Critical Role of CD55 in Controlling Wound Healing.

How reparative processes are coordinated following injury is incompletely understood. In recent studies, we showed that autocrine C3a and C5a receptor (C3ar1 and C5ar1) G protein-coupled receptor signaling plays an obligate role in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 growth signaling in vascular endothelial cells. We documented the same interconnection for platelet-derived growth factor receptor growth signaling in smooth muscle cells, epidermal growth factor receptor growth signaling in epidermal cells, and fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in fibroblasts, indicative of a generalized cell growth regulatory mechanism. In this study, we examined one physiological consequence of this signaling circuit. We found that disabling CD55 (also known as decay accelerating factor), which lifts restraint on autocrine C3ar1/C5ar1 signaling, concomitantly augments the growth of each cell type. The mechanism is heightened C3ar1/C5ar1 signaling resulting from the loss of CD55's restraint jointly potentiating growth factor production by each cell type. Examination of the effect of lifted CD55 restraint in four types of injury (burn, corneal denudation, ear lobe puncture, and reengraftment of autologous skin) showed that disabled CD55 function robustly accelerated healing in all cases, whereas disabled C3ar1/C5ar1 signaling universally retarded it. In wild-type mice with burns or injured corneas, applying a mouse anti-mouse CD55 blocking Ab (against CD55's active site) to wounds accelerated the healing rate by 40-70%. To our knowledge, these results provide new insights into mechanisms that underlie wound repair and open up a new tool for accelerating healing.

Major Pancreatic Resection Increases Bone Mineral Density Loss, Osteoporosis, and Fractures.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether long-term survivors of pancreatic surgery show increased risk to develop impaired bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and vitamin D deficiency. BACKGROUND: Pancreatic resection poses a risk for malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins and other micronutrients essential for bone mineralization. Here, we evaluated the long-term effects of pancreatic resection on bone mineral density (BMD) and its clinical sequelae. METHODS: This was a two-pronged analysis of post-pancreatectomy patients with a follow-up period greater than 3 years comprising (1) a large, propensity score-matched, cohort study based on a multinational federated research network (FRN) and (2) a retrospective single institution review of clinical and radiographic patient data. In the FRN analysis, an initial cohort of 8,423 post-pancreatectomy patients were identified and propensity score-matched with normal controls. The primary endpoint was the 10-year risk of developing osteoporotic pathological fractures and secondary endpoints included diagnosis of osteoporosis, vitamin-D deficiency, and related therapies. The single institution retrospective analysis identified 224 patients who underwent pancreatic resection between 2005 and 2019. BMD was quantified in CT images acquired before and after surgery. BMD trends and related factors were assessed in a time-series mixed effect linear regression model. RESULTS: A total of 8,080 propensity score-matched pairs were included in the FRN analysis. The analysis revealed a 2.4-fold increase in pathological fractures (P<0.0001) and 1.4-1.5 fold increase in osteoporosis/osteomalacia (P<0.0001) and vitamin-D deficiency (P<0.0001) in post-pancreatectomy patients. Vitamin-D supplements were more common in the pancreatectomy group (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.28-1.53, P<0.0001), as were specific osteoporosis/osteomalacia treatments such as calcitonin, denosumab, romosozumab, abaloparatide, and teriparatide (OR 2.24, 95%CI 1.69-2.95, P<0.0001). Retrospective analysis of CT imaging revealed that BMD declined more rapidly following pancreatic resection compared to normal historical controls (P=0.015). Older age, pancreatic cancer, and pancreaticoduodenectomy were associated with increased rates of BMD loss (P<0.05, each). CONCLUSIONS: After pancreatic resection, patients are at higher risk for BMD loss and subsequent fractures. As the cohort of pancreatic resection survivorship grows, attention will need to be paid to focused prevention efforts to reduce BMD loss, osteoporosis, and fractures in these vulnerable patients, with specific attention to the pancreatic cancer population.

New forays into measurement of ocular biomechanics.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The field of corneal biomechanics has rapidly progressed in recent years, reflecting technological advances and an increased understanding of the clinical significance of measuring these properties. This review will evaluate in-vivo biomechanical properties obtained by current technologies and compare them regarding their relevance to established biomechanical properties obtained by gold-standard ex-vivo techniques normally conducted on elastic materials. RECENT FINDINGS: Several new technologies have appeared in recent years, including vibrational optical coherence tomography (VOCT) and the corneal indentation device (CID). These techniques provide promising new opportunities for minimally invasive and accurate measurements of corneal viscoelastic properties. SUMMARY: Alterations in corneal biomechanics are known to occur in several corneal degenerative diseases and after refractive surgical procedures. The measurement of corneal biomechanical properties has the capability to diagnose early disease and monitor corneal disease progression. Several new technologies have emerged in recent years, allowing for more accurate and less invasive measurements of corneal biomechanical properties, most notably the elastic modulus.

The NuroSleeve, a user-centered 3D printed hybrid orthosis for individuals with upper extremity impairment.

