Split Dorsal Nasal Flap: A Modification to Expand Its Utilization.

Nasal reconstruction presents the facial plastic surgeon with a complex problem given its functional and aesthetic importance. The dorsal nasal flap is a composite rotational flap of the glabella and nasal dorsum that can be used for nasal dorsum and tip defects of medium to large sizes. Given its composite nature, this flap can be split into its constituent parts-the epidermis and dermis and the subcutaneous tissue and superficial musculoaponeurotic system-without flap loss. This case series describes this technique and various potential applications within nasal reconstruction.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Postoperative Pain Management for Rhinoplasty: A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Rhinoplasty, a leading cosmetic surgical procedure, often involves the use of opioids for postoperative pain management. This raises concerns due to potential opioid side effects and overprescription. Liposomal bupivacaine offers a promising alternative, but its efficacy in rhinoplasty remains under-investigated. This study assesses the impact of liposomal bupivacaine on postoperative pain and opioid consumption following rhinoplasty. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on patients undergoing rhinoplasty between January 2014 and September 2020. Postoperative pain scores were assessed at intervals up to 16 h, and opioid consumption was monitored. Patients were stratified into two groups: those receiving postoperative liposomal bupivacaine (Group 1) and those who did not (Group 2). RESULTS: No significant disparities in demographics or surgical specifics were identified between groups. Group 1 consistently reported lower pain scores, notably at 30 min (1.4 vs. 3.7, p = 0.0006) and 2 h (2.2 vs. 3.38, p = 0.0417). Cumulatively, Group 1's average pain score was 2.4, significantly lower than Group 2's 3.4 (p = 0.0023). Group 1 also demonstrated reduced opioid consumption, with oxycodone and oral morphine equivalent (OME) intake being notably lower (p = 0.005 and p = 0.0428, respectively). CONCLUSION: Liposomal bupivacaine presents as an efficacious alternative for post-rhinoplasty pain management, reducing both perceived pain and opioid consumption. While promising, the findings necessitate validation through larger, prospective studies considering the inherent limitations of this preliminary investigation. This study evaluates the efficacy of liposomal bupivacaine as a pain management strategy in postoperative care for rhinoplasty and septorhinoplasty procedures, with the potential to reduce reliance on opioids. The findings indicate that patients receiving liposomal bupivacaine experienced significantly lower pain scores postoperatively and less overall opioid consumption, thereby enhancing patient comfort and safety. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Rhinoplasty as an Adjunct to Facial Rejuvenation.

Rhinoplasty typically is not considered a part of the repertoire facial rejuvenation surgery but the same involutional changes that affect the other structures of the face also impact the nose and midface. Comparatively little has been written about nasal rejuvenation. Rhinoplasty may be an under-recognized but a useful adjunct to the rejuvenation of the aging face. The aging nose presents unique pathology due to the involutional changes that affect the cartilage and supporting structures. A comprehensive facial rejuvenation plan should address these progressive effects.

Correction of the Saddle Nose Deformity.

Saddle nose deformities are among the most challenging problems in rhinoplasty. These patients have often had previous surgery and may have complicated medical histories. Reconstructing the septum is a necessary prerequisite to correcting the contour of the nose. With proper planning and thoughtful execution, patients suffering from disfiguring saddle noses can be safely operated on-even those with vasculitic diseases.

Using Digital Profileplasty for Surgical Planning.

This paper describes a method for setting up an automated and reliable digital profileplasty technique for use in Adobe Photoshop. Digital imaging software can be used to extrapolate more exact measurements during profileplasty. The digital profileplasty technique is helpful to provide intraoperative guidance during surgery.

Congenital Oculonasal Synkinesis.

A 4-year-old girl with maxillary hypoplasia, intermittent exotropia, and high myopia displayed congenital oculonasal synkinesis. We examine the implications for pathogenesis of these disparate craniofacial findings.

Dorsal Failures: From Saddle Deformity to Pollybeak.

