Fifteen-minute consultation: The toddler's fracture.

The toddler's fracture is a distinct entity among tibial shaft fractures. It is defined as a minimally displaced or undisplaced spiral fracture, usually affecting the distal shaft of the tibia, with an intact fibula. They are often difficult to diagnose due to the absence of witnessed trauma and because initial radiographs may appear normal. Moreover, the presenting complaint (a non-weight bearing child) has a wide differential diagnosis. A detailed history and examination, together with additional imaging and other investigations, is crucial to diagnose a toddler's fracture. Analgesia and immobilisation are the mainstays of treatment, with follow-up in fracture clinic recommended. Inflicted injury (Note: this article will use the term inflicted injury which is also called non-accidental injury. In the field of safeguarding, there is a move away from using the term 'non-accidental injury' due to misinterpretation of the term as being less serious than 'abusive injury' and that in child protection reports the term can be easily misread or mistyped as 'accidental' injury) should always be considered when red flags for child abuse are present. In this article, we aim to cover the differential diagnoses for toddler's fracture including indicators that might suggest an inflicted injury.

Improving rates of appropriate skeletal survey use in a district general paediatric emergency department.

Improving rates of appropriate skeletal survey use in a district general paediatric emergency department.

An exploration of attitudes towards female genital mutilation (FGM) in men and women accessing FGM clinical services in London: a pilot study.

This pilot study researched the attitudes towards and the knowledge of female genital mutilation (FGM) in adult women with FGM and their partners. The participant population consisted of English-speaking women and men over 18 years old attending specialist FGM clinics in two London hospitals. The participants completed a questionnaire on the attitudes and the knowledge of FGM, which were adapted with permission from the United Nations Children's Fund and the United States Agency for International Development household surveys. 54 participants (51 women, 3 men) took part in the surveys. 89% of participants thought that FGM should be stopped (95%CI: 0.81-0.97) and 72% said they knew FGM is illegal in the United Kingdom (UK). 15% reported that FGM caused no danger, or were unaware of any danger to women's health. This study demonstrates the opposition to FGM by participants, but some lack of knowledge regarding the legal and health implications. The exploration of attitudes in diaspora community groups is often cited as key to safeguarding girls from FGM. This is one of the first UK studies of individuals from FGM-practising communities, and we recommend use of the study questionnaires for a multicentre, cross-community study. Impact statement What is already known about this subject? Women and children are affected by female genital mutilation (FGM) globally and in the United Kingdom (UK). The majority of knowledge on practices and the attitudes towards FGM comes from UNICEF and USAID research in Africa and there is scant data on FGM practices in diaspora communities in the UK. What do the results of this study add? This study provides an appropriate questionnaire and protocol for use in community-based national research to improve healthcare for women by collecting up-to-date data on the attitudes towards FGM among the members of FGM-practising communities in the UK. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and further research? The implications of the results of this study are that health professionals need to understand that patients do not always know the law on FGM, even after a consultation. Health and social care professionals are placed in a unique position to work with community members to educate men and women to end FGM.

Hospital youth workers for violence reduction.

INTRODUCTION: Youth workers (YWs) can engage young people following hospital attendances with violence-related injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of YWs in an urban district hospital and to explore the views of the young people engaged. METHODS: Everyone referred to the hospital YWs during the 31-month study period was included and demographic data were collected. Those who engaged completed emotional disturbance, risk of criminality and feedback questionnaires. RESULTS: There were 496 young people referred during the study period with a mean age of 14. 9 years (range 7-26). Of these, 85 (17%) engaged with YWs and 15/85 (18%) completed the programme. Most (14/15, 93%) showed reduced or no change in their criminality and emotional disturbance scores. Young people liked having credible, accessible mentors and learning effective coping strategies. DISCUSSION: YWs based in a district hospital's emergency department can work effectively with vulnerable young people, and this is well received by young people.

Unusual first presentation of a metabolic disorder.

An 8-month-old boy presented to hospital with a fever, irritability and 'back arching'. On examination, he demonstrated profound opisthotonic posturing and had tonsillitis. He had a full septic screen and was treated with broad spectrum antibiotics. Blood tests showed a transaminitis, raised alpha fetoprotein and deranged clotting. The clotting abnormalities and raised alpha fetoprotein persisted post discharge and an abdominal ultrasound showed steatosis, splenomegaly and bilateral increased renal cortical reflectivity. A full metabolic screen revealed type 1 tyrosinaemia. The opisthotonic posturing, a major part of this child's presentation, has not been reported as a presenting feature of tyrosinaemia. It was part of a 'neurological crisis' caused by tyrosinaemia and exacerbated by the intercurrent infection. These are known to occur in tyrosinaemia but not commonly as the first presentation. This represents an unusual presentation of a metabolic condition which, without intervention, can lead to severe hepatic, renal and neurodevelopmental complications.

A Discussion of the Use of Virtual Reality for Training Healthcare Practitioners to Recognize Child Protection Issues.

Background: Virtual reality technology is a rapidly developing tool which has been shown to have exciting prospects in the field of medical education (1). In a recent, subsequent study, Pan et al. consider the potential of the same technology in the realm of child protection training and safeguarding issues (2). To build upon the Pan et al. (2) study, a panel discussion was held at The Centre for Behavior Change Annual Conference 2018 to discuss the question "Can a virtual reality communication scenario be used to teach General Practitioners and trainees how to recognize and manage child protection issues?." Methodology: The above study comprised an immersive virtual reality consultation, in which the ability of 63 doctors to pick up covert safeguarding cues was tested in the context of a consultation with an adult patient, where the patient's child happened to be present as well. The study and its findings were discussed at the Centre for Behavior Change 4th Annual Conference, and this paper summarizes the opinions of both the panel and the audience. Viewpoint: Safeguarding is a challenging area of practice where we must listen to the child, and tackle difficult conversations with parents. Within medical training, role play is the gold standard for teaching how to communicate in difficult scenarios. Given the ethical questions surrounding children being asked to role play such abuse, the use of virtual reality characters could have a key role in upgrading current practices in medical education on safeguarding.

Acting on macrocephaly in the neonatal period: an illustrative case of congenital teratoma.

An 11-week-old baby was brought to the paediatric emergency department by his mother with a 2-day history of inconsolable crying. On examination, clinical features of macrocephaly, separated sutures and 'sunsetting' of the eyes were noted. Abnormal head circumference measurements had been obtained on several occasions since birth, but were not acted on contrary to local guidance. During the emergency admission, an urgent CT scan revealed a large posterior fossa tumour consistent with a teratoma causing severe obstructive hydrocephalus. Following referral to a neurosurgical centre, emergency ventricular drainage and debulking surgery were performed, unfortunately with no option for cure. Distress to mother and baby could have been reduced with a more timely diagnosis.

Antifreeze on a freezing morning: ethylene glycol poisoning in a 2-year-old.

This case report describes the presentation and management of a 2-year-old child who ingested a potentially fatal amount of ethylene glycol (EG). There are few published cases worldwide of EG poisoning in children managed with fomepizole. All cases described in the literature were managed in a paediatric intensive care unit. In this case, the child presented irritable, pale and confused with high anion gap metabolic acidosis. As there were no paediatric intensive care beds available in the region, the child was successfully managed in a high dependency area in our district general hospital. The child fully recovered and was discharged home in 7 days. The authors believe that multi-disciplinary team management and the use of fomepizole contributed to the positive outcome and this case raised many useful learning points.