Investigation of antimicrobial resistance patterns and molecular typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates among Coronavirus disease-19 patients.

BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common co-infecting pathogen recognized among COVID-19 patients. We aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns and molecular typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates among Coronavirus disease-19 patients. METHODS: Between December 2020 and July 2021, 15 Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit at Sina Hospital in Hamadan, west of Iran. The antimicrobial resistance of the isolates was determined by disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The double-disk synergy method, Modified Hodge test, and polymerase chain reaction were utilized to detect Pseudomonas aeruginosa extended spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase producers. Microtiter plate assay was performed to evaluate the biofilm formation ability of the isolates. The isolates phylogenetic relatedness was revealed using the multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis method. RESULTS: The results showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates had the most elevated resistance to imipenem (93.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (93.3%), ceftriaxone (80%), ceftazidime (80%), gentamicin (60%), levofloxacin (60%), ciprofloxacin (60%), and cefepime (60%). In the broth microdilution method, 100%, 100%, 20%, and 13.3% of isolates showed resistance to imipenem, meropenem, polymyxin B, and colistin, respectively. Ten (66.6%) isolates were identified as multiple drug resistance. Carbapenemase enzymes and extended spectrum beta-lactamases were identified in 66.6% and 20% of the isolates, respectively and the biofilm formation was detected in 100% of the isolates. The blaOXA-48, blaTEM, blaIMP, blaSPM, blaPER, blaVEB, blaNDM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes were detected in 100%, 86.6%, 86.6%, 40%, 20%, 20%, 13.3%, 6.6%, and 6.6% of the isolates, respectively. The blaVIM, blaGIM, blaGES, and blaMCR-1 genes were not identified in any of the isolates. The MLVA typing technique showed 11 types and seven main clusters and most isolates belong to cluster I, V and VII. CONCLUSION: Due to the high rate of antimicrobial resistance, as well as the genetic diversity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from COVID-19 patients, it is indispensable to monitor the antimicrobial resistance pattern and epidemiology of the isolates on a regular basis.

Comparison of the efficacy of equivalent doses of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and hydrocortisone for treatment of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective three-arm randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This prospective controlled clinical trial aimed to compare the efficacy of methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone at equivalent doses in patients with severe COVID-19. METHODS: In total, 106 patients with mild to moderate COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were randomized to receive either dexamethasone (6 mg once a day), methylprednisolone (16 mg twice a day), or hydrocortisone (50 mg thrice a day) for up to 10 days. All participants received a standard of care for COVID-19. The primary and secondary efficacy outcomes included all-cause 28-day mortality, clinical status on day 28 assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) eight-category ordinal clinical scale, number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) care, number of ventilator-free days, length of hospital and ICU stay, change in PaO2:FiO2 ratios during the first 5 days after treatment, and incidence of serious adverse events. P-values below 0.008 based on Bonferroni's multiple-testing correction method were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: According to the obtained results, there was a trend toward more favorable clinical outcomes in terms of needing mechanical ventilation and ICU care, number of ventilator-free days, change in PaO2:FiO2 ratios during the first 5 days after treatment, clinical status score at day 28, length of ICU and hospital stay, and overall 28-day mortality in patients receiving dexamethasone compared to those receiving methylprednisolone or hydrocortisone; however, likely due to the study's small sample size, the difference between groups reached a significant level only in the case of clinical status score on day 28 (p-value = 0.003). There was no significant difference in the incidence of serious adverse events between the study groups. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, severe cases of COVID-19 treated with dexamethasone might have a better clinical status at 28-day follow-up compared to methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone at an equivalent dose. Larger multicenter trials are required to confirm our findings.

Comprehensive comparison of clinicoradiological, laboratory, and prognostic factors of community-acquired pneumonia in diabetic and nondiabetic hospitalized patients.

