Photoelectron Holographic Study for Atomic Site Occupancy for Si Dopants in Si-Doped κ-Ga2O3(001).

We investigated atomic site occupancy for the Si dopant in Si-doped κ-Ga2O3(001) using photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and photoelectron holography (PEH). From PES and PEH, we found that the Si dopant had one chemical state, and three types of inequivalent Si substitutional sites (SiGa) were formed. The ratios for the inequivalent tetrahedral, pentahedral, and octahedral SiGa sites were estimated to be 55.0%, 28.1%, and 16.9%, respectively. Higher (lower) ratios for the three inequivalent SiGa sites may come from a lower (higher) formation energy. The Tetra (Octa) SiGa site has the highest (lowest) ratio of the three SiGa sites since it has the lowest (highest) formation energy. We suggest that the tetrahedral SiGa site is due to the active dopant site, whereas the pentahedral and octahedral SiGa sites can be attributed to the inactive dopant sites for Si-doped κ-Ga2O3(001).

Quadriceps Tendon With Bone Autograft Has Better Stability and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Maturation Than Hamstring Tendon Autograft After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients With Knee Hyperextension.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction between methods using quadriceps tendon with bone (QTB) and hamstring tendon (HT) in patients with hyperextension of the knee. METHODS: The medical records of patients with knee hyperextension greater than 8° who underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction between October 2010 and October 2020 with follow-up for at least 2 years (median, 3 years; interquartile range [IQR], 2.0-4.6 years) were retrospectively reviewed. Side-to-side difference in anterior translation, pivot-shift test grade, Lysholm score, and graft intensity using the Howell grade on magnetic resonance imaging at final follow-up were compared between the QTB and HT groups. RESULTS: The HT and QTB groups consisted of 42 patients and 21 patients, respectively. The overall mean age was 21.5 years (range, 14-48 years), and the median Tegner Activity Scale score was 6 (range, 3-9). Postoperatively, the median side-to-side difference in anterior translation was 1.75 mm (IQR, 1-3 mm) in the HT group and 1.0 mm (IQR, 0-1.75 mm) in the QTB group (P = .01). Pivot-shift testing showed grade 0 in 74.7%, grade 1 in 18.7%, and grade 2 in 6.6% of patients in the HT group and grade 0 in 85.7% and grade 1 in 14.3% of those in the QTB group (P = .03). The median postoperative Lysholm score was 99 in both groups. Graft signal intensity showed a significant between-group difference: grade I in 52%, grade II in 36%, and grade III in 12% of patients in the HT group versus grade I in 85.7%, grade II in 9.5%, and grade III in 4.8% of those in the QTB group (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: In patients who underwent ACL reconstruction for hyperextension of the knee, QTB yielded better clinical outcomes than HT with respect to anterior stability, rotational stability, and graft signal intensity on median 2-year follow-up magnetic resonance imaging. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective case-control study.

Younger age is a risk factor for developing recurrent or postoperative osteochondritis dissecans after surgery for discoid lateral meniscus with/without preoperative osteochondritis dissecans.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment of the discoid lateral meniscus with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) through clinical and radiological evaluations, focusing on recurrent or postoperative OCD occurrence. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with symptomatic discoid lateral meniscus with OCD (pre-OCD group) and without OCD (non-OCD group) who had undergone arthroscopic surgery with >5 years of follow-up. Age, sex, Lysholm score, Tegner activity scale, surgical procedure, and recurrent or postoperative OCD lesions were compared. The association between patient variables and postoperative OCD was determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 95 knees, 15 (15%) were in the pre-OCD group. Healing was observed in 14/15 (93%) knees. Recurrent and postoperative OCDs were reported in 4/15 (28.5%) knees in the pre-OCD and 7/80 (8.8%) knees in the non-OCD groups at a mean of 3.2 ± 1.1 and 3.7 ± 1.2 years, respectively. Pre- and postoperative Tegner activity scale and Lysholm scores were higher in the pre-OCD group but similar to those in the non-OCD group. The incidence of recurrent OCD in the pre-OCD group was significantly higher than that of postoperative OCD in the non-OCD group. Younger patients (odds ratio, 0.49; p = 0.003) had an increased risk of experiencing recurrent or postoperative OCD in multivariate analysis. The optimal cutoff age for distinguishing recurrent or postoperative OCD was 9 years. CONCLUSION: Surgical procedures for OCD lesions in the pre-OCD group were successful. Multivariate analysis identified age as a risk factor for recurrent or postoperative OCD; therefore, conservative treatment is recommended for patients with discoid lateral meniscus before preadolescence to prevent postoperative OCD occurrence. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft is associated with a higher rate of return to preinjury levels of performance in high-level athletes than anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring autograft.

