (N = 13; age 17-76 years) and mutation-negative (N = 13; 16-77 years) subjects from two Finnish families with autosomal dominant WNT1 osteoporosis due to a heterozygous missense mutation c.652T>G (p.C218G) in WNT1. All subjects were imaged with a 3.0T MRI unit and assessed for cartilage thickness, T2 and T1ρ relaxation times, and T2 texture features contrast, dissimilarity and homogeneity of T2 relaxation time maps in six regions of interest (ROIs) in the tibiofemoral cartilage. RESULTS: All three texture features showed opposing trends with age between the groups in the medial tibiofemoral cartilage (P = 0.020-0.085 for the difference of the regression coefficients), the mutation-positive individuals showing signs of cartilage preservation. No significant differences were observed in the lateral tibiofemoral cartilage. Cartilage thickness and means of T2 relaxation time did not differ between groups. Means of T1ρ relaxation time were significantly different in one ROI but the regression analysis displayed no differences. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show less age-related cartilage deterioration in the WNT1 mutation-positive than the mutation-negative subjects. This suggests, that the WNT1 mutation may alter cartilage turnover and even have a potential cartilage-preserving effect.

3D morphometric analysis of calcified cartilage properties using micro-computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to establish methods for quantifying morphometric properties of calcified cartilage (CC) from micro-computed tomography (µCT). Furthermore, we evaluated the feasibility of these methods in investigating relationships between osteoarthritis (OA), tidemark surface morphology and open subchondral channels (OSCCs). METHOD: Samples (n = 15) used in this study were harvested from human lateral tibial plateau (n = 8). Conventional roughness and parameters assessing local 3-dimensional (3D) surface variations were used to quantify the surface morphology of the CC. Subchondral channel properties (percentage, density, size) were also calculated. As a reference, histological sections were evaluated using Histopathological osteoarthritis grading (OARSI) and thickness of CC and subchondral bone (SCB) was quantified. RESULTS: OARSI grade correlated with a decrease in local 3D variations of the tidemark surface (amount of different surface patterns (rs = -0.600, P = 0.018), entropy of patterns (EP) (rs = -0.648, P = 0.018), homogeneity index (HI) (rs = 0.555, P = 0.032)) and tidemark roughness (TMR) (rs = -0.579, P = 0.024). Amount of different patterns (ADP) and EP associated with channel area fraction (CAF) (rp = 0.876, P < 0.0001; rp = 0.665, P = 0.007, respectively) and channel density (CD) (rp = 0.680, P = 0.011; rp = 0.582, P = 0.023, respectively). TMR was associated with CAF (rp = 0.926, P < 0.0001) and average channel size (rp = 0.574, P = 0.025). CC topography differed statistically significantly in early OA vs healthy samples. CONCLUSION: We introduced a µ-CT image method to quantify 3D CC topography and perforations through CC. CC topography was associated with OARSI grade and OSCC properties; this suggests that the established methods can detect topographical changes in tidemark and CC perforations associated with OA.

In vitro method for 3D morphometry of human articular cartilage chondrons based on micro-computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were: to 1) develop a novel sample processing protocol to visualize human articular cartilage (AC) chondrons using micro-computed tomography (µCT), 2) develop and validate an algorithm to quantify the chondron morphology in 3D, and 3) compare the differences in chondron morphology between intact and osteoarthritic AC. METHOD: The developed protocol is based on the dehydration of samples with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), followed by imaging with a desktop µCT. Chondron density and depth, as well as volume and sphericity, were calculated in 3D with a custom-made and validated algorithm employing semi-automatic chondron selection and segmentation. The quantitative parameters were analyzed at three AC depth zones (zone 1: 0-10%; zone 2: 10-40%; zone 3: 40-100%) and grouped by the OARSI histological grades (OARSI grades 0-1.0, n = 6; OARSI grades 3.0-3.5, n = 6). RESULTS: After semi-automatic chondron selection and segmentation, 1510 chondrons were approved for 3D morphometric analyses. The chondrons especially in the deeper tissue (zones 2 and 3) were significantly larger (P < 0.001) and less spherical (P < 0.001), respectively, in the OARSI grade 3-3.5 group compared to the OARSI grade 0-1.0 group. No statistically significant difference in chondron density between the OARSI grade groups was observed at different depths. CONCLUSION: We have developed a novel sample processing protocol for chondron imaging in 3D, as well as a high-throughput algorithm to semi-automatically quantify chondron/chondrocyte 3D morphology in AC. Our results also suggest that 3D chondron morphology is affected by the progression of osteoarthritis (OA).