Background/aim: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading infectious causes of mortality, and diabetes mellitus is a globally prevalent disease. Consequently, the cooccurrence of these two disorders can be common and create challenging medical conditions. Therefore, it was aimed to compare the various aspects of CAP in diabetic and nondiabetic patients, in order to have a comprehensive and comparative picture of the differences. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, CAP patients with and without diabetes were assessed for clinicoradiological signs, laboratory features, disease severity, and pneumonia outcomes. Results: Analyzed herein were 172 CAP patients (77 had diabetes and 95 were nondiabetic). Clinical and radiological signs of pneumonia were mostly similar between the groups, except for purulent sputum, which was more prevalent among the nondiabetic patients. The laboratory results were also mostly similar. However, analysis of the outcomes and prognosis showed different results. The diabetic patients had a longer mean duration of hospital stay (8.52 days vs. 7.93 days, p = 0.015), higher median pneumonia severity based on the CURB-65 criteria (3 vs. 2, p = 0.016), and higher intensive care unit (ICU) admission requirement (22.1% vs. 7.3%, p = 0.004). Moreover, the mortality rate for the diabetic patients was nonsignificantly higher (16.8% vs. 15.7%, p = 0.453). Furthermore, the results of the logistic regression analysis showed that the diabetic patients had significantly higher odds of experiencing more severe forms of pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 5.77, 95% CI: 2.52-13.20), requiring ICU hospitalization (AOR: 3.56, 95% CI: 1.39-9.11), and having a longer hospital stay (AOR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.09-3.71). In addition, although there was no significant relationship between the severity of pneumonia and the amount of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diabetic patients (p = 0.940), the higher level of HbA1c in the nondiabetic patients was significantly correlated with a higher severity of pneumonia (p = 0.002). Conclusion: While diabetic patients with CAP have the same clinicoradiological and laboratory features as nondiabetic patients, the presence of diabetes can significantly worsen the outcomes and prognosis of pneumonia.

Picomolar-level detection of mercury within non-biological/biological aqueous media using ultra-sensitive polyaniline-Fe3O4-silver diethyldithiocarbamate nanostructure.

Mercury as the 3rd most toxic, non-biodegradable, and carcinogenic pollutant can adversely affect the ecosystem and health of living species through its bioaccumulation within the nature that can affect the top consumer in the food chain; therefore, it is vital to sense/remove Hg2+ within/from aqueous media using practical approaches. To address this matter, we modified the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with ultra-sensitive, interconnected, sulfurized, and porous nanostructure consisted of polyaniline-Fe3O4-silver diethyldithiocarbamate (PANi-F-S) to enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor. Obtained results showed that at optimum conditions (i.e., pH value of 7, deposition potential of - 0.8 V, and accumulation time of 120 s), for Hg2+ concentration ranging from 0.4 to 60 nM, the modified electrode showing linear relative coefficient of 0.9983, LOD of 0.051 nM, LOQ of 0.14 nM, and sensitivity of 1618.86 µA µM-1 cm-2 highlights superior sensitivity of the developed platform until picomolar level. Additionally, the modified electrode showed ideal repeatability, stability, reproducibility, and selectivity (by considering Zn2+, Cd2+ Pb2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ as metal interferences) and recovered more than 99% of the Hg2+ ions within non-biological (mineral, tap, and industrial waters) and biological (blood plasma sample) fluids. Graphical abstract.

NBS superfood: a promising adjunctive therapy in critically ill ICU patients with omicron variant of COVID-19.