PURPOSE: Return to preinjury levels of performance (RTP) is the main goal after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) for athletes when ACL graft rupture is a career-threatening event. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the associated factors for RTP and subsequent ACL injury after ACL-R using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) or hamstring (HT) autograft in high-level athletes with a minimum postoperative follow-up of 24 months. METHODS: This retrospective study included 157 patients who had preinjury Tegner activity level of 9 and underwent primary ACL-R using BPTB (average age, 16.9 years; 35 males and 36 females) or HT (average age, 17.2 years; 49 males and 37 females). The mean follow-ups were 33.6 months in BPTB and 44.5 months in HT, respectively. The data were obtained based on routine clinical follow-ups and telephone interviews performed by the surgeon. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the association of patient variables with RTP and subsequent ACL injury. RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients (63.1%) were able to RTP. The rate of RTP in BPTB (74.6%) was significantly higher than that of HT (53.5%) (p < 0.05). The overall average timing of RTP after ACL-R was 10.0 months while that was significantly earlier in BPTB (9.7 months) than in HT (10.5 months) (p < 0.05). Twenty-three (14.6%) and 21 patients (13.4%) had ACL graft ruptures and ACL injuries in the contralateral knees, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that BPTB (odds ratio [OR], 2.590; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.300-5.160; p = 0.007) was associated with a higher potential for RTP after ACL-R. The incidence of ACL graft rupture after ACL-R decreased with BPTB (OR, 0.861; 95% CI, 0.770-0.962; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The use of BPTB autograft was associated with a higher rate of RTP and a lower incidence of ACL graft rupture compared to ACL-R using HT autograft. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

Atomic Imaging of Interface Defects in an Insulating Film on Diamond.

The insulator/semiconductor interface structure is the key to electric device performance, and much interest has been focused on understanding the origin of interfacial defects. However, with conventional techniques, it is difficult to analyze the interfacial atomic structure buried in the insulating film. Here, we reveal the atomic structure at the interface between an amorphous aluminum oxide and diamond using a developed electron energy analyzer for photoelectron holography. We find that the three-dimensional atomic structure of a C-O-Al-O-C bridge between two dimer rows of the hydrogen-terminated diamond surface. Our results demonstrate that photoelectron holography can be used to reveal the three-dimensional atomic structure of the interface between a crystal and an amorphous film. We also find that the photoelectron intensity originating from the C-O bonds is strongly related to the interfacial defect density. We anticipate significant progress in the study of amorphous/crystalline interfaces based on their three-dimensional atomic structures analysis.

Male elite soccer players have a higher incidence of accessory ossicles in the foot and ankle.