Association between radiography-based subchondral bone structure and MRI-based cartilage composition in postmenopausal women with mild osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the relation between radiograph-based subchondral bone structure and cartilage composition assessed with delayed gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) and T2 relaxation time. DESIGN: Ninety-three postmenopausal women (Kellgren-Lawrence grade 0: n = 13, 1: n = 26, 2: n = 54) were included. Radiograph-based bone structure was assessed using entropy of the Laplacian-based image (ELap) and local binary patterns (ELBP), homogeneity indices of the local angles (HIAngles,mean, HIAngles,Perp, HIAngles,Paral), and horizontal (FDHor) and vertical fractal dimensions (FDVer). Mean dGEMRIC index and T2 relaxation time of tibial cartilage were calculated to estimate cartilage composition. RESULTS: HIAngles,mean (rs = -0.22) and HIAngles,Paral (rs = -0.24) in medial subchondral bone were related (P < 0.05) to dGEMRIC index of the medial tibial cartilage. ELap (rs = -0.23), FDHor,0.34 mm (r = 0.21) and FDVer,0.68 mm (r = 0.24) in medial subchondral bone were related (P < 0.05) to T2 relaxation time values of the medial tibial cartilage. FDHor at different scales in lateral subchondral bone were related (P < 0.01) to dGEMRIC index (r = 0.29-0.41) and T2 values of lateral tibial cartilage (r = -0.28 to -0.36). FDVer at larger scales were related (P < 0.05) to dGEMRIC index (r = 0.24-0.25) and T2 values of lateral tibial cartilage (r = -0.21). HIAngles,Paral (r = -0.25) and FDVer,0.68 mm (rs = 0.22) in the lateral tibial trabecular bone were related (P < 0.05) to dGEMRIC index of the lateral tibial cartilage. CONCLUSION: Our results support the presumption that several tissues are affected in the early osteoarthritis (OA). Furthermore, they indicate that the detailed analysis of radiographs may serve as a complementary imaging tool for OA studies.

Ultrasonography as a Guiding Method in Breast Micro-Calcification Vacuum-Assisted Biopsies.

Purpose: To assess the visibility of breast micro-calcifications using ultrasonography (US) and the accuracy and clinical usefulness of vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) using US guidance (USVAB) as compared to stereotactic guidance (SVAB). Materials and Methods: The study material comprised 158 retrospectively reviewed micro-calcification cases examined with US before VAB. The pre-biopsy US positivity frequency distributions were calculated, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of VAB determined by comparing VAB histology with the surgical pathology or a 12-month follow-up. Results: 158 US examinations yielded 80 positive and 78 negative results. US positivity correlated to a large size and a suspicious BI-RADS category of the calcifications. USVAB was performed in 49 cases with 61 % malignant, 12 % high-risk and 27 % benign results. The percentages for the 109 SVAB cases were 40 %, 28 % and 32 %, respectively. Specimen radiography demonstrated calcifications in 48 of the 49 (98 %) USVAB cases and in 107 of the 109 (98 %) SVAB cases. The overall accuracy of VAB was 94 % (USVAB 98 %, SVAB 94 %), the sensitivity was 88 % (USVAB 97 %, SVAB 83 %), and the specificity was 100 %. The higher sensitivity of USVAB was due to an accumulation of atypical hyperplasia diagnoses in the SVAB group. The final diagnosis was invasive ductal carcinoma in 21 US-positive and in 4 US-negative cases. Conclusion: Approximately 50 % of mammographically detected micro-calcifications could be detected with ultrasonography. US was found to be a valuable alternative guidance method for vacuum-assisted biopsy of micro-calcifications with a technical success rate and diagnostic accuracy well comparable to the stereotactic method.