This clinical trial aimed to assess the impact of Nutrition Bio-shield superfood (NBS) on clinical status among critically ill ICU patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to the Omicron variant of COVID-19. A total of 400 patients with confirmed Omicron-related ARDS were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n = 200) or the control group (n = 200). Patients in the intervention group received 1.5 g of NBS powder daily for 2 weeks in addition to standard antiviral treatment, while the control group received a placebo alongside standard antiviral therapy. Serum samples were collected from all patients in both groups, and various clinical and laboratory parameters, including ESR, CRP, D-Dimer, CPK, WBC count, lymphocyte count, and lymphocyte percentage, were measured using established methodologies. Following a 14-day intervention period, the intervention group exhibited a significant reduction in mean serum levels of CRP (15.39 vs. 48.49; P < 0.001), ESR (14.28 vs. 34.03; P < 0.001), D-Dimer (485.18 vs. 1009.13; P = 0.001), and CPK (68.93 vs. 131.48; P < 0.001) compared to the control group. Conversely, a significant increase was observed in the mean serum levels of lymphocytes (1537.06 vs. 1152.60; P < 0.001) in the intervention group after 14 days of treatment compared to the control group. The remarkable reduction in inflammatory markers and mortality rates observed with NBS supplementation alongside standard antiviral treatment underscores its crucial role in mitigating inflammation and achieving an important milestone in the fight against COVID-19.

Seroprevalence of Brucellosis among General Population in Famenin City, Western Iran in 2016: The Famenin Brucellosis Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Brucellosis is endemic in Iran with a higher level of endemicity in western areas, including the Hamadan province. This study aims to define the seroprevalence of brucellosis and it,s risk factors in general the population of Famenin, Hamadan province, in western Iran. METHODS: This survey was conducted on 2367 participants in Famenin and its villages from September to November 2016. After receiving written consent from subjects, demographic information was obtained through questionnaires and 10cc blood samples were taken from the participants. Blood samples were sent to the Core facility of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and were tested using Wright and 2ME kits (Pasteur Institute, Iran) for serological detection of brucellosis. The seroprevalence of brucellosis was reported as percentage with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Totally, 2367 individuals with the mean age (SD) of 34.6 (20.9) (range: 2 to 95) years were enrolled. Of these, 1060 (44.8%) were men and 1610 (68.0%) lived in rural areas. The seroprevalence of brucellosis according to the Wright titer (equal to or greater than 1:80) was 6.6% (95% CI: 5.62%, 7.66%). The corresponding prevalence based on 2ME titers (equal to or greater than 1:40) in subjects with positive Wright test was 37.2% (95% CI: 29.5%, 44.84%). We saw a significant association between the incidence of brucellosis and occupation (P < 0.001) and type of contact with livestock (P = 0.009) as two important risk factors. CONCLUSION: The seroprevalence of brucellosis in Famenin population was considerable. Contact with livestock, animal husbandry, farming and history of brucellosis were risk factors for brucellosis infection.

Seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin G antibodies against pertussis toxin among asymptomatic medical students in the west of Iran: a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Pertussis is a highly communicable, vaccine-preventable respiratory infection. Immune response against this disease can be induced by infection or vaccination. Protection after childhood vaccination is minimal after ten years. Our aim was to assess pertussis immunity state in a population of healthy young medical students. METHODS: In this seroepidemiological survey, blood samples were obtained from 163 first-year medical students in Hamedan University, Iran. Serum level of IgG against pertussis toxin (IgG-PT) was measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. For qualitative assessment, IgG-PT levels more than 24 unit (U)/ml were considered positive. Data was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively considering gender and age groups. RESULTS: There were 83 males and 80 females, with a mean age of 19.48 years, Prevalence of IgG-PT was 47.6% with mean level of 71.7 u/ml (95% confidence interval: 68.1-75.3). No statistically significant difference was observed with respect to sero-positivity of IgG-PT between males and females (45 cases (54%) vs. 34 cases (42%); P = 0.06). Mean IgG-PT levels in males and females were 84 U/ml and 58.8 U/ml, respectively (P = 0.91). CONCLUSION: A considerable proportion of our study population with a positive history of childhood vaccination for pertussis was not serologically immune to pertussis. A booster dose of acellular pertussis vaccine may be indicated in Iranian, medical students regarding their serologic conditions and outstanding role in health care systems.