PURPOSE: Accessory ossicles are caused by the failure of the fusion of secondary ossification centres and are more likely to occur due to heavy loading during the growth period or improper treatment after injury. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of foot and ankle accessory ossicles in male professional soccer players. METHODS: This study included male professional soccer players who underwent medical checkups at our hospital between 2017 and 2023 as the soccer group. Medical checkups included radiographs of bilateral anteroposterior and oblique foot, as well as bilateral anteroposterior and lateral ankle. Male patients age-matched with the soccer group who visited our hospital undergoing anteroposterior and oblique foot or anteroposterior and lateral ankle radiography were included in the control group. The incidence of accessory ossicles was investigated and compared between the soccer and control groups. RESULTS: In this study, 276 ankles and 276 feet, as well as 121 ankles and 79 feet, were included in the soccer and control groups, respectively. The incidence of accessory ossicles in the soccer and control groups was as follows: accessory navicular 35.9%, 24% (P = .049), os peroneum 8.0%, 2.5% (P = .09); os supranaviculare 7.6%, 1.3% (P = .039); os infranaviculare 1.4%, 1.3% (P = .090); os calcaneus secundarius 4.3%, 0% (P = .059); os vesalianum 0%, 0%; os subfiblare 12.7%, 2.5% (P < .001); os subtibiale 18.1%, 2.5% (P = .001); and os trigonum 89%, 24% (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Male professional soccer players had a higher incidence of accessory navicular, os supranaviculare, os subfiblare, os subtibiale, and os trigonum.

Age-based comparison of meniscal dimensions between an asymptomatic complete discoid lateral meniscus and normal meniscus: MRI evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the meniscal size of asymptomatic discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) and compare it with that of normal lateral meniscus (LM) and to compare changes in meniscal dimensions with age among patients with asymptomatic DLM and those with normal LM using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records, including MRI data, of patients with asymptomatic DLM (DLM group) or normal LM (control group). Width and extrusion of both DLM and normal LM and tibial length were measured and compared using mid-coronal and mid-sagittal MR images. Meniscal size and sagittal and coronal meniscal ratio according to age, as well as differences between DLM and normal menisci, were also evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-four knees were included in the DLM group, whereas the control group comprised of 50 patients. The DLM group showed significantly less meniscal extrusion, greater coronal width, posterior capsule distance, sagittal meniscal length, and sagittal meniscal ratio than the control group (DLM: 0.1 ± 0.3 mm, 23.3 ± 2.2 mm, 5.4 ± 2.4 mm, 25.1 ± 2.8 mm, 61 ± 6%, and control: 0.4 ± 0.4 mm, 9.5 ± 2.3 mm, 2.5 ± 1.2 mm, 30.2 ± 2.6 mm, 71 ± 4%, respectively). The coronal meniscal ratio decreased with age in both the control (p = 0.001) and DLM (p = 0.037) groups. The sagittal meniscal ratio (p = 0.001) and minimum height (p = 0.04) decreased and the anterior capsule distance (p = 0.035), posterior capsule distance (p = 0.026), and entire sagittal length (p = 0.005) increased with age in the DLM group, while the distance between the meniscal inner margins (p = 0.019) increased with age in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The meniscal ratio in the sagittal plane of the DLM group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The sagittal meniscal ratio of asymptomatic DLM decreased with age, indicating that the size of asymptomatic DLM does not change with age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III: Retrospective comparative study.

Enterococcal Linear Plasmids Adapt to Enterococcus faecium and Spread within Multidrug-Resistant Clades.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of bacterial pathogens, including enterococci, is a global concern, and plasmids are crucial for spreading and maintaining AMR genes. Plasmids with linear topology were identified recently in clinical multidrug-resistant enterococci. The enterococcal linear-form plasmids, such as pELF1, confer resistance to clinically important antimicrobials, including vancomycin; however, little information exists about their epidemiological and physiological effects. In this study, we identified several lineages of enterococcal linear plasmids that are structurally conserved and occur globally. pELF1-like linear plasmids show plasticity in acquiring and maintaining AMR genes, often via transposition with the mobile genetic element IS1216E. This linear plasmid family has several characteristics enabling long-term persistence in the bacterial population, including high horizontal self-transmissibility, low-level transcription of plasmid-carried genes, and a moderate effect on the Enterococcus faecium genome alleviating fitness cost and promoting vertical inheritance. Combining all of these factors, the linear plasmid is an important factor in the spread and maintenance of AMR genes among enterococci.

