Screening of DNA-Encoded Small Molecule Libraries inside a Living Cell.

DNA-encoded small molecule libraries (DELs) have facilitated the discovery of novel modulators of many different therapeutic protein targets. We report the first successful screening of a multimillion membered DEL inside a living cell. We demonstrate a novel method using oocytes from the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. The large size of the oocytes of 1 µL, or 100 000 times bigger than a normal somatic cell, permits simple injection of DELs, thus resolving the fundamental problem of delivering DELs across cell membranes for in vivo screening. The target protein was expressed in the oocytes fused to a prey protein, to allow specific DNA labeling and hereby discriminate between DEL members binding to the target protein and the endogenous cell proteins. The 194 million member DEL was screened against three pharmaceutically relevant protein targets, p38α, ACSS2, and DOCK5. For all three targets multiple chemical clusters were identified. For p38α, validated hits with single digit nanomolar potencies were obtained. This work demonstrates a powerful new approach to DEL screening, which eliminates the need for highly purified active target protein and which performs the screening under physiological relevant conditions and thus is poised to increase the DEL amenable target space and reduce the attrition rates.

Design, synthesis and selection of DNA-encoded small-molecule libraries.

Biochemical combinatorial techniques such as phage display, RNA display and oligonucleotide aptamers have proven to be reliable methods for generation of ligands to protein targets. Adapting these techniques to small synthetic molecules has been a long-sought goal. We report the synthesis and interrogation of an 800-million-member DNA-encoded library in which small molecules are covalently attached to an encoding oligonucleotide. The library was assembled by a combination of chemical and enzymatic synthesis, and interrogated by affinity selection. We describe methods for the selection and deconvolution of the chemical display library, and the discovery of inhibitors for two enzymes: Aurora A kinase and p38 MAP kinase.

Role of CD28 co-stimulation in generation and maintenance of virus-specific T cells.

Efficient induction of T cell responses is normally assumed to require both TCR-mediated signaling and engagement of co-stimulatory molecules, in particular CD28. However, the importance of CD28 co-stimulation in induction and maintenance of antiviral T cell responses is not clearly established. For this reason antiviral CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in CD28-deficient mice were studied using two different viruses [vesicular stomatitis virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)]. Intracellular cytokine staining and/or MHC-peptide tetramers were used to enumerate antigen-specific T cells. In addition, we used DNA constructs encoding viral epitopes to probe the importance of the epitope itself. Our results reveal that while the context of antigen presentation (live virus versus DNA construct) is a critical factor in determining the requirement for CD28 co-stimulation, epitope and virus dose play little if any role. Direct visualization of antigen-specific cells also confirms the notion that CD28 is more critical for the generation of antiviral T(h)1 cells than for T(c)1 cells generated in response to the same virus (LCMV). Most importantly, the present study reveals that CD28 generally is essential for the host to respond optimally over a broad set of conditions, and our results may imply that the relatively CD28 independent activation of LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells may represent an extreme situation related to the non-cytolytic nature of this virus allowing the delivery of a uniquely strong and prolonged signal 1.

The virus-encoded chemokine vMIP-II inhibits virus-induced Tc1-driven inflammation.

The human herpesvirus 8-encoded protein vMIP-II is a potent in vitro antagonist of many chemokine receptors believed to be associated with attraction of T cells with a type 1 cytokine profile. For the present report we have studied the in vivo potential of this viral chemokine antagonist to inhibit virus-induced T-cell-mediated inflammation. This was done by use of the well-established model system murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Mice were infected in the footpad, and the induced CD8(+) T-cell-dependent inflammation was evaluated in mice subjected to treatment with vMIP-II. We found that inflammation was markedly inhibited in mice treated during the efferent phase of the antiviral immune response. In vitro studies revealed that vMIP-II inhibited chemokine-induced migration of activated CD8(+) T cells, but not T-cell-target cell contact, granule exocytosis, or cytokine release. Consistent with these in vitro findings treatment with vMIP-II inhibited the adoptive transfer of a virus-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity response in vivo, but only when antigen-primed donor cells were transferred via the intravenous route and required to migrate actively, not when the cells were injected directly into the test site. In contrast to the marked inhibition of the effector phase, the presence of vMIP-II during the afferent phase of the immune response did not result in significant suppression of virus-induced inflammation. Taken together, these results indicate that chemokine-induced signals are pivotal in directing antiviral effector cells toward virus-infected organ sites and that vMIP-II is a potent inhibitor of type 1 T-cell-mediated inflammation.