A comparative trial of three therapeutic regimens: ciprofloxacin-rifampin, ciprofloxacin-doxycycline and doxycycline-rifampin in the treatment of brucellosis.

This study was designed to compare the efficacy of ciprofloxacin plus rifampin (CR) and ciprofloxacin plus doxycycline (CD) versus doxycycline plus rifampin (DR) in the treatment of brucellosis. A total of 178 patients with brucellosis who were referred to the Sina Hospital, Hamedan, Iran, were included. The responses to therapy were observed in 166 cases (93.7%) - 59 were in the DR group, 59 in the CR group and 48 in the CD group. No significant differences in the therapeutic responses were observed (P = 0.09). Relapse was observed in 11.7% (DR 7.7%, CR 8.3% and CD 17.5%) after a six-month follow-up. No significant differences were also observed in relapse rates among the three groups (P = 0.35). We concluded that DR is still the first choice regimen and CR or CD may be used as alternatives for treatment of brucellosis in adults.

Study on the frequency of hepatitis B and C infection in chronic psychiatric patients in Hamedan in 2006-2007.

OBJECTIVE: To study on the frequency of hepatitis B and C infections in chronic psychiatric patients in Day Night Patient Care Centres in Hamedan in 2006-2007. METHODS: This is a cross sectional study done on 170 patients with chronic mental disorders admitted in patient care institutions of Hamedan in 2006-2007. Positive tests for HCV-Ab were confirmed by RIBBA test. RESULTS: Of 170 patients, 56% were males and 44% were females, (age range 15-71 years). Hepatitis B and C infection was found only in males, with Hepatitis B in 1.8% patients. All of Hepatitis B cases two thirds of Hepatitis C cases were institutionalized in one of the centers. CONCLUSIONS: Overall frequency of Hepatitis B and C infections in chronic psychiatric patients in care centers is more than the general population and centralization of these cases in one center causes transmission of infection if the standard precautions are not observed.

Prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children 7 to 14 years in 2016: A survey before pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in Iran.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media in children. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in the city of Hamadan, west of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 532 students aged 7 to 14 years old from Hamadan were enrolled during the period from February to April 2016. Children were recruited using multi-stage sampling method. Informed consent form was obtained from parents of children. A researcher developed checklist was completed for every child by interviewer and samples of the throat of children were taken by swap method from the nasopharyngeal area. Descriptive statistics and chi square test were used to describe the study population. This study was approved by the Committee on Ethics of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (IR.UMSHA.REC.1394.66). Prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae in children was 12.03% (95%CI: 9.38-15.10). About 37% (196 persons) of study population were male and 63% were female. Sixty four percent (345 people) of the studied population were from district two in Hamadan and others from District one. Prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae by sex was 13.77% (95% CI: 9.27-19.40) in males and 11.02 % (95% CI: 7.87-14.85) in females (P = 0.345). Considering the high prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children studied in Hamadan, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is recommended to be integrated into the Iran's National Immunization Program.

Increased serum levels of hepcidin and C-reactive protein in patients with brucellosis.

Background: Increased serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP) as a classic acute phase protein has commonly been reported in acute brucellosis. Hepcidin is also an acute phase protein and has a critical role in host defense. The aim of this study was to compare the level of hepcidin and CRP in patients with brucellosis. Methods: All patients with brucellosis referred to Sina Hospital during a 10-month period were included. Serum samples were checked for hepcidin levels in patients and also in the control group. Information on demographic and clinical characteristics was determined through completion of a questionnaire. Results: A total of 42 patients with brucellosis and 42 healthy controls were enrolled. The most common symptoms of brucellosis were fever (76%) and arthralgia (69%). The mean serum level of hepcidin in patients (42.6±11.7 pg/mL) was significantly higher than in the controls (17.3±4.2 pg/mL) (p<0.001). The mean serum levels of CRP in patients and controls were 12.6±12.2 and 3.1±2.4 mg/L, respectively (p=0.001). Conclusions: Increased serum levels of hepcidin in brucellosis can be considered a diagnostic biomarker of inflammation and active disease. Further studies are needed to identify the role of hepcidin as a host defense mechanism in brucellosis.