Origin of Unexpected Ir3+ in a Superconducting Candidate Sr2IrO4 System Analyzed by Photoelectron Holography.

The reason for the absence of superconductivity in Sr2IrO4 was estimated by photoelectron spectra and photoelectron holograms. The analysis of the La photoelectron hologram concluded that La atoms are substituted to Sr sites. Two O 1s peaks were observed and were identified as the oxygens in the IrO2 and SrO planes by photoelectron holography and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In the Ir 4f spectrum of Sr2IrO4, an unexpected Ir3+ peak was observed as much as 50% of all of the Ir. The photoelectron hologram of Ir3+ showed a displacement of about 0.15 Å. This displacement is thought to be due to the oxygen vacancies in the IrO2 plane. These oxygen vacancies and the associated local displacement of the atoms might inhibit superconductivity in spite of sufficient electron doping.

The remaining parameters of patellar instability could be affected for osteoarthritic change after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with or without anteromedialization of the tibial tubercle osteotomy for patellar instability: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In literature, studies evaluating the factors associated the postoperative progression of patellofemoral (PF) osteoarthritis (OA) following patellar stabilization surgery are limited. This study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFLR) as an isolated procedure (iMPFLR) and in combination with anteromedialization (AMZ) of the tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) and investigate the factors related to the postoperative progression of PFOA after patellar stabilization surgery. METHODS: Between 2009 and 2020, 30 knees of 23 consecutive patients underwent MPFLR with or without AMZ, using an autologous semitendinosus tendon graft; they were followed up for more than 2 years in the retrospective nature of the study. iMPFLR was performed in cases of recurrent patellar dislocation with normal tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance and no PFOA, and MPFLR+AMZ was performed for cases of excessive TT-TG distance, preoperative PFOA of recurrent patellar dislocation, or habitual patellar dislocation. Clinical findings and radiographs of the PF joint were evaluated pre- and postoperatively with PF alignment parameters and PFOA and were compared between surgical procedures. Factors for the postoperative progression of PFOA were compared between the OA progression and non-progression groups. RESULTS: Postoperative clinical score, radiographic parameters except for sulcus angle, TT-TG distance, and progression of PFOA were not significantly different between the iMPFLR and MPFLR+AMZ groups. Postoperative lateral patellar displacement (p = 0.001) and congruence angle (p = 0.017) were significantly different between the OA progression and non-progression groups. CONCLUSION: Similar to MPFLR for recurrent cases, MPFLR with AMZ can improve the clinical and radiographic outcomes in severe cases. The remaining parameters of patellar instability could be affected in the postoperative progression of PFOA after MPFL reconstruction with or without AMZ of TTO for patellar instability.

Postoperative D-dimer levels predict venous thromboembolisms detected with contrast-enhanced computerized tomography in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: In the literature, factors associated with postoperative venous thromboembolisms (VTEs) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are limited. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of venous thromboembolisms (VTEs) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and to identify risk and predictive factors for VTEs. METHODS: This retrospective study included 136 patients who underwent arthroscopic ACLR with mechanical prophylaxis between April 2012 and July 2022. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) was applied to detect VTEs comprising deep venous thromboses and pulmonary embolisms 7 days after surgery. Data including age, sex, body mass index, concomitant treatments, graft types, smoking status, operative and tourniquet times, postoperative D-dimer levels, and other laboratory test results, were collected for analyses. The incidence of radiographically confirmed VTEs and the associated risk factors, such as age, sex, body mass index, concomitant treatments, graft types, smoking status, operative and tourniquet times, postoperative D-dimer levels, and other laboratory test results, were analyzed. RESULTS: The overall incidence of radiographic VTEs was 11.0% (15 cases) in 136 patients. There was one symptomatic patient who had Homan's sign. Multivariable analysis indicated that postoperative D-dimer level was an independent factor related to a radiographic VTE after ACLR, although there was no association between radiographic VTEs and preoperative status or operation status. The optimal cutoff value for postoperative D-dimer level was 2.8 µg/ml according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, with a sensitivity of 80.0% and specificity of 83.5%. CONCLUSION: The incidence of ACLR-associated radiographical VTEs (deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) under mechanical prophylaxis was 11.0% in this study. An elevated D-dimer level at 7 days after surgery is an independent predictor of VTE in patients undergoing ACLR. The postoperative D-dimer level is a more reliable marker for identifying VTE in patients who underwent ACLR.

