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The aim of this systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression was to examine the effects of virtual reality-based training on global cognition and executive function compared with conventional training or information-based treatment in older adults, regardless of cognitive level. A systematic literature search was conducted using four databases. A total of 31 randomized controlled trials were identified. Pooled effect sizes were calculated, the risk of bias was assessed, and evidence was graded. The primary analyses showed a small but statistically significant effect of virtual reality-based training compared with control on global cognition (Hedges' g 0.42, 95% confidence interval [0.17, 0.68], I2 = 70.1%, n = 876, 20 randomized controlled trials, low evidence) and executive function (Hedges' g 0.35, 95% confidence interval [0.06, 0.65], I2 = 68.4%, n = 810, 16 randomized controlled trials, very low evidence). Meta-regression yielded inconclusive results. Virtual reality-based training may be more effective than control in improving cognition in older adults; however, more high-quality studies are needed.
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Cognición , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Realidad Virtual , Humanos , Anciano , Función Ejecutiva , Terapia de Exposición Mediante Realidad Virtual/métodosRESUMEN
We investigated the association of parental physical activity (PA) trajectories with offspring's youth and adult PA. Self-reported PA data were extracted from the Young Finns Study with three follow-ups for parents between 1980 and 1986 and nine follow-ups for their offspring in youth between 1980 and 2011 (aged 9-39 years, n = 2402) and in adulthood in 2018. Accelerometer-derived PA was quantified in 2018-2020 (aged 43-58 years, n = 1134). Data were analyzed using mixture models and conducted in 2022. We identified three trajectories for fathers and mothers (high-stable activity, 20.2%/16.6%; moderate-stable activity, 50.5%/49.6%; and low-stable activity, 29.4%/33.7%) and four for youth male and female offspring (persistently active, 13.4%/5.1%; increasingly active, 32.1%/43.1%; decreasingly active, 14.4%/12.6%; and persistently low-active, 40.1%/39.1%). Compared to low-stable active parents, high-stable active fathers had a higher probability of having their sons and daughters classified as persistently active, increasingly active, and decreasingly active in youth (Brange = 0.50-1.79, all p < 0.008), while high- and moderate-stable active mothers had significantly increased likelihood of having their daughters classified as persistently active and decreasingly active in youth (Brange = 0.63-1.16, all p < 0.009). Fathers' and mothers' high-stable activity was associated with higher self-reported PA of adult offspring than parental low-stable activity. Persistently active and increasingly active offspring in youth accumulated more adult total PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA, step counts, and self-reported PA than persistently low-active ones (all p < 0.036). Parental persistent PA, particularly paternal persistent PA, predicts offspring's PA concurrently and prospectively. Increasing and maintaining PA in youth predicts higher PA levels in midlife.
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Ejercicio Físico , Padres , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Padre , Femenino , Finlandia , Humanos , Masculino , MadresRESUMEN
This study examined the developmental trajectories of light (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in fitness profiles derived from motor competence, perceived motor competence, health-related fitness, and MVPA behavior. Locomotor, stability, and object control skills, muscular and cardiovascular fitness, and physical activity were assessed in 510 (girls 285 and boys 225) Finnish school-aged children (Mage = 11.26 ± 33 years) over three years. Physical activity was measured using hip-mounted accelerometers. Fitness profiles were identified using latent profile analysis, and the development of physical activity levels across four assessments was analyzed with latent growth curve models. Results showed that (1) three homogeneous profiles were identified: At-risk, Intermediate, and Desirable; (2) the Desirable group was more physically active than the other groups, the Intermediate group was more physical active than the At-risk group; and (3) LPA decreased similarly over time, while MVPA remained stable in all three profiles. Initial more advanced motor competence, perceived motor competence, health-related fitness, and higher MVPA behavior were associated with higher levels of long-term LPA and MVPA. This finding supports the importance of motor competence skills acquisition in the early school years. Attention should also be paid to increasing engagement in light physical activities, especially in inactive or insufficiently active children with low motor competence skills.