Ultrasonography as a Guiding Method in Breast Micro-Calcification Vacuum-Assisted Biopsies.

PURPOSE: To assess the visibility of breast micro-calcifications using ultrasonography (US) and the accuracy and clinical usefulness of vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) using US guidance (USVAB) as compared to stereotactic guidance (SVAB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study material comprised 158 retrospectively reviewed micro-calcification cases examined with US before VAB. The pre-biopsy US positivity frequency distributions were calculated, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of VAB determined by comparing VAB histology with the surgical pathology or a 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: 158 US examinations yielded 80 positive and 78 negative results. US positivity correlated to a large size and a suspicious BI-RADS category of the calcifications. USVAB was performed in 49 cases with 61 % malignant, 12 % high-risk and 27 % benign results. The percentages for the 109 SVAB cases were 40 %, 28 % and 32 %, respectively. Specimen radiography demonstrated calcifications in 48 of the 49 (98 %) USVAB cases and in 107 of the 109 (98 %) SVAB cases. The overall accuracy of VAB was 94 % (USVAB 98 %, SVAB 94 %), the sensitivity was 88 % (USVAB 97 %, SVAB 83 %), and the specificity was 100 %. The higher sensitivity of USVAB was due to an accumulation of atypical hyperplasia diagnoses in the SVAB group. The final diagnosis was invasive ductal carcinoma in 21 US-positive and in 4 US-negative cases. CONCLUSION: Approximately 50 % of mammographically detected micro-calcifications could be detected with ultrasonography. US was found to be a valuable alternative guidance method for vacuum-assisted biopsy of micro-calcifications with a technical success rate and diagnostic accuracy well comparable to the stereotactic method.

Adverse events due to unnecessary radiation exposure in medical imaging reported in Finland.

INTRODUCTION: Adverse events in radiology are quite rare, but they do occur. Radiation safety regulations and the law obligate organizations to report certain adverse events, harm and near misses, especially events related to patients' health and safety. The aim of this study was to describe and analyse incidents related to radiation safety issues reported in Finland. METHODS: The data were collected from incident reports documented by radiology personnel concerning notifications of abnormal events in medical imaging made to the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority between 2010 and 2017. During these eight years, 312 reports were submitted. Only events reported from radiology departments were included; nuclear medicine, radiotherapy and animal radiology cases were excluded. The final number of reports was 293 (94%). RESULTS: The majority of the 293 approved reports were related to computed tomography (CT, 68.3%) and to X-ray examinations (27.6%). Altogether 82.9% of those irradiated were adults, most of whom were exposed to unnecessary radiation through CT (86.5%), 5.5% were children, and 4.4% pregnant women. The most common effective dose of unnecessary radiation was 1 mSv or less (89.7% of all examinations). The highest effective doses were reported in CT (from under 1 mSv-20 mSv and above). The reasons for the adverse events were incorrect identification (32%), incorrect procedure, site or side (30%); and human errors or errors of knowledge (20%). CONCLUSION: Adverse events occurred especially in CT examinations. It is important to collect and analyse incident data, assess the harmful events, learn from them and aim to reduce adverse events. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study emphasizes the need for radiological personnel to obtain evidence-based information on adverse events and focus on training to improve patient safety.

Quantifying Subresolution 3D Morphology of Bone with Clinical Computed Tomography.

