[Clinical Analysis of ABO-Incompatible Living-Donor Liver Transplantation in Children].

Objective: To evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of ABO-incompatible living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in children. Methods: The clinical data of 62 children who underwent for the first time living donor liver transplantation in our hospital from April 2019 to July 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the blood type matching of donor and recipient, the patients were divided into 3 groups, ABO-identical (ABO-Id, n=33), ABO-compatible (ABO-C, n=10) and ABO-incompatible (ABO-In, n=19), the median age of recipients in the three groups being 5 months. In the ABO-In group, 4 recipients whose condition was combined with liver failure and 2 recipients who had blood group antibody titers≥1∶32 received preoperative plasma exchange. All ABO-incompatible recipients had preoperative blood group antibody titers<1∶32. All recipients in the three groups underwent piggyback liver transplantation and received immunosuppressive and anticoagulation therapy. Postoperative follow-up was 5 to 20 months, the median being 12 months, measured until December 31, 2020 or until the date of death. Baseline clinical data, postoperative survival, and postoperative complications of recipients in the three groups were analyzed. Results: There were no significant differences in age, gender, underlying disease, operation history, Child Pugh score, donor age, graft to recipient weight ratio (GR/WR), cold ischemia time, warm ischemia time, duration of surgery, intraoperative blood loss and the use of immunosuppressants among the recipients in the three groups (all P>0.05). There was one death in the perioperative period and two deaths in the postoperative period in the ABO-Id group. There was one death in the postoperative period in the ABO-C group. There was one death in the perioperative period and one death in the postoperative period in the ABO-In group. There was no significant difference in the overall cumulative survival rate among the three groups ( P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative infection, acute rejection, biliary anastomotic stenosis and vascular complications among the three groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion: ABO-In LDLT is an effective and safe treatment option that can effectively expand the pool of live donors for liver transplantation and save the life of children with end-stage liver disease.

[Serious systemic adverse events associated with allergen-specific immunotherapy in children with asthma].

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively assess serious systemic adverse effects of standardized dust-mite vaccine in children with asthma. METHODS: Medical records of 704 children (5-17 years in age) with asthma between January, 2005 and December, 2011 were reviewed. Serious systemic adverse events following treatment with a standardized dust-mite vaccine in these children were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 336 systemic adverse reactions were observed in 17.0% (120/704) of the patients analyzed of these adverse reactions, 18 (5.4%) were serious (level 3), 318 (94.6%) were not serious (below level 3), and no single case of anaphylactic shock (level 4) was recorded. Systemic adverse events occurred most frequently in the 5 to 11-year age group and in the summer season (from June to August). In the 18 severe cases, the peak expiratory flow (PEF) dropped by 20% immediately after the vaccine injection, and other major clinical symptoms included cough, wheezing and urticaria. All children with serious systemic adverse effects were given inhaled hormone and atomized short-acting beta agonists, oral antihistamines, intravenous dexamethasone and/or intramuscular adrenaline. After these treatments, the clinical symptoms were significantly relieved. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of serious systemic adverse events following allergen-specific immunotherapy is relatively low in children with allergic asthma. Conventional medications are effective in managing these immunotherapy-associated adverse events.

[Analysis of potential risk factors for early postoperative pulmonary infection after pediatric living donor liver transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the potential risk factors of early (≤ 30 days) postoperative pulmonary infection after pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and explore the feasible preventive and therapeutic measures. METHODS: Without preoperative respiratory disease, the clinical data of 36 cases undergoing LDLT at Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between June 2006 and December 2009 were analyzed retrospectively so as to evaluate the incidence, prognosis and risk factors of early postoperative pulmonary infection. Univariate analysis was performed to determine the relative risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. And significant factors (P < 0.05) were then used for multivariate Logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-four recipients suffered from early postoperative pulmonary infection at an incidence of 67% (24/36). The mortality rate in the pediatric patients who developed pulmonary infection was 17% (4/24). In univariate analysis, age ≤ 1 year, high Child-Pugh scores, hemoglobin < 90 g/L, congenital heart disease, mechanical ventilation > 12 hours, intraoperative transfusion > 150 ml/kg and indwelling gastric tube > 3 days were of statistical significance (all P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed age ≤ 1 year, intraoperative transfusion > 150 ml/kg and indwelling gastric tube > 3 days were independent risk factors for post-LDLT pneumonia (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary infection is an important factor of decreasing the survival rate during the early postoperative stage. To reduce the incidence of postoperative pulmonary infection and guarantee a successful transplantation, should improve the preoperative physical condition, restrict intraoperative fluid infusion with stable hemodynamics and strengthen gastric tube management.

[Clinical analysis of early postoperative pulmonary infection in children after living donor liver transplantation].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the condition of early (≤ 30 d) postoperative pulmonary infection in children after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). METHOD: The clinical data of 36 cases undergoing LDLT in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were analyzed retrospectively from June 2006 to December 2009. RESULT: Of 36 cases without preoperative respiratory disease, 17 were boys, 19 were girls. Their age ranged from 2 months to 14 years. Pulmonary infection developed in 24 patients, of whom 4 cases died (17%) and 3 deaths were related to pulmonary infection. Pulmonary infection occurred in 17 of 20 infants (85%) and 10 of 11 cases (91%) with liver function of Child-Pugh grade C. Twenty cases (83%) developed pulmonary infection within first 2 weeks after LDLT. Totally 65 pathogenic strains of microorganisms were isolated, in which Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi were 46 strains, 5 strains, 14 strains respectively. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8 strains) and Acinetobacter baumannii (8 strains). Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed a resistance rate of almost 100% to cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, the first, the second and some of the third generation cephalosporins. Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended spectrum beta-lactamase had a resistance rate of almost 100% to beta-lactams except carbapenems. Acinetobacter baumannii was exquisitely susceptible to carbapenems, but showed a high resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins. Candida albicans, which was the most common fungus, showed a susceptibility rate of 100% to amphotericin B. In the LDLT recipients of pulmonary infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections occurred in 2 patients and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection in 1 patient. CONCLUSION: The incidence of early postoperative pulmonary infection was high in children undergoing LDLT, especially in infants. And the mortality should not be ignored. The high risk period for infection was within the first 2 weeks after operation. The pathogens were mainly Gram-negative bacteria, which showed high and multidrug resistance.