The nasal dorsum is an important component of a rhinoplasty and may be the primary motivation for seeking surgery. The nasal dorsum is a complex three-dimensional shape that is shrouded by local anesthetic and edema during surgery. This makes an accurate assessment of the surgical changes challenging. Complications related to dorsal modification include imbalances from over- or underresection of the structures of the nasal dorsum, inadequate or overaugmentation, an open-roof deformity, pollybeak, saddle nose, inverted-V, warped cartilage, visible grafts, contour problems, graft malposition, and extrusion. This review will discuss the common problems that can occur with dorsal modification during rhinoplasty.

Form and Function of the Nasal Tip: Reorienting and Reshaping the Lateral Crus.

Dysfunction of the external nasal valve affects both the form and function of the nose. Successful treatment of these problems is dependent on proper analysis and diagnosis of the aberrant anatomy. Cephalic malpositioning of the lateral crura has been described for nearly 30 years. Repositioning of the lateral crura in a more caudal orientation with lateral crural strut grafts will correct aesthetic abnormalities and reinforce the external nasal valve. Sagittal malpositioning has been more recently described and also has deleterious effects on both the shape of the nasal tip and breathing. Reorienting the short axis of the lateral crus is another powerful tool for the rhinoplasty surgeon to correct the weak and narrow external nasal valve.

Evaluation of the Patient with Nasal Obstruction.

Nasal obstruction is often multifactorial and knowledge of the contributing factors is critical to appropriate evaluation, diagnosis, and execution of a treatment plan. Recognizing and appropriately managing all components of nasal obstruction will increase the likelihood of symptomatic improvement and patient satisfaction.

Extracorporeal Septoplasty: External and Endonasal Techniques.

Severe septal deformities are among the most challenging problems faced by rhinoplasty surgeons. Extracorporeal septoplasty (ES)--also known as subtotal septal reconstruction--involves removal of the native deformed septum and replacement with a reconstructed neoseptum. Several techniques and multiple variations have been described in the literature. We present an overview of ES, pertinent anatomical structures and deformities, and the external versus endonasal approach, and describe some of our techniques.

Mitek Suspension of the Lateral Nasal Wall.

The nasal valve has long been described as the anatomical boundary most likely to inhibit nasal airflow and lead to subsequent nasal obstruction. Although many procedures can address this area to improve the nasal airway, for over 20 years, suture lateralization of the external nasal valve has been described as a minimally invasive technique that can improve nasal breathing. We report our modification of the standard technique in which we lateralize the placement of the bone-anchored suture and incorporate Gore-Tex within the nasal vestibular incision to prevent tissue migration.

Evolution of Preoperative Rhinoplasty Consult by Computer Imaging.

The preoperative consultation in rhinoplasty involves a multitude of actions that are mandatory for the decision-making process: history taking with attention to the symptoms and specific requests of the patient, clinical evaluation of the aesthetics, the functional status of the nose and the patients' motivation for surgery, and acquisition of standardized preoperative photographs. During the last decade, computer imaging or morphing of the preoperative pictures of the nose has become much more common. This part of the consultation allows the surgeon and patient to reach a mutually agreeable set of expectations by demonstrating the planned outcome of rhinoplasty and describing the objectives of surgery. The evolving literature on computer imaging supports that the benefits for both the patients and surgeons seem to outweigh the risks. Indeed, morphing enables the surgeon to precisely explain to the patients the goal of surgery, and to postpone or even cancel surgery in the group of patients that do not appear satisfied with the proposed changes. In addition, patients may feel more prepared for surgery and have a more realistic view of the outcome of the intervention. Presently, computer imaging is progressing from 2D to 3D models, optimizing the surgeons' capacity to perform morphing in the most advantageous manner for both parties. The current review provides a state-of-the art analysis on morphing in rhinoplasty, putting morphing into a historic and relevant perspective in clinical practice.

Three-Dimensional Surface Imaging and the Continuous Evolution of Preoperative and Postoperative Assessment in Rhinoplasty.