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Acelerometría/métodos , Ejercicio Físico , Monitores de Ejercicio , Aptitud Física , Capacidad Cardiovascular , Niño , Finlandia , Humanos , Destreza Motora , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Percepción/fisiologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine whether physical activity, fitness, and motor skills have an indirect association with math performance via cognitive outcomes and if so, through which aspects of cognition? METHODS: This study comprised 311 6th-9th grade adolescents (12-17 years [M age = 14.0 years], 59% girls) from seven schools throughout Finland in 2015. Math performance was measured via a teacher-rated math achievement and the Basic Arithmetic test. Cognitive functions were measured by broad cognitive test battery. Physical activity was assessed with a self-reported questionnaire and a hip-worn accelerometer. Aerobic fitness was estimated using a maximal 20-m shuttle run test, muscular fitness with curl-up and push-up tests, and motor skills with a 5-leaps test and a throwing-catching combination test. Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the associations. RESULTS: In both boys and girls, motor skills had a positive indirect association with math outcomes through visuospatial working memory. Among girls, muscular fitness had a positive indirect association with math outcomes through visuospatial working memory. Aerobic fitness was positively associated with math achievement, but the indirect path via cognition was not observed. Self-reported physical activity had a borderline indirect positive association with math outcomes through visuospatial working memory. Accelerometer-based physical activity did not correlate with math performance. CONCLUSION: Motor skills and muscular fitness had indirect positive associations with math performance, mediated by visuospatial working memory. The results give support to the viewpoints that the connections between motor skills, fitness, and physical activity to academic skills are mediated via specific cognitive skills.
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Rendimiento Académico , Cognición/fisiología , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Memoria a Corto Plazo/fisiología , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Aptitud Física/psicología , Acelerometría/instrumentación , Adolescente , Niño , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Femenino , Finlandia , Monitores de Ejercicio , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The decline in adolescents' physical fitness (PF) in recent decades has raised concerns about current population's possible future challenges with health and physical functional capacity. This study explored the associations between body composition, physical activity, maturation, and PF development in adolescents. Furthermore, PF development of adolescents with low initial PF was assessed. A 2-year observational study was conducted between spring 2013 and 2015. Nine comprehensive schools and their 10- to 13-year-old students were invited to participate in the study (1778), and a total of 971 students (54.6%) agreed. Cardiorespiratory fitness (20-meter shuttle run), muscular fitness (push-ups), fundamental movement skills (5-leaps test), body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (accelerometer), and pubertal status (self-assessment questionnaire) were measured at 1-year intervals. Latent growth curve modeling (LGM) was used to study PF development over time. Change in fat mass had the strongest and most coherent associations with PF development during adolescence. Fat-free mass, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and pubertal status were associated with PF development, although not systematically. Subgroup analyses showed that PF development in the low fitness group followed a similar pattern as the whole population. However, their PF remained significantly lower throughout the 2-year period. The findings suggest that fat accumulation is an essential detrimental factor for PF development during adolescence. Actions to prevent excessive fat accumulation might help to prevent future declines in functional capacity. Indications that low fitness levels sustain during adolescence highlight the relevance of detecting these individuals and providing interventions already before adolescence.
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Composición Corporal , Ejercicio Físico , Aptitud Física , Adolescente , Capacidad Cardiovascular , Niño , Intervalos de Confianza , Impedancia Eléctrica , Femenino , Finlandia/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Movimiento/fisiología , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Rendimiento Físico Funcional , Pubertad , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the gender-specific and time-segmented changes in accelerometer measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) during adolescence. METHODS: The study population (N = 970) consisted of children from nine schools throughout Finland. At the baseline, the children were in grades 4-7 (ages 10-13). Five times during the two-year follow-up period, hip-worn accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+) were deployed for seven consecutive days in order to monitor the pupils' PA. The daily time spent in vigorous (VPA), moderate to vigorous (MVPA), and light physical activity(LPA), as well as sedentary time(ST), were assessed. RESULTS: Significant gender differences were observed in terms of the changes in MVPA and ST during the follow-up period. The total MVPA declined significantly in boys (by 2.2min/day/year from 60 min/d at baseline) but not in girls (49 min/d at baseline). The total ST increased both in boys (by 20.7%-points/y) and in girls (by 16.1%-points/y, P < .001). However, when we compared the results during the weekdays and weekend days separately, we observed that the declines in MVPA and increases in ST were greater in boys than in girls during the weekend days. CONCLUSION: A greater decrease in PA and a greater increase in ST during adolescence were observed among boys than among girls, especially during weekend days. In order to diminish these unfavorable behavioral changes during adolescence, we encourage the separate tailoring of interventions for boys and girls and for weekdays and weekends.