The aim of this study was to quantify sub-resolution trabecular bone morphometrics, which are also related to osteoarthritis (OA), from clinical resolution cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Samples (n = 53) were harvested from human tibiae (N = 4) and femora (N = 7). Grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture and histogram-based parameters were calculated from CBCT imaged trabecular bone data, and compared with the morphometric parameters quantified from micro-computed tomography. As a reference for OA severity, histological sections were subjected to OARSI histopathological grading. GLCM and histogram parameters were correlated to bone morphometrics and OARSI individually. Furthermore, a statistical model of combined GLCM/histogram parameters was generated to estimate the bone morphometrics. Several individual histogram and GLCM parameters had strong associations with various bone morphometrics (|r| > 0.7). The most prominent correlation was observed between the histogram mean and bone volume fraction (r = 0.907). The statistical model combining GLCM and histogram-parameters resulted in even better association with bone volume fraction determined from CBCT data (adjusted R2 change = 0.047). Histopathology showed mainly moderate associations with bone morphometrics (|r| > 0.4). In conclusion, we demonstrated that GLCM- and histogram-based parameters from CBCT imaged trabecular bone (ex vivo) are associated with sub-resolution morphometrics. Our results suggest that sub-resolution morphometrics can be estimated from clinical CBCT images, associations becoming even stronger when combining histogram and GLCM-based parameters.

Association of lumbar arterial stenosis with low back symptoms: a cross-sectional study using two-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that diminished blood flow may cause low back symptoms and intervertebral disc degeneration. PURPOSE: To explore the association between lumbar arterial stenosis as detected by two-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (2D TOF-MRA) and lumbar pain symptoms in an occupational cohort of middle-aged Finnish males. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 228 male subjects aged 36 to 55 years (mean 47 years) were imaged with 2D TOF-MRA. Additionally, 20 randomly selected subjects were scanned with contrast-enhanced MRA (ceMRA). In each subject, the first (L1) to fourth (L4) segmental lumbar arteries were evaluated for lumbar artery stenosis using a dichotomic scale. One subject was excluded because of poor image quality, reducing the study population to 227 subjects. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between arterial stenosis in 2D TOF-MRA and low back pain and sciatica symptoms (intensity, duration, frequency). RESULTS: Comparing 2D TOF-MRA and ceMRA images, the kappa value (95% confidence interval) was 0.52 (0.31-0.73). The intraobserver reliability kappa value for 2D TOF-MRA was 0.85 (0.77-0.92), and interobserver kappa was 0.57 (0.49-0.65). The sensitivity of 2D TOF-MRA in detecting stenosis was 0.58, the accuracy 0.89, and the specificity 0.94. In 97 (43%) subjects all arteries were normal, whereas 130 (57%) had at least one stenosed artery. The left L4 artery was most often affected. The degree of arterial stenosis was associated with intensity of low back and sciatic pain, and sciatica pain duration during the past 3 months. CONCLUSION: 2D TOF-MRA is an acceptable imaging method for arterial stenosis compared to ceMRA. Arterial stenosis was associated with subjective pain symptoms, indicating a role of decreased nutrition in spinal disorders.

Association between family history of mental disorders and outcome in psychotic disorders.

We investigated the association of family history of mental disorders, especially psychosis, with occupational and clinical outcome in psychotic disorders in a longitudinal population-based cohort. The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 9432) was used to gather the data. In total 189 individuals with psychosis were identified by age of 28. The outcome was assessed by using register information regarding occupational activity, disability pension and hospital treatments due to psychiatric cause. Parental psychosis and any psychiatric disorder were used as predictors of outcome. The results showed that presence of any parental psychiatric disorder was associated with higher number of days spent at hospital and higher number of hospitalizations in psychotic disorders, but was not associated with occupational outcome or disability pension. The presence of parental psychosis was not associated with outcome. These findings suggest that the presence of any psychiatric disorder among parents may increase the risk of poorer outcome in psychoses in terms of need of hospitalisations. Based on this study the presence of parental psychosis is not associated with outcome, but the result should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size and conflict with the results of earlier studies.

Patient information regarding medical radiation exposure is inadequate: Patients' experience in a university hospital.