BACKGROUND: Active upper extremity (UE) assistive devices have the potential to restore independent functional movement in individuals with UE impairment due to neuromuscular diseases or injury-induced chronic weakness. Academically fabricated UE assistive devices are not usually optimized for activities of daily living (ADLs), whereas commercially available alternatives tend to lack flexibility in control and activation methods. Both options are typically difficult to don and doff and may be uncomfortable for extensive daily use due to their lack of personalization. To overcome these limitations, we have designed, developed, and clinically evaluated the NuroSleeve, an innovative user-centered UE hybrid orthosis. METHODS: This study introduces the design, implementation, and clinical evaluation of the NuroSleeve, a user-centered hybrid device that incorporates a lightweight, easy to don and doff 3D-printed motorized UE orthosis and a functional electrical stimulation (FES) component. Our primary goals are to develop a customized hybrid device that individuals with UE neuromuscular impairment can use to perform ADLs and to evaluate the benefits of incorporating the device into occupational therapy sessions. The trial is designed as a prospective, open-label, single-cohort feasibility study of eight-week sessions combined with at-home use of the device and implements an iterative device design process where feedback from participants and therapists informs design improvement cycles. RESULTS: All participants learned how to independently don, doff, and use the NuroSleeve in ADLs, both in clinical therapy and in their home environments. All participants showed improvements in their Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), which was the primary clinical trial outcome measure. Furthermore, participants and therapists provided valuable feedback to guide further development. CONCLUSIONS: Our results from non-clinical testing and clinical evaluation demonstrate that the NuroSleeve has met feasibility and safety goals and effectively improved independent voluntary function during ADLs. The study's encouraging preliminary findings indicate that the NuroSleeve has met its technical and clinical objectives while improving upon the limitations of the existing UE orthoses owing to its personalized and flexible approach to hardware and firmware design. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04798378, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04798378 , date of registration: March 15, 2021.

Association of Smoking and Respiratory Disease History with Pancreatic Pathologies Requiring Surgical Resection.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between various respiratory conditions, including hypercapnic respiratory disease, and a multitude of resected pancreatic lesions. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study queried a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy between January 2015 and October 2021. Patient data, including smoking history, medical history, and pathology reports, were recorded. Patients with no smoking history and no concomitant respiratory conditions were designated as the control group. RESULTS: A total of 723 patients with complete clinical and pathological data were identified. Male current smokers showed increased rates of PDAC (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.07-5.08, p = 0.039). Male patients with COPD had a markedly increased association with IPMN (OR 3.02, CI 1.08-8.41, p = 0.039), while females with obstructive sleep apnea had a four-fold increase in risk of IPMN compared to women in the control group (OR 3.89, CI 1.46-10.37, p = 0.009). Surprisingly, female patients with asthma had a decreased incidence of pancreatic and periampullary adenocarcinoma (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.18-0.71. p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This large cohort study reveals possible links between respiratory pathologies and various pancreatic mass-forming lesions.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Is Associated with Worse Oncologic Outcomes in Early-Stage Resected Pancreatic and Periampullary Cancers.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 3rd leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. Hypoxic and hypercapnic tumor microenvironments have been suggested to promote tumor aggressiveness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and oncologic survival outcomes in patients with early-stage PDAC and periampullary cancers. In this case-control study, patients who underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy during 2014-2021 were assessed. Demographic, perioperative, histologic, and oncologic data were collected. A total of 503 PDAC and periampullary adenocarcinoma patients were identified, 257 males and 246 females, with a mean age of 68.1 (±9.8) years and a mean pre-operative BMI of 26.6 (±4.7) kg/m2. Fifty-two percent of patients (N = 262) reported a history of smoking. A total of 42 patients (8.3%) had COPD. The average resected tumor size was 2.9 ± 1.4 cm and 65% of the specimens (N = 329) were positive for lymph-node involvement. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that COPD was associated with worse overall and disease-specific survival (p < 0.05). Cox regression analysis showed COPD to be an independent prognostic factor (HR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.3, p = 0.039) along with margin status, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion (p < 0.05 each). A 1:3 nearest neighbor propensity score matching was also employed and revealed COPD to be an independent risk factor for overall and disease-specific survival (OR 1.8 and OR 1.6, respectively; p < 0.05 each). These findings may support the rationale posed by in vitro laboratory studies, suggesting an important impact of hypoxic and hypercapnic tumor respiratory microenvironments in promoting therapy resistance in cancer.

A Pilot Feasibility Trial of an Upper Extremity Assistive System.

Objective: To develop and clinically evaluate a customizable active upper extremity (UE) assistive system with integrated functional electrical stimulation (FES) that improves function and independence of individuals during activities of daily living (ADLs). Design: Single-arm, prospective, open-label cohort feasibility trial. Setting: An academic research institution. Participants: Subjects were 5 adults with a medical history of stroke resulting in distal UE impairment (N=5). The subjects volunteered from recruitment materials that detailed information about the study. Interventions: A novel, wearable, lightweight, low-profile, and patient-tailored UE assistive system. It comprises a splint component and FES unit that may each be controlled by electromyography (EMG) signals, inertial measurement units (IMUs), manual control source (joystick), and/or voice control. Main Outcome Measures: Several occupational therapy outcome measures were used, including the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), The Box and Blocks Test (BBT), the ABILHAND-Manual Ability Measure, and Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) UE Short Form. Results: All participants learned to use our UE assistive system to perform ADLs and were able to use it independently at home. Most participants experienced a clinically meaningful improvement in both performance and satisfaction for the majority of their COPM goals while using the system. All participants experienced improvement in hand grip and release as shown by their baseline and post assessment scores for hand function (BBT, ARAT) and patient-reported outcomes (ABILHAND, PROMIS). Conclusions: The clinical outcomes suggest that our UE assistive system improves functional performance in patients with UE impairment, allowing them to engage more actively in ADLs. Further innovation including elbow and shoulder components will allow users to have more degrees of freedom during tasks.