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Ejercicio Físico , Conducta Sedentaria , Acelerometría , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Finlandia , Humanos , Masculino , Factores Sexuales , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the validity and test-retest reliability of a single seven-level scale physical activity assessment question (SR-PA L7) and its three-level categorization (SR-PA C3). METHODS: The associations of SR-PA L7 and C3 with accelerometer-measured leisure-time physical activity (ACC-LTPA) and with the results of four different physical performance tests (6-min walk [n = 733], knee extension [n = 695], vertical jump [n = 731], and grip force [n = 780]) were investigated among women aged 47-55 years participating in the Estrogenic Regulation of Muscle Apoptosis study (n = 795). The reliability was studied using Spearman correlations with 4-month test-retest period (n = 152). RESULTS: SR-PA L7 and C3 had low correlations with ACC-LTPA (rs = .105-.337). SR-PA L7, SR-PA C3, and ACC-LTPA explained comparable but small amount of variance of the physical performance test results. The reliability analysis provided moderate agreement (rs = .707 and .622 for SR-PA L7 and C3, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: SR-PA L7 and C3 demonstrated limited validity and reasonable repeatability.
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Aptitud Física , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Caminata , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Femenino , Fuerza de la Mano , Humanos , Actividades Recreativas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to investigate reciprocal relationships among students' motor competence (MC) (leaping, throwing, catching, jumping skills), perceived physical competence, health-related fitness (HRF) (20 m shuttle run, push-up, abdominal muscles endurance tests) and objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Participants included 422 Grade 5 Finnish children (246 girls). Two separate structural equation models investigated paths (a) from MC through both perceived physical competence and HRF to MVPA, and (b) from MVPA through both perceived physical competence and HRF to MC. Model 1 demonstrated an indirect path from MC through HRF to MVPA and a direct path from MC to perceived physical competence for both boys and girls. Additionally, model 1 revealed a direct path from perceived physical competence to MVPA for the girls and from MC to MVPA for the boys. MC, perceived physical competence, and HRF explained 13% of variance in MVPA for the girls and 25% for the boys. Model 2 indicated indirect paths from MVPA through perceived physical competence to MC and from MVPA through HRF to MC for both boys and girls. Additionally, a direct path from MVPA to MC was found in the boys' group. MVPA, perceived physical competence, and HRF explained 48% of variance in MC for the girls and 53% for the boys. Results of this study provide preliminary support for the reciprocal nature of relationships among MC development, perceived physical competence, HRF and MVPA.
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Ejercicio Físico , Destreza Motora , Aptitud Física , Niño , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Femenino , Finlandia , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Young adults born preterm have higher levels of cardio metabolic risk factors and they report less physical activity than their peers born at term. Physical activity provides important cardio metabolic health benefits. We hypothesized that objectively measured physical activity levels are lower and time spent sedentary is higher among preterm-born individuals compared with controls. METHODS: We studied unimpaired participants of the ESTER birth cohort study at age 23.3 y (SD: 1.2): 60 born early preterm (<34 wk), 108 late preterm (34-36 wk), and 178 at term (controls). Physical activity and sedentary time were measured by hip-worn accelerometer (ActiGraph). RESULTS: As compared with controls' (mean physical activity, 303 counts per minute (cpm; SD 129)), physical activity was similar among adults born early preterm (mean difference = 21 cpm, 95% CI -61, 19) or late preterm (5 cpm, -27, 38). Time spent sedentary was also similar. Adjustments for early life confounders or current mediating characteristics did not change the results. CONCLUSION: In contrast to our hypothesis, we found no difference in objectively measured physical activity or time spent sedentary between adults born preterm and at term. The previously reported differences may be limited to physical activity captured by self-report.