INTRODUCTION: It is suspected that little or no information is provided to patients regarding radiological examinations. The purpose was to evaluate the coverage, content and source of this information in a university hospital. METHODS: Altogether 147 patients (18-85 years) were interviewed after different examinations using a questionnaire. The patients had undergone 35 low (<1 mSv), 66 medium (1-10), and 46 high (>10) dose examinations. They were asked if they were informed about radiation use, the course or indication of the examination, the consequences of not having the examination, other options, the dose and risks of radiation, the source for the information and if any consent was enquired. RESULTS: 52 (35%) patients did not receive any information while 95 (65%) obtained some information. Fifty-six (38%) patients received an information letter, and 75 (51%) obtained oral information, mainly from the referrer or the radiographer. The information was mostly about indication, course or radiation use, very seldom about radiation risks and the other areas. Those with a nuclear medicine examination received information more often than those with other medium- or high-dose examinations (p = 0.004). The patients scored the received information as 2.2 (mean, SD 1.3) on a Likert scale from 1 (poor) to 5 (good). CONCLUSION: Patients obtained inadequate information regarding radiological examinations in a university hospital. The information was provided non-systematically from various sources. The results help to set up practical guidelines for systematic information and to follow up their efficiency. The mode of operation might be helpful elsewhere in the future.

Lifetime use of psychiatric medications and cognition at 43years of age in schizophrenia in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966.

BACKGROUND: Higher lifetime antipsychotic exposure has been associated with poorer cognition in schizophrenia. The cognitive effects of adjunctive psychiatric medications and lifetime trends of antipsychotic use remain largely unclear. We aimed to study how lifetime and current benzodiazepine and antidepressant medications, lifetime trends of antipsychotic use and antipsychotic polypharmacy are associated with cognitive performance in midlife schizophrenia. METHODS: Sixty participants with DSM-IV schizophrenia from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 were examined at 43years of age with an extensive cognitive test battery. Cumulative lifetime and current use of psychiatric medications were collected from medical records and interviews. The associations between medication and principal component analysis-based cognitive composite score were analysed using linear regression. RESULTS: Lifetime cumulative DDD years of benzodiazepine and antidepressant medications were not significantly associated with global cognition. Being without antipsychotic medication (for minimum 11months) before the cognitive examination was associated with better cognitive performance (P=0.007) and higher lifetime cumulative DDD years of antipsychotics with poorer cognition (P=0.020), when adjusted for gender, onset age and lifetime hospital treatment days. Other lifetime trends of antipsychotic use, such as a long antipsychotic-free period earlier in the treatment history, and antipsychotic polypharmacy, were not significantly associated with cognition. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these naturalistic data, low exposure to adjunctive benzodiazepine and antidepressant medications does not seem to affect cognition nor explain the possible negative effects of high dose long-term antipsychotic medication on cognition in schizophrenia.

Long-term antipsychotic use and its association with outcomes in schizophrenia - the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966.

BACKGROUND: Due to the paucity of previous studies, we wanted to elucidate the pharmacoepidemiology of antipsychotics in schizophrenia in a general population sample, and the association between long-term antipsychotic use and outcomes. METHODS: The sample included 53 schizophrenia subjects from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 with at least ten years of follow-up (mean 18.6 years since illness onset). Data on lifetime medication and outcomes (remission, Clinical Global Impression [CGI], Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale [SOFAS]) were collected from medical records, interviews, and national registers. RESULTS: During the first two years 22 (42%), between two to five years 17 (32%), and between five to ten years 14 (26%) subjects had used antipsychotics less than half of the time. Drug-free periods became rarer during the follow-up. The mean lifetime daily dose of antipsychotics was 319mg in chlorpromazine equivalents. A high lifetime average and cumulative dose and antipsychotic polypharmacy were associated with a poorer outcome in all measures, whereas having no drug-free periods was associated with a better SOFAS score and a low proportion of time on antipsychotics with a better CGI score. CONCLUSIONS: In our population-based sample, the use of antipsychotics increased during the first five years of illness and was relatively stable after that. Our results suggest that both low dose and proportion of use, and having no drug-free periods, are associated with better outcomes, which concords with current treatment recommendations and algorithms. High long-term doses and polypharmacy may relate to poor outcomes.

Comparison between DICOM-calibrated and uncalibrated consumer grade and 6-MP displays under different lighting conditions in panoramic radiography.