Bone Marrow-Derived Fibrin Clots Stimulate Healing of a Knee Meniscal Defect in a Rabbit Model.

PURPOSE: To determine the in vivo effectiveness of bone marrow aspirate-derived (BMA) fibrin clots for avascular meniscal defect healing in a rabbit model. METHODS: In 42 Japanese white rabbits, a 2.0-mm cylindrical defect was introduced into the avascular zone of the anterior part of the medial meniscus in the bilateral knees. The rabbits were grouped according to implantation of a BMA fibrin clot (BMA group) or a peripheral blood (PB)-derived clot (PB group) into the defect and nonimplantation (control group). Macroscopic and histological assessments were performed using a scoring system at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery. At 12 weeks after surgery, compressive stress was analyzed biomechanically. RESULTS: The meniscal score in the BMA group (12.1) was greater than that in the PB group (5.5; P = .031) and control group (4.4; P = .013) at 4 weeks. The meniscal score in the BMA group (13.1) was greater than that in the control group (6.4; BMA = 13.1; P = .0046) at 12 weeks. In the biomechanical analysis, the BMA group demonstrated significantly higher compressive strength than the PB group (6.6 MPa) (BMA = 15.4 MPa; P = .0201) and control group (3.6 MPa; BMA = 15.4 MPa; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: Implantation of BMA fibrin clots into the meniscal defect of the avascular zone in a rabbit model improved the meniscal score at 4 weeks and strengthened the reparative meniscal tissue at 12 weeks compared with the implantation of PB fibrin clots. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Healing in the avascular zone of the meniscus can be problematic. Approaches to improving this healing response have had variable results. This study provides additional information that may help improve the outcomes in patients with these injuries.