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Ejercicio Físico , Nacimiento Prematuro , Conducta Sedentaria , Acelerometría , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Finlandia , Estudios de Seguimiento , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Autoinforme , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The aim of the Finnish Schools on the Move program is to create a more active and pleasant school day through physical activity (PA). In this quasi-experimental design, we compared changes in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time (ST) during the school day and outside school hours for Grades 1-9 over two academic years in four program schools and two reference schools. Altogether 319 girls and boys aged 7-15 participated in the study between 2010 and 2012. MVPA and ST were measured four times over the 1.5-year follow-up period for seven consecutive days, using a hip-worn ActiGraph accelerometer. Linear growth curve modeling was used to examine the effect of the program on MVPA and ST during follow-up. School day MVPA increased (P = 0.010) and school day ST decreased (P = 0.008) in program primary schools (Grades 1-6) more compared with the reference schools. The effect sizes (Cohen's d) for the difference in change (from the first to the last measurement) were small (d = 0.18 and d = -0.27, respectively). No differences in the changes of leisure-time or whole-day MVPA and ST between the program and reference schools were observed during follow-up. In conclusion, the changes in school day MVPA and ST did not translate into positive effects across the whole day. More effective and longer promotion actions are needed for positive changes in PA and ST, especially in lower secondary schools and for all daily segments.
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Ejercicio Físico , Promoción de la Salud , Instituciones Académicas , Actigrafía , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Finlandia , Humanos , Actividades Recreativas , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Participation in physical activities provides students with opportunities for social interaction and social skills development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of students' recess physical activity with school-related social factors. METHODS: Data were collected in 19 schools countrywide in autumn 2010, and 1463 students from grades 4 and 5 (primary school) and from grades 7 and 8 (lower secondary school) completed an anonymous questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to investigate whether self-reported physical activity at recess was associated with peer relationships at school, relatedness to school and school climate. Analyses were adjusted for self-reported overall physical activity and conducted for primary and lower secondary schools. Multi-group analysis was used to test sex differences among the associations. RESULTS: In primary school, physical activity at recess was positively associated with peer relationships at school (boys: b = 0.17, p = 0.007 and girls: b = 0.21, p <0.001), relatedness to school (boys: b = 0.18, p = 0.002 and girls: b = 0.24, p <0.001) and school climate (girls: b = 0.17, p = 0.001), after adjusting for overall physical activity. In lower secondary school, physical activity at recess was positively associated with peer relationships at school (boys: b = 0.09, p = 0.006 and girls: b = 0.12, p = 0.010) but not with other school-related social factors. No sex differences were observed in these associations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that students' participation in physical activities during school recess is positively associated with students' school-related social factors. In the future, it would be worthwhile to study how physical activity at recess should be organised in order to support the development of school-related social factors.
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Actividad Motora , Juego e Implementos de Juego , Cambio Social , Adaptación Psicológica , Adolescente , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Finlandia , Humanos , Masculino , Grupo Paritario , Servicios de Salud Escolar , Instituciones Académicas , Estudiantes , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) may benefit academic performance, but it is unclear what kind of classroom-based PA is optimal for learning. AIM: We studied the effects of physically active maths lessons on children's maths performance and maths-related effects, and whether gender and previous mathematical or motor skills modify these effects. SAMPLE: A total of 22 volunteered teachers and their pupils with signed consent (N = 397, mean age: 9.3 years, 51% females) participated in a 5-month, teacher-led, multi-arm, cluster-randomized controlled trial. METHODS: The intervention included a PAL group (20 min of physically active learning in each 45-min lesson), a breaks group (two 5-min PA breaks in each 45-min lesson) and a control group (traditional teaching). Maths performance was assessed with a tailored curriculum-based test. Maths-related enjoyment, self-perceptions and anxiety were measured with a self-reported questionnaire. The individual-level intervention effects were tested via covariate-adjusted linear mixed-effect models with school classes serving as random effects. RESULTS: Changes in maths performance or self-perceptions did not differ between the intervention groups. Maths anxiety in learning situations increased in the PAL group (effect .28, 95% CI = .01-.56); there was no change in the other groups. Subgroup analyses suggested that maths anxiety increased in the PAL group among children in the two lowest tertiles of motor skills. It decreased in the highest tertile. Enjoyment decreased in the breaks group among pupils in the lowest motor skill tertile. CONCLUSIONS: Physically active maths lessons did not affect maths performance or self-perceptions but had divergent effects on maths anxiety and enjoyment, depending on motor skills.