OBJECTIVES: To compare observer performance in the detection of anatomical structures and pathology in panoramic radiographs using consumer grade with and without digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM)-calibration and 6-megapixel (6-MP) displays under different lighting conditions. METHODS: 30 panoramic radiographs were randomly evaluated on three displays under bright (510 lx) and dim (16 lx) ambient lighting by two observers with different years of experience. Dentinoenamel junction, dentinal caries and periapical inflammatory lesions, visibility of cortical border of the floor and pathological lesions in maxillary sinus were evaluated. Consensus between the observers was considered as reference. Intraobserver agreement was determined. Proportion of equivalent ratings and weighted kappa were used to assess reliability. The level of significance was set to p < 0.05. RESULTS: The proportion of equivalent ratings with consensus differed between uncalibrated and DICOM-calibrated consumer grade displays in dentinal caries in the lower molar in dim lighting (p = 0.021) and between DICOM-calibrated consumer grade and 6-MP display in bright lighting (p = 0.038) for an experienced observer. Significant differences were found between uncalibrated and DICOM-calibrated consumer grade displays in dentinal caries in bright lighting (p = 0.044) and periapical lesions in the upper molar in dim lighting (p = 0.008) for a less experienced observer. Intraobserver reliability was better at detecting dentinal caries than at detecting periapical and maxillary sinus pathology. CONCLUSIONS: DICOM calibration may improve observer performance in panoramic radiography in different lighting conditions. Therefore, a DICOM-calibrated consumer grade display can be used instead of a medical display in dental practice without compromising the diagnostic quality.

Brain morphometry of individuals with schizophrenia with and without antipsychotic medication ­ The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study.

BACKGROUND: In schizophrenia, brain morphometric changes may be associated with antipsychotic medication. Only limited data is available concerning individuals with schizophrenia without antipsychotic medication. We aimed to study the associations of: use versus no use of antipsychotic medication; length of continuous time without antipsychotic medication; cumulative dose of lifetime antipsychotic medication; and type of antipsychotic medication; with brain morphometry in schizophrenia after an average of 10 years of illness. METHODS: Data of 63 individuals with schizophrenia (mean duration of illness 10.4 years) from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 were gathered by interview and from hospital and outpatient records. Structural MRI data at age 34 years were acquired and grey matter volume maps with voxel-based morphometry were analyzed using FSL tools. RESULTS: Of the individuals studied, 15 (24%) had taken no antipsychotic medication during the previous year. Individuals with antipsychotic medication had lower total grey matter (TGM) volume compared with non-medicated subjects, although this association was not statistically significant (Cohen's d=-0.51, P=0.078). Time without antipsychotic medication associated with increased TGM (P=0.028). Longer time without antipsychotic medication associated with increased regional volume in right precentral gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus. There were no associations between cumulative dose of lifetime antipsychotic medication or type of antipsychotic medication and brain morphometry. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike some previous investigators, we found no association between cumulative dose of lifetime antipsychotic medication and brain morphological changes in this population-based sample. However, longer continuous time without antipsychotic medication preceding the MRI scan associated with increased gray matter volume.

Associations between brain morphology and outcome in schizophrenia in a general population sample.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse associations between brain morphology and longitudinal and cross-sectional measures of outcomes in schizophrenia in a general population sample. METHODS: The sample was the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. In 1999-2001, structural brain MRI and measures of clinical and functional outcomes were analysed for 54 individuals with schizophrenia around the age of 34. Sex, total grey matter, duration of illness and the use of antipsychotic medication were used as covariates. RESULTS: After controlling for multiple covariates, increased density of the left limbic area was associated with less hospitalisations and increased total white matter volume with being in remission. Higher density of left frontal grey matter was associated with not being on a disability pension and higher density of the left frontal lobe and left limbic area were related to better functioning. Higher density of the left limbic area was associated with better longitudinal course of illness. CONCLUSIONS: This study, based on unselected general population data, long follow-up and an extensive database, confirms findings of previous studies, that morphological abnormalities in several brain structures are associated with outcome. The difference in brain morphology in patients with good and poor outcomes may reflect separable aetiologies and developmental trajectories in schizophrenia.