Comparative analysis of discoid lateral meniscus size: a distinction between symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the differences in meniscal sizes and occupancy between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients diagnosed with discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to understand how these variations relate to the presence of symptoms and the patients' age. METHODS: A retrospective review of 98 patients with DLM was conducted, excluding those with meniscal displacement. Both the width and extrusion of DLM and the percentage of the meniscus to the tibia were measured using mid-coronal and mid-sagittal MRI and compared between symptomatic and asymptomatic DLM groups. The relationships among each parameter, meniscal size, and patient age were evaluated. Symptomatic cases were divided into those with and without horizontal tears on MRI to compare the differences in meniscal morphology. RESULTS: A total of 92 knees from 74 patients were included. Sixty-one knees required surgical intervention for symptomatic DLM, while 31 were asymptomatic and included the contralateral side of symptomatic knees. The symptomatic group exhibited larger morphological variations than the asymptomatic group. Moreover, the sagittal meniscal ratio reduced with age in the asymptomatic group (r = - 0.54, p = 0.002) but remained constant in the symptomatic group. The symptomatic cases with horizontal tears demonstrated larger meniscal dimensions and smaller posterior capsule distances than those without tears. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic patients with DLM had larger knee morphological changes than asymptomatic ones. Age affected the meniscal occupancy in the sagittal plane only in asymptomatic patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Intrameniscal degeneration and meniscotibial ligament loosening are associated factors with meniscal extrusion of symptomatic discoid lateral meniscus.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the amount of extrusion of the discoid lateral meniscus (DLM), which was symptomatic and required surgery, with normal meniscuses and asymptomatic DLMs and examine factors associated with the extrusion of symptomatic DLM. METHODS: Medical records of participants with DLM or normal lateral meniscus (LM) were retrospectively reviewed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DLM cases were divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. The midbody meniscal extrusion was measured using mid-coronal MRI. The association between meniscal extrusion and MRI findings, including the meniscofemoral ligament, meniscotibial ligament (MTL), intrameniscal signal intensity of the peripheral rim, meniscal shift, and skeletal maturity, was evaluated. RESULTS: Eighty-six knees with DLM (63 symptomatic) were included. The control group included 31 patients. The symptomatic group showed significantly greater meniscal extrusion (mean ± standard deviation symptomatic DLM: 1.0 ± 1.1 mm, asymptomatic DLM: 0.1 ± 0.4 mm, and normal LM: 0.3 ± 0.6 mm, P < 0.001) and had a significantly higher incidence of MTL loosening (P = 0.02) and intrameniscal signal (P < 0.001) than the other two groups. In the symptomatic group, multivariable linear regression analysis showed that MTL loosening [ß = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.86, P < 0.001] and intrameniscal signal (ß = 0.49, 95% CI 0.09-0.90, P = 0.002) were independent associated factors. CONCLUSIONS: LM extrusion was significantly more common in patients with symptomatic DLM than in those with asymptomatic DLM or a normal LM. MTL loosening and intrameniscal high-signal intensity on MRI were independently associated with meniscal extrusion. These findings help explain the pathogenesis and diagnosis of symptomatic DLM. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft and female sex are associated with the presence of cyclops lesions and syndrome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

PURPOSE: Associated risk factors for the development of cyclops lesions have been little. Investigated, because most previous studies have limited their research to cases with symptomatic cyclops lesions (cyclops syndrome). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of cyclops lesions using magnetic resonance image (MRI) at 6 and 12 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R), and to investigate the associated risk factors of cyclops lesions and syndrome. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent ACL-R using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTPB) or hamstring tendon autograft from 2008 to 2017 was conducted. Predictor variables (age, sex, body mass index [BMI], time from injury to ACL-R, preinjury Tegner activity score, graft, meniscal and cartilage injury, and notch width index on MRI for the presence of cyclops lesions and syndrome were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty-five patients (225 males and 230 females) were enrolled. One hundred and four patients (22.9%) had cyclops lesions, and all cyclops lesions were detected on MRI at 6 months post-operatively. In addition, 20 patients (4.4%) had cyclops syndrome which means that these were symptomatic cases. The risk factors for presence of cyclops lesions were BPTB autograft (OR = 2.85; 95% CI 1.75-4.63; P < 0.001) and female sex (OR = 2.03; 95% CI 1.27-3.25; P = 0.003). The presence of cyclops syndrome increased with graft (BPTB) (OR = 18.0; 95% CI 3.67-88.3; Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation P < 0.001), female sex (OR = 3.27; 95% CI 1.07-10.0; P = 0.038), and increased BMI (OR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.05-1.39; P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: All cyclops lesions were detected 6 months after ACL-R, and the majority of them were asymptomatic. BPTB autograft and female sex were the significant risk factors for the presence of cyclops lesions and syndrome. In addition, increased BMI was associated with a higher risk of developing cyclops syndrome. When BPTB autograft is used for a female patient, full active knee extension should be encouraged in the early period after ACL-R to prevent cyclops lesion formation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

Evaluation of the knee joint morphology associated with a complete discoid lateral meniscus, as a function of skeletal maturity, using magnetic resonance imaging.