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Rendimiento Académico , Ejercicio Físico , Matemática , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Matemática/educación , Niño , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Ansiedad , Autoimagen , Estudiantes/psicología , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Instituciones AcadémicasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This randomised controlled trial demonstrates the effectiveness of a value-based intervention program to encourage a physically more active lifestyle among physically inactive adults aged 30 to 50 years. The conceptual framework of the program is based on an innovative behavioural therapy called Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) that aims to increase an individual's psychological flexibility and support behaviour change towards a higher quality and more meaningful life. METHODS: Participants will be randomly allocated to a feedback group (FB) or an Acceptance and Commitment based (ACT+FB) group. Both the groups will receive written feedback about their objectively measured physical activity levels and offered an opportunity to attend a body composition analysis. In addition, the Acceptance and Commitment based group will attend six group sessions and be given a pedometer for self-monitoring of their daily physical activity throughout the 9-week intervention. The group sessions aim to clarify individual values and enhance committed actions towards the goal of achieving a more meaningful life. Participants will also be taught new skills to work on subjective barriers related to physical activity. Physical activity will be measured objectively by an accelerometer over seven consecutive days and by self-reported questionnaires at the baseline, as well as at 3, 6, 9 and 15 months after the baseline measures. In addition, psychological well-being will be measured through the questionnaires, which assess mindfulness skills, psychological flexibility, psychological distress and depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION: This study's objective is to demonstrate a research protocol for a randomized controlled study motivating a physically more active lifestyle based on one's own values among physically inactive adults. The aim of the study is to evaluate the feasibility and intervention efficacy on physical activity and psychological well-being, and discuss challenges in motivating physically inactive adults towards physically more active lifestyles. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01796990.
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Actitud Frente a la Salud , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Ejercicio Físico/psicología , Motivación , Conducta Sedentaria , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Satisfacción Personal , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
This study examined whether active commuting to school in childhood and adolescence predicted active commuting to work and overall physical activity (PA) in adulthood. Participants from the Young Finns Study (N = 2436) were aged 9-18 years in 1980 and followed up until 2018/2020. Their commuting modes to school were assessed with a self-reported questionnaire in 1980. Adulthood PA was assessed through self-reports regarding commuting modes to work (2001-2018), leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) (2001-2018), and objectively measured daily steps (2007-2018/2020). Associations between childhood commuting and adulthood PA were evaluated using regression analyses and multilevel models. Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental covariates were adjusted for in the analyses. Active commuting to school in childhood contributed favourably to LTPA in 2001 (B = .38, p < .001), in 2007 (B = .35, p < .001), and in 2018 (B = .28, p < .01). Active commuting in childhood was associated with higher number of daily aerobic steps (B = 299.00, p = .03) and daily aerobic steps during weekdays in 2011 (B = 312.15, p = .03). In 2018, active commuting associated favourably with daily aerobic steps (B = 370.42, p < .01), daily aerobic steps during weekdays (B = 347.65, p = .01), daily steps during weekends (B = 628.49, p = .02), and daily aerobic steps during weekends (B = 402.69, p = .03). Covariate adjustments attenuated the associations excluding the one between active commuting and LTPA in 2007 (B = .36, p = .01) and daily steps during weekends in 2018 (B = 782.25, p = .04). Active commuting to school in childhood might be one of the PA modes that contribute to PA in adulthood and is therefore encouraged to be promoted from an early age.
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Ejercicio Físico , Actividad Motora , Adolescente , Humanos , Instituciones Académicas , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , TransportesRESUMEN
This study investigated the associations of accelerometer-measured physical activity, sedentary time and screen time with the incidence of neck and shoulder pain in school-aged children over a two-year follow-up. Children (aged 10-15) were measured at baseline 2013 (T0) (n = 970) and at follow-ups 2014 (T1) and 2015 (T2). Neck and shoulder pain frequency and screen time were determined with a web-based questionnaire. Daytime moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time were measured with an accelerometer. Logistic regression was applied, and the results were adjusted for age, gender, body mass index and bedtime. Accelerometer-measured physical activity or sedentary time at baseline were not associated with the incidence of neck and shoulder pain at the two-year follow-up. Associations of neck and shoulder pain incidence with overall screen time (p = 0.020), and especially with passive gaming time (p = 0.036) and social media time (p = 0.023) were found at the first but not the second follow-up. The neck and shoulder pain incidence associated with overall screen time, passive gaming time and social media time at the first follow-up. The importance of limiting screen time, should be explored in order to find new approaches in preventing neck and shoulder pain in school-aged children.