Effect of hydroxychloroquine on treatment and recurrence of acute brucellosis: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial.

Brucellosis is associated with a high recurrence rate and requires more than one course of standard treatment; therefore, more research is required to find more effective treatments that lead to prompt recovery, and reduce the relapse of disease. This single-blind, randomized study was designed to evaluate the effect of the standard treatment for brucellosis in combination with hydroxychloroquine. A total of 177 patients with acute brucellosis were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: doxycycline-streptomycin (DS) and doxycycline-streptomycin-hydroxychloroquine (DSH). Clinical symptoms and signs, serological tests, and side effects of therapy were compared between the two groups during the treatment course and at three and six months after the end of drug therapy. Of the 177 patients, with a mean age of 40.5 ± 16.9 years, 66.1% were males. The mean duration of clinical signs prior to admission was 43.4 ± 41.1 days. Appropriate clinical responses, relapse, treatment failure, and adverse drug reactions were seen in 98.9%, 1.2%, 0.0%, and 12.6% of patients, respectively, in the DSH group vs. 86.7%, 11.6%, 2.3%, and 19.8% of patients, respectively, in the DS group. There were significant differences in clinical response and relapse rates between the two groups. The addition of hydroxychloroquine to a doxycycline-streptomycin regimen appears to increase the efficacy of treatment, accelerate improvement of clinical symptoms, and significantly reduce the rate of relapse of brucellosis.

Isolated hepatitis B core antibody in HIV infected patients--can response to hepatitis B vaccine help to elucidate the cause?

BACKGROUND: Concomitant hepatitis B and HIV infections are common. In some of these patients, HBcAb is the only serologic marker of hepatitis B. This study was conducted to elucidate the cause of isolated HBcAb in HIV-infected patients via hepatitis B vaccination. METHODS: In this interventional study during 2014-15 in the HIV Clinic in Hamadan, thirty four patients with HIV infection and isolated HBcAb positive isolate, received hepatitis B vaccine and their responses to vaccination were investigated. Demographic data, stage of disease, and status of CD4 and HCV Ab were extracted from the patients' medical records and were entered in a checklist. RESULTS: Of the 103 HIV positive patients, the prevalence of HBs Ag, and HBc Ab isolates were 6.79% (n=7) and 46.6% (n=48), respectively. All of the patients with isolated HBcAb were positive for HCV Ab. Among the 48 patients with isolated HBc Ab, 34 (70.8%) were available and examined for HBV DNA in serum samples. The result of PCR was negative in all. After the first round of hepatitis B vaccination, HBs Ab titer exceeded 10 International Units Per Liter (IU/L) in 58.8% of patients with isolated HBc Ab. With the completion of the three-dose of vaccine, this titer was observed in 97% of patients. Significant correlation was observed between titer of antibodies and values of CD4 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Due to favorable response to hepatitis B vaccination in HIV positive patients with isolated HBc Ab, false positive HBc Ab and recovery from previous infection were more probable than hidden hepatitis B.

Osteoarticular complications of brucellosis in Hamedan, an endemic area in the west of Iran.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of osteoarticular complications of brucellosis in an endemic region in Iran. METHODS: In a prospective study we evaluated 245 patients with brucellosis diagnosed between January 2004 and December 2005. Patients included were those older than 8 years of age and who had clinical features suggestive of brucellosis and specific antibodies at significant titers, and/or positive blood or body fluid culture for Brucella species. A bone scan was performed in those with a clinical suspicion of osteoarticular involvement. RESULTS: Seventy patients (28.6%) had osteoarticular complications. Sacroiliitis was the most common complication (75.7%), followed by spondylitis (21.4%) and peripheral arthritis (8.6%). Spondylitis was the most common osteoarticular complication in the elderly. Relapses occurred in five (2%) patients, three of them with spondylitis. CONCLUSIONS: Osteoarticular disease is the most common complication of brucellosis in Western Iran. Sacroiliitis is the most common form of osteoarticular complication. With the use of a proper treatment regimen, the prospect for recovery is good.