INTRODUCTION: A discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) is associated with increased risk for meniscal tears and progression of knee joint osteoarthritis. Our aim was to differentiate knee joint morphology between patients with and without a DLM, as a function of skeletal maturity, using magnetic (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of MR images of the knee for 110 patients, 6-49 years of age. Of these, 62 were in the open physis group (38 with a DLM) and 48 in the closed physis group (23 with a DLM). The following morphological parameters were measured: anterior obliquity of the lateral tibial plateau (AOLTP), posterior obliquity of the lateral tibial plateau (POLTP), the lowest point of the lateral femoral condyle (LPLFC), and the posterior lateral condylar angle (PLCA). RESULTS: Regardless of skeletal maturity, a DLM was associated with a greater inclination of the POLTP, lateralization of the LPLFC, and smaller PLCA (p < 0.001 for all compared to that of the control group). In the DLM group, the inclination of the AOLTP and the POLTP were significantly smaller (p < 0.001) and the LPLFC was more lateral (p < 0.001) in the closed physis group than in the open physis group. In the control group, the inclination of the POLTP was larger (p < 0.001) and the PLCA smaller (p = 0.019) in the open than in the closed physis group. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a characteristic knee morphology among patients with a complete DLM using MR imaging, which was observed before physeal closure and persisted after skeletal maturity was attained. We also noted lateralization of the LPLFC in the presence of a DLM, with an increase in lateralization with skeletal maturation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case-control study, III.

Saucerization of complete discoid lateral meniscus is associated with change of morphology of the lateral femoral condyle and tibial plateau.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of saucerization surgery on knee joint morphology associated with a complete discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. METHODS: This retrospective study included cases had undergone saucerization surgery for symptomatic DLM between 2007 and 2022. All cases were divided into two by age group: < 12 (U13) and > 13 (O13). The cases in the match group were randomly selected from preoperative cases in the O13 group matched with the age at the final follow-up (F/U) of cases in the U13 group. The following morphological parameters were evaluated using MR images preoperatively and at the final postoperative F/U in each group: anterior obliquity of the lateral tibial plateau (AOLTP), posterior obliquity of the lateral tibial plateau (POLTP), and the lowest point of the lateral femoral condyle (LPLFC). Each parameter was compared between the U13 preoperative (pre-OP) group and the O13 pre-OP group, the preoperative and final follow-up in the U13, and the U13 group at the final F/U and the match group preoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 77 cases were evaluated. 31 cases were in the U13 pre-OP group and 46 were in the O13 pre-OP group. With a minimal F/U of 2 years, 27 cases in the U13 group and 36 in the O13 group were included. The mean F/U period was 4.6 years in the U13 group and 3.2 years in the O13 group. 32 cases were included in the match group. In the match group, the inclination of the POLTP was significantly larger (P = 0.042) and the LPLFC was more lateral (P = 0.0034) than at the final F/U in the U13 group. CONCLUSIONS: Saucerization surgery for DLM in juvenile patients can prevent progression to the characteristic bone morphology DLM. These results could help the surgeon making the decision when the surgery would be performed for symptomatic DLM patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective comparative study; level of evidence, 3.

Arthroscopic surgery for symptomatic discoid lateral meniscus improves meniscal status assessed by magnetic resonance imaging T2 mapping.

INTRODUCTION: Discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) is an anatomic knee variant associated with increased tears and degeneration. This study aimed to quantify meniscal status with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 mapping before and after arthroscopic reshaping surgery for DLM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients undergoing arthroscopic reshaping surgery for symptomatic DLM with ≥ 2-year follow-up. MRI T2 mapping was performed preoperatively and at 12 and 24 months postoperatively. T2 relaxation times of the anterior and posterior horns of both menisci and of the adjacent cartilage were assessed. RESULTS: Thirty-six knees from 32 patients were included. The mean age at surgery was 13.7 years (range 7-24), and the mean follow-up duration was 31.0 months. Saucerization alone was performed on five knees and saucerization with repair on 31 knees. Preoperatively, the T2 relaxation time of the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus was significantly longer than that of the medial meniscus (P < 0.01). T2 relaxation time significantly decreased at 12 and 24 months postoperatively (P < 0.01). Assessments of the posterior horn were comparable. The T2 relaxation time was significantly longer in the tear versus non-tear side at each time point (P < 0.01). There were significant correlations between the T2 relaxation time of the meniscus and that of the corresponding area of the lateral femoral condyle cartilage (anterior horn: r = 0.504, P = 0.002; posterior horn: r = 0.365, P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: The T2 relaxation time of symptomatic DLM was significantly longer than that of the medial meniscus preoperatively, and it decreased 24 months after arthroscopic reshaping surgery. The meniscal T2 relaxation time of the tear side was significantly longer than that of the non-tear side. There were significant correlations between the cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation times at 24 months after surgery.