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Tiempo de Pantalla , Dolor de Hombro , Niño , Ejercicio Físico , Humanos , Incidencia , Instituciones Académicas , Dolor de Hombro/epidemiología , Dolor de Hombro/etiologíaRESUMEN
Background and Aims: Neck and shoulder pain (NSP) is common in school age, but preventative factors have not been identified. The purpose was to study whether a fitness test could be used to predict the incidence of NSP and determine whether good physical fitness characters would be associated with lower NSP incidence in school-aged children at 2-year follow-up. Methods: After the invitation to nine schools, 970 children (10-15 years old) agreed to participate. Flexibility, fundamental movement skills, musculoskeletal fitness, and cardiorespiratory fitness measurements included in Finnish Schools on the Move! monitoring system for physical functional capacity were measured at baseline in 2013. The NSP incidence was assessed by an online survey during school hours after 1 and 2 years. Logistic regression was used to analyze associations between physical fitness characteristics and NSP incidence. Results: The mean prevalence of NSP was 26% at baseline. The NSP incidence was 15% in the first and 18% in the second follow-up year. Good physical fitness was not associated with lower NSP incidence in the 2-year follow-up. Successful lower back extension (odds ratio [OR] = 2.83) and good scores in curl-up (OR = 1.80) adjusted with age, gender, and body mass index, were associated with higher NSP incidence between T0 and T2. Throwing-catching combination (OR = 0.55) was associated with a lower NSP incidence in unadjusted analysis, but the association did not remain after adjustments. Conclusion: Good physical fitness characteristics were not consistently associated with a lower NSP incidence in school-aged children in a 2-year follow-up. The role of general field-based physical fitness test as a screening tool for NSP incidence remains unconfirmed. More longitudinal studies are needed to detect the factors underlying NSP incidence in school-aged children.
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INTRODUCTION: This study identified the trajectories of organized youth sports over 9 years in youths aged 9-18 years and examined whether the trajectories predicted physical activity, sedentary behavior, and obesity in midlife. METHODS: Self-reported organized youth sports trajectories were identified for participants between 1980 and 1989 (N=3,474). Accelerometer-derived physical activity was quantified for participants (n=1,349) in 2018-2020. Sociodemographic, physical activity, and TV viewing data were collected through questionnaires either at baselines or follow-up. Adult BMI was calculated to clarify obesity. Associations of organized youth sports trajectories with adult physical activity, sedentary behavior, and obesity were evaluated using mixture models, which were stratified by sex and conducted in 2022. RESULTS: Three organized youth sports trajectories were identified for boys and girls (sustained high-sports participation, 12.0%/7.5%; sustained moderate-sports participation, 14.0%/13.3%; and low-sports/nonparticipation, 74.0%/79.2%). Boys sustaining both moderate- and high-sports participation had higher levels of adult self-reported physical activity (ß=0.59, p=0.007; ß=0.69, p<0.001) than low-sports/nonparticipating boys. Girls sustaining both moderate- and high-sports participation accumulated more total physical activity (ß=113.4, p=0.009; ß=144.3, p=0.002), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (ß=7.86, p=0.016; ß=14.01, p<0.001), step counts (ß=1,020, p=0.003; ß=1,045, p=0.005), and self-reported physical activity (ß=0.79, p<0001; ß=0.63, p=0.003) in midlife than their low-sports/nonparticipating counterparts. Girls sustaining moderate-sports participation accumulated more light-intensity physical activity (ß=19.79, p=0.012) and less sedentary time (ß= -27.65, p=0.002), and those sustaining high-sports participation had lower obesity prevalence (OR=0.41, p=0.009) 40 years later than low-sports/nonparticipating girls. CONCLUSIONS: Sustained participation in organized youth sports is independently predictive of physical activity patterns, sedentary time, and obesity in midlife, especially in girls, thus contributing to the development of a healthy and active lifestyle across the life course.