Clinical Features and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Agents of Ventilator-Associated Tracheobronchitis in Hamedan, Iran.

OBJECTIVES: Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) is a common cause of mortality and morbidity in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical course, etiology, and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial agents of VAT in ICUs in Hamedan, Iran. METHODS: During a 12-month period, all patients with VAT in a medical and a surgical ICU were included. The criteria for the diagnosis of VAT were fever, mucus production, a positive culture of tracheal secretions, and the absence of lung infiltration. Clinical course, including changes in temperature and tracheal secretions, and outcomes were followed. The endotracheal aspirates were cultured on blood agar and chocolate agar, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of isolates were performed using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: Of the 1 070 ICU patients, 69 (6.4%) were diagnosed with VAT. The mean interval between the patient's intubation and the onset of symptoms was 4.7±8.5 days. The mean duration of response to treatment was 4.9±4.7 days. A total of 23 patients (33.3%) progressed to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and 38 patients (55.0%) died. The most prevalent bacterial isolates included Acinetobacter baumannii (24.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.2%), and Enterobacter (13.0%). P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter were the most prevalent bacteria in surgical ICU, and A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae were the most common in the medical ICU. All A. baumannii and Citrobacter species were multidrug-resistant (MDR). MDR pathogens were more prevalent in medical ICU compared to surgical ICU (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: VAT increases the rates of progression to VAP, the need for tracheostomy, and the incidence of mortality in ICUs. Most bacterial agents of VAT are MDR. Preventive policies for VAP, including the use of ventilator care bundle, and appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for VAT may reduce the incidence of VAP.

Clinical and Diagnostic Aspects of Brucellosis and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Brucella Isolates in Hamedan, Iran.

Current drug regimens for brucellosis are associated with relatively high rates of therapeutic failure or relapse. Reduced antimicrobial susceptibility of Brucella spp. has been proposed recently as a potential cause of therapeutic failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Brucella melitensis clinical isolates by E-test method in Hamadan, west of Iran. In a 15-month period, all patients with suspected brucellosis were enrolled. Blood specimens were collected for diagnosis of brucellosis by BACTEC system and serological tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates to 7 antibiotics was assessed by the E-test method. One hundred forty-nine patients with brucellosis were evaluated. 38.3% of cultures of clinical samples were positive for BACTEC system, of which 91.2% were associated with a positive serological test result. No significant associations were found between serology and the culture method. All Brucella isolates were susceptible to doxycycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. However, decreased sensitivity to rifampin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was found in 35.1% and 3.5% of isolates, respectively. Because of the high rates of intermediate sensitivity to rifampin among Brucella isolates, this drug should be prescribed with caution. We recommend restricting the use of rifampin for treatment of brucellosis except as an alternative drug for special situations.

High Seroprevalence of Bordetella pertussis in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Bordetella pertussis has been suggested to take part in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between B. pertussis and COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this case-control study, 90 patients with COPD and 90 age- and sex- matched control subjects were included. Serum samples were tested for anti-B. pertussis IgG and IgA by ELISA. A physician completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, habitual history and spirometric findings for each patient. RESULTS: Of 90 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 66 (51%) had mild, 31 (34.4%) had moderate, and 13 (14.4%) had severe disease. There was no significant association between B. pertussis IgA seropositivity and COPD. Serum levels of anti- B. pertussis IgG were significantly higher in patients with COPD than in the control subjects (P < 0.001). No association was observed between B. pertussis infection and severity of COPD. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that there is an association between B. pertussis infection and COPD. Further studies should be planned to investigate the potential pathogenic mechanisms underlying these associations.