Characteristics of subjects with schizophrenia spectrum disorder with and without antipsychotic medication - a 10-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of non-medicated subjects having schizophrenia spectrum disorder and to study how they differ from medicated subjects in terms of sociodemographic and illness-related variables. We also aim to find the predictors for successful antipsychotic withdrawal. METHODS: Data of 70 subjects with schizophrenic psychoses (mean duration of illness 10.4 years) from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort were gathered by interview at the age of 34 and from hospital records. The stability of remission was assessed by comparing hospitalization rates between non-medicated and medicated subjects over an 8.7-year additional follow-up period. RESULTS: Twenty-four (34%) subjects were currently not receiving medication. They were more often males, less often on a disability pension, more often in remission, and had better clinical outcomes. Relapses during the follow-up were equally frequent between non-medicated and medicated subjects (47% vs. 56%). Not having been hospitalised during previous 5 years before the interview predicted long-term successful antipsychotic withdrawal without relapse. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a lack of precise predictors, there might be subgroup of schizophrenia spectrum subjects who do not need permanent antipsychotic medication, and a fewer previous psychiatric treatments may indicate such a subgroup.

Magnetic resonance imaging-guided diskography and diagnostic lumbar 0.23T MRI: an assessment study.

PURPOSE: To describe the in vivo appearance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diskograms of normal and degenerated lumbar intervertebral disks, and to evaluate the differences in imaging findings between sequential diagnostic MRI and MRI diskography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nine consecutive patients underwent MRI-guided diskography in order to determine possible pain provocation during puncture and contrast medium injection. All patients had preceding clinical suspicion of lumbar diskogenic pain and findings of lumbar disk degeneration in diagnostic (MRI, computed tomography (CT), plain radiography). A 0.23T open MRI scanner with interventional tools was used for imaging and instrument guidance. On all patients, a complementary diagnostic MRI study of the lumbar spine before and after the MRI-guided disk injection was performed, and subsequent axial MRI diskograms were obtained. RESULTS: A total of 25 disk punctures were initialized, and 25 MRI diskograms were obtained and their expression described. There was a correlation between the degenerative disk findings visualized by diagnostic MRI and MRI diskograms. CONCLUSION: The use of gadolinium contrast media in MRI-guided diskography enables the evaluation of MRI diskograms. Our results suggest that MRI-guided diskography can be used to substitute conventional diskography or CT-diskography and as an augmenting method to assess diagnostic information upon degenerative processes of the lumbar spine.

Value of the quantity and distribution of subarachnoid haemorrhage on CT in the localization of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) is the "gold standard" for detecting subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for visualising the vascular pathology. We studied retrospectively 180 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) who underwent first non-enhanced computed tomography (CT), then digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and finally operative aneurysm clipping. Our aim was to assess if the location of the ruptured aneurysm could be predicted on the basis of the quantity and distribution of haemorrhage on the initial CT scan. METHODS: 180 patients with SAH were retrospectively studied. All the CT and DSA examinations were performed at the same hospital. CT was performed within 24 hours after the initial haemorrhage. DSA was performed after the CT, within 48 hours after the initial haemorrhage. Two neuroradiologists, blind to the DSA results, analysed and scored independently the quantity and distribution of the haemorrhage and predicted the site of the ruptured aneurysm on the basis of the non-enhanced CT. DSA provided the location of the ruptured aneurysm. All the patients were operated upon, and the location of the ruptured aneurysm was determined. FINDINGS: The overall reliability value (kappa-value) between the two neuroradiologists for locating all ruptured aneurysms was 0.780. The corresponding value for the right MCA was 0.911, that for the left MCA 0.877 and that for the AcoA 0.736. Not all of the kappa-values were calculated, either because the location of the rupture was constant or because the number of ruptures in the vessel was too small. Subarachnoid haemorrhage with a parenchymal hematoma is an excellent predictor of the site of the ruptured aneurysm with a statistical significance of p=0.003. INTERPRETATION: The quantity and pattern of the blood clot on CT within the day of onset of SAH is a reliable and quick tool for locating a ruptured MCA or AcoA aneurysm. It is not, however, reliable for locating other ruptured aneurysms. Subarachnoid haemorrhage with a parenchymal hematoma is an excellent predictor of the site of a ruptured aneurysm.