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Deportes , Deportes Juveniles , Humanos , Adulto , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Finlandia , Conducta Sedentaria , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/prevención & controlRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The aims of this study were twofold: 1) to identify latent physical performance profiles of motor competence (MC) and cardiorespiratory (CF) and muscular fitness (MF) among school-age children and 2) explore transition probabilities in physical performance profiles over a 2-yr period. METHODS: The present sample comprised 1148 (583 girls, 565 boys) elementary school students (baseline Mage = 11.27 ± 0.32), and data were collected annually (equal intervals) over a period of 2 yr which resulted in a total of three measurements. The measures used were the throwing-catching combination test, 5-leaps and two-legged jumps from side-to-side test (MC), 20-meter shuttle run test (CF), and curl-up and push-up tests (MF). Latent transition analysis was used to identify and track physical performance profiles derived from the measurements of MC, CF, and MF scores. RESULTS: The key findings were: 1) three physical performance profiles were identified: (a) low (28% of the sample; lowest level in each category), (b) moderate (43% of the sample; higher MC, CF, and MF than low), (c) high (29% of the sample; highest MF); 2) the number of physical performance profiles and probability to belong to a given profile were stable across time; 3) the highest transition probability was found in the high group, where some students had transitioned to the moderate group at T2; and 4) girls were most likely to belong to the low group. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrated that children's physical performance profiles are stable from late childhood to early adolescence. This study suggests that the early elementary school years are essential for the development of children's MC and health-related fitness.
Asunto(s)
Capacidad Cardiovascular/fisiología , Prueba de Esfuerzo/métodos , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , MasculinoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the tracking and changes of steps per day in adults and their determinants over 13 yr. METHODS: A total of 2195 subjects (1236 women) 30-45 yr of age were randomly recruited from the ongoing Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study in 2007 and were followed up in 2020. Steps per day, including both total and aerobic steps per day, were monitored for seven consecutive days with a pedometer in 2007-2008 and 2011-2012 and with an accelerometer in 2018-2020. Tracking was analyzed using Spearman's correlation. Stability and changes of steps per day over time in both low-active and high-active groups (based on median values) were described by percentage agreements, kappa statistics, and logistic regression. Associations of sex, age, and body mass index with the initial number and changes in steps per day were analyzed using linear growth curve modeling. RESULTS: Tracking correlations of total steps per day at 4-, 9-, and 13-yr intervals were 0.45-0.66, 0.33-0.70, and 0.29-0.60, while corresponding correlations for aerobic steps per day were 0.28-0.55, 0.23-0.52, and 0.08-0.55, respectively. Percentage agreements were higher than 54%, and kappa statistics ranged from slight to fair over time. Compared with the low-active group, the high-active group at baseline had a higher probability of being active later in adulthood. Female sex and higher age were associated directly with the initial number of steps per day and inversely with changes in the number of steps per day. Body mass index was inversely associated with the initial number of steps per day and changes in the number of total steps per day. CONCLUSION: The 13-yr tracking of steps per day in adulthood was found to be low to moderately high. Daily ambulatory activity is essential to maintaining an active lifestyle throughout adulthood. Changes in the amount of adult steps per day vary by sex, age, and BMI.
Asunto(s)
Caminata , Actigrafía , Índice de Masa Corporal , Femenino , Finlandia , Monitores de Ejercicio , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study examined the distribution of objectively measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time of fifth-grade students during school, leisure time, and physical education (PE) classes. Demographic, anthropometric, and PA data were collected from 17 representative Finnish schools. METHODS: To estimate the PA and sedentary time, participants (N = 592) wore wGT3X-BT ActiGraphs for 7 consecutive days. Comparisons were made between genders and different BMI groups. RESULTS: From the study sample, 43.7% met the moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) guidelines. Participants spent 62.2% of the day sedentary and 8.2% in moderate and vigorous activities. Boys performed more MVPA than girls, and girls were more sedentary during school days. Boys had more MVPA than girls in leisure time, but there were no differences in sedentary time. However, an examination of PA assessed during PE classes revealed no differences between boys and girls. Normal-weight boys engaged in more MVPA than overweight and obese boys. No differences were found for girls. CONCLUSIONS: The PE levels differ between different BMI groups in leisure time and during school but not during PE lessons. PA for overweight children should be targeted and compulsory PE time should be increased to achieve the PA guidelines.