The prevalence of antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated in community- and hospital-acquired infections in teaching hospitals of Hamadan, west of Iran.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae is increasing worldwide. Identification of pathogens and their resistance to antimicrobials is mandatory for successful empiric antibiotic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections. METHODS: In a descriptive-comparative study, during 2010, all clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and their antibiograms from laboratories of Sina and Bessat Hospitals, Hamadan, west of Iran were included. Hospital-acquired infections were identified by records from infection-control units. A questionnaire containing information about demographic characteristics, source of specimen, kind of Enterobacteriaceae and their antimicrobial resistance was filled for each patient. Data were analysed using SPSS. RESULTS: A total of 574 samples were collected, out of which the most prevalent pathogens were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Almost all isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to ampicillin (98.8%), and the least resistance was to piperacillin (3.7%). In addition, most isolates were resistant to cefazolin, cefixime, and co-trimoxazole. Among third generation cephalosporins, the highest resistance to ceftriaxone and the least resistance to ceftizoxime were observed. 19.3% of isolates were resistant to imipenem. In terms of fluroquinolones, nosocomial infections and community acquired infections were resisitant to ciprofloxacin 33% and 4.1% respectively. The rate of resistance in nosocomial infections was higher than that of community-acquired infections. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of multidrug resistant Enterobacteriaceae is increasing both in community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections. Because of propable increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones and newer betalactams, reassessment of resistance of Enterobacteriaceae must continue in future years.

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from adolescents and adults in Hamedan, Western Iran.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are a common cause of acute infectious diarrhea. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, virulence markers and antibiotic resistance patterns of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) isolated from adolescents and adults in Hamadan, west of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 187 stool samples were collected from adults with acute diarrhea. Stool culture was performed by conventional methods for enteropathogenic bacteria. Virulence factor genes for DEC were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: Among the 187 patients, 40 (21.4%) were positive for DEC. The most frequently identified DEC was enteropathogenic E. coli (47.5%), followed by enteroaggregative (20%), enterotoxigenic (17.5%) and shiga-toxin producing E. coli (15%). No isolates of enteroinvasive E. coli were detected. All STEC strains were stx+ / eaeA-. Out of the seven ETEC strains, five (71.4%) produced ST, one (14.3%) produced only LT and one (14.3%) of the isolates produced both ST and LT encoded by est and elt genes, respectively. Among the 40 DEC strains 27(67.5%) were multidrug resistant. CONCLUSION: DEC contribute to the burden of diarrhea in adults in Hamadan. Enteropathogenic E. coli was the most commonly identified DEC strain in the region studied.

Evaluation of fibronectin and C-reactive protein levels in patients with sepsis: a case-control study.

Sepsis is a significant health problem with an estimated 750,000 new cases in the USA annually. It is also the third leading cause of death in developed countries, equaling the number of fatalities from acute myocardial infarction. The high sepsis-related mortalities mean there is an urgent need to improve the diagnosis and management of sepsis patients. The aim of this study was the evaluation of fibronectin and C-reactive protein (CRP) plasma levels in patients with sepsis and other infectious diseases without sepsis. In a case-control study, 90 patients with sepsis and 90 patients with other infectious diseases without sepsis were studied. Serum levels of fibronectin and CRP were measured. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 15. The mean levels of fibronectin in the cases and controls were 288.97±89.10 mg/l and 341.24±110.53 mg/l respectively (P=0.001). The mean levels of CRP in the cases and controls were 89.42±54.05 µg/ml and 27.42±25.89 µg/ml respectively (P<0.001). Concerning the source of infection, the mean CRP levels were significantly higher in septic patients with urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and soft tissue infection (P<0.001). Decreased levels of fibronectin and increased levels of CRP may be considered as reliable diagnostic markers for sepsis. Also, CRP could be a better predictive factor for sepsis than fibronectin.