Posterior subtotal meniscectomy revealed the worst scenario for the progression of osteocartilaginous damage in cases of juvenile discoid lateral meniscus with peripheral tear.

INTRODUCTION: We compared subtotal meniscectomy and saucerization with stabilization for osteocartilaginous damage based on injured location and further examined the factors related to osteocartilaginous damage in juvenile discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) with peripheral tear after a follow-up period of at least 5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed juvenile DLM patients with peripheral tear who underwent arthroscopic surgery with more than 5 years of follow-up. Osteocartilaginous damage, which was identified by osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) development and the whole-organ magnetic resonance imaging score (WORMS) of cartilage grade ≥ 3, was compared between subtotal meniscectomy and saucerization with stabilization. A subgroup analysis examining the location of the tear site was performed. Factors for osteocartilaginous damage were analyzed between the damaged and non-damaged groups. RESULTS: Forty-one patients, including 29 who underwent saucerization with stabilization and 12 who underwent subtotal meniscectomy, were included in this study. Seven patients developed OCD lesions; six patients showed cartilage WORMS of more than grade 3. Overall, there was a significant difference in the total cartilage and meniscus WORMS between the two groups at the final follow-up. The subgroup analysis demonstrated more severe osteocartilaginous damage developed in posterior subtotal meniscectomy than in posterior stabilization following saucerization. The damaged group showed significant difference compared to the non-damaged group in terms of age (p = 0.003), sex (p = 0.036), and posterior subtotal meniscectomy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Posterior subtotal meniscectomy revealed the worst scenario for the progression of osteocartilaginous damage in cases of juvenile DLM with peripheral tear over a minimum follow-up period of 5 years.

Autologous Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membrane to Augment Healing of Microfracture Has Better Macroscopic and Histologic Grades Compared With Microfracture Alone on Chondral Defects in a Rabbit Model.

PURPOSE: To determine the in vivo effectiveness of a single-stage surgical procedure that combines microfracture and an autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane for cartilage repair in a rabbit model. METHODS: Cartilage defects were created in the trochlear groove of the knees of adult white rabbits. Defects were divided into 2 treatment groups: microfracture only (control group) and microfracture covered by a PRF membrane (PRF group). To evaluate the repair cartilage, assessments were performed at 4, 12, and 24 weeks postoperatively using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic scoring system and modified Wakitani histologic grading system. RESULTS: The mean ICRS macroscopic scores in the control and PRF groups were 4.1 and 5.8, respectively, at 4 weeks (P = .0623); 6.3 and 9.8, respectively, at 12 weeks (P = .006); and 6.5 and 10.3, respectively, at 24 weeks (P = .010). The mean modified Wakitani scores in the control and PRF groups were 4.0 and 3.9, respectively, at 4 weeks (P > .999); 5.3 and 10.4, respectively, at 12 weeks (P = .006); and 2.6 and 7.4, respectively, at 24 weeks (P = .012). CONCLUSIONS: The ICRS macroscopic scores and modified Wakitani scores showed that a single-stage surgical procedure combining microfracture and a PRF membrane was more effective than surgery with only microfracture for promoting cartilage repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A single-stage surgical procedure combining microfracture and an autologous PRF membrane is a potentially beneficial treatment method for cartilage defects that does not require using any xenocollagen membrane.