During the preoperative assessment in rhinoplasty, the surgeon takes a thorough history, performs a complete examination by assessing functional and aesthetic aspects of the nose, obtains a clear understanding of the patient's wishes, conducts facial analysis based on standardized photography, and communicates to the patient the goals and pitfalls of surgery. Computer imaging or morphing of the preoperative pictures of the nose has drawn a lot of interest in the last decade, and it is a sign of evolution of the preoperative consultation. Technological advances, also in the context of rhinoplasty, have led to the development of three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques, and have completely revolutionized the way that surgeons manage their patients preoperatively and evaluate postoperative results today. The accurate 3D surface imaging aids the surgeon to communicate with the patient adequately before surgery, to set an appropriate surgical plan, and to measure the shape and volume changes of the patient's nose that result from the intervention. The present review provides an analysis on the current knowledge of 3D surface imaging in rhinoplasty derived from the literature, and highlights future directions of preoperative and postoperative assessment in the field.

Healing septal perforations by secondary intention using acellular dermis as a bioscaffold.

OBJECTIVE: Several techniques are described in the literature for nasal septal perforation repair. Most of these involve interposition grafts in conjunction with local pedicled mucosal flaps. The following article describes our experience using acellular dermis as a bioscaffold to support the regrowth of nasal septal mucosa by secondary intention. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent repair of nasal septal perforations by the senior author using acellular dermis placed between the 2 sides of the perforation and covered with silastic splints to allow for mucosalization. RESULTS: Thirteen patients underwent nasal septal perforation repair using this technique. All perforations repaired were under 2 cm in greatest dimension. Two-thirds of patients had complete closure of the perforation upon initial use of bioscaffolding technique. The remaining third achieved near-total closure with bioscaffolding technique and were able to be completely closed with a single additional procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Acellular dermis offers an alternative to most currently described complex flaps. The method can be used in patients with defects less than 2 cm, but initial data suggest caution when using in those with wound healing impediments. This technique is also an excellent choice for patients with multiple small septal perforations.

Digital imaging analysis to assess scar phenotype.

In order to understand the link between the genetic background of patients and wound clinical outcomes, it is critical to have a reliable method to assess the phenotypic characteristics of healed wounds. In this study, we present a novel imaging method that provides reproducible, sensitive, and unbiased assessments of postsurgical scarring. We used this approach to investigate the possibility that genetic variants in orofacial clefting genes are associated with suboptimal healing. Red-green-blue digital images of postsurgical scars of 68 patients, following unilateral cleft lip repair, were captured using the 3dMD imaging system. Morphometric and colorimetric data of repaired regions of the philtrum and upper lip were acquired using ImageJ software, and the unaffected contralateral regions were used as patient-specific controls. Repeatability of the method was high with intraclass correlation coefficient score > 0.8. This method detected a very significant difference in all three colors, and for all patients, between the scarred and the contralateral unaffected philtrum (p ranging from 1.20(-05) to 1.95(-14) ). Physicians' clinical outcome ratings from the same images showed high interobserver variability (overall Pearson coefficient = 0.49) as well as low correlation with digital image analysis results. Finally, we identified genetic variants in TGFB3 and ARHGAP29 associated with suboptimal healing outcome.

Reprojecting the Severely Damaged Nose.

Reprojecting the severely damaged nose is a challenging operation fraught with pitfalls. This panel discussion covers 6 fundamental questions answered by 3 surgeons, each with decades of experience. Discussion points include management of the 3 components necessary for successful reconstruction-the soft tissue envelope, the support structure, and the internal lining. The authors also discuss how their practices have changed in the last few years.

Nasal Septal Perforation Due to Desmopressin Nasal Spray Use.

Perforations of the nasal septum have many etiologies and occasionally result from intranasal medicated spray use. This case report describes a perforation related to the use of desmopressin nasal spray, which has not been previously reported in the literature. Clinical considerations presented in this article include appropriate technique of nasal spray application, appropriate monitoring of patients on intranasal sprays, and indications for evaluation by an otolaryngologist. Septal perforation treatment success is improved with an early diagnosis.

Nasal Swell Body Characteristics in Patients With Septal Perforation.

Objective: To determine whether septal perforations have an effect on nasal swell body (NSB) size. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Two tertiary academic medical centers. Methods: Computed tomography maxillofacial scans of 126 patients with septal perforation and 140 control patients from November 2010 to December 2020 were evaluated. Perforation etiology was determined. Measurements included perforation length and height and swell body width, height, and length. Swell body volume was calculated. Results: The width and volume of the NSB are significantly smaller in perforation patients when compared to controls. The swell body is significantly smaller and thinner in perforations exceeding 14 mm in height compared to small perforations. Perforation etiology groupings into prior septal surgery, septal trauma, septal inflammatory, and mucosal vasoconstriction categories all demonstrated decreased swell body volume and width compared to controls. Inflammatory etiology had the greatest decrease in swell body size. The hemi-swell body on the contralateral side of a septal deviation is significantly thicker than the ipsilateral side. Conclusion: The NSB is smaller in patients with septal perforation regardless of perforation size or etiology.

Long-Term Outcomes of Septoplasty With or Without Turbinoplasty: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Septoplasty is used to correct nasal obstruction from nasal septum deviation. However, the long-term efficacy of septoplasty is unclear, and no literature reviews have examined long-term outcomes of septoplasty with or without turbinate modification. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of septoplasty with or without turbinate modification in improving nasal obstruction. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the aforementioned databases. Studies reporting outcomes 12+ months after functional septoplasty with or without turbinate surgery for nasal obstruction were included. Septorhinoplasties, concurrent sinus surgery, pediatric studies, and studies where septoplasty was performed for indications other than nasal obstruction were excluded. RESULTS: After screening, 35 studies with 4,432 patients were included. Mean weighted post-operative follow-up time was 29.1 months (range 12-120 months). All studies reported significant improvement in subjective and objective outcomes at long-term follow-up compared to baseline. When comparing short-term (<12 months) to long-term (≥12 months) outcomes, four studies noticed that subjective outcomes worsened slightly over time, but no study found a significant change in objective outcomes over time. In addition, 23 studies reported patient satisfaction and/or improvement rates, with 75.4% (2,348/3,113) of patients expressing satisfaction/improvement at an average of 27.0 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, septoplasty with or without turbinate modification shows significant improvement in obstructive symptoms at long-term follow-up per both objective and subjective measures. Whether outcomes may worsen slightly over time remains indeterminate based on mixed results in the literature. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A Laryngoscope, 2023.

Developing a Social Media Ontology Across Otolaryngology and its Subspecialties.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how social media is used in the dissemination of new information within otolaryngology, and to emphasize the importance of standardizing Twitter hashtag use. METHODS: Based on the 2019 SCImago journal rankings, the Twitter posts from the accounts of the top three journals covering each otolaryngology subspecialty were reviewed from August 1, 2020 to May 1, 2021. Twitter posts from the primary otolaryngology-related academic societies were also reviewed during this timeframe. A list of hashtags was generated based on a combination of the most common otolaryngologic procedures and most commonly used hashtags in the social media space. This list was then crowd-sourced with 10 fellowship-trained otolaryngologists for each subspecialty. RESULTS: Hashtag use among key stakeholders in the otolaryngology social media space varies considerably. For instance, #HNSCC, #HeadAndNeckSquamousCellCarcinoma, #HeadAndNeckCancer, #HeadAndNeckCancers, #OropharyngealCancer, #OropharynxCancer, #OralCancer, and #OPSCC were all commonly used hashtags to identify posts discussing oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. #HeadAndNeckCancer and #HNSCC were most popular and used in a total of 85 and 65 tweets, respectively. #HeadAndNeckCancer was found alone in 32 out of 85 tweets (38%), whereas #HNSCC was found alone in 27 out of 65 tweets (42%). A standardized hashtag ontology covering all subspecialties within otolaryngology is proposed herein. CONCLUSIONS: Adoption of a standardized social media ontology within otolaryngology will improve information dissemination across all key stakeholders. Laryngoscope, 133:1595-1599, 2023.