RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is characterized by acute left ventricular dysfunction, which can contribute to intraventricular thrombus and embolism. Still, prevalence and clinical impact of thrombus formation and embolic events on outcome of TTS patients remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate clinical features and outcomes of patients with and without intraventricular thrombus or embolism. Additionally, factors associated with thrombus formation or embolism, as well as predictors for mortality, were identified. Approach and Results: TTS patients enrolled in the International Takotsubo Registry at 28 centers in Australia, Europe, and the United States were dichotomized according to the occurrence/absence of intraventricular thrombus or embolism. Patients with intraventricular thrombus or embolism were defined as the ThrombEmb group. Of 1676 TTS patients, 56 (3.3%) patients developed intraventricular thrombus and/or embolism following TTS diagnosis (median time interval, 2.0 days [range, 0-38 days]). Patients in the ThrombEmb group had a different clinical profile including lower left ventricular ejection fraction, higher prevalence of the apical type, elevated levels of troponin and inflammatory markers, and higher prevalence of vascular disease. In a Firth bias-reduced penalized-likelihood logistic regression model apical type, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤30%, previous vascular disease, and a white blood cell count on admission >10×103 cells/µL emerged as independent predictors for thrombus formation or embolism. CONCLUSIONS: Intraventricular thrombus or embolism occur in 3.3% of patients in the acute phase of TTS. A simple risk score including clinical parameters associated with intraventricular thrombus formation or embolism identifies patients at increased risk. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01947621.
Asunto(s)
Embolia/etiología , Sistema de Registros , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/complicaciones , Trombosis/etiología , Anciano , Australia/epidemiología , Angiografía Coronaria , Electrocardiografía , Embolia/diagnóstico , Embolia/epidemiología , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Cardiopatías/diagnóstico , Cardiopatías/epidemiología , Cardiopatías/etiología , Ventrículos Cardíacos , Humanos , Incidencia , Imagen por Resonancia Cinemagnética , Masculino , Ventriculografía con Radionúclidos , Factores de Riesgo , Tasa de Supervivencia/tendencias , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/diagnóstico , Trombosis/diagnóstico , Trombosis/epidemiología , Factores de Tiempo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
AIMS: Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute heart failure syndrome, which shares many features with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Although TTS was initially described with angiographically normal coronary arteries, smaller studies recently indicated a potential coexistence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in TTS patients. This study aimed to determine the coexistence, features, and prognostic role of CAD in a large cohort of patients with TTS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Coronary anatomy and CAD were studied in patients diagnosed with TTS. Inclusion criteria were compliance with the International Takotsubo Diagnostic Criteria for TTS, and availability of original coronary angiographies with ventriculography performed during the acute phase. Exclusion criteria were missing views, poor quality of angiography loops, and angiography without ventriculography. A total of 1016 TTS patients were studied. Of those, 23.0% had obstructive CAD, 41.2% had non-obstructive CAD, and 35.7% had angiographically normal coronary arteries. A total of 47 patients (4.6%) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, and 3 patients had acute and 8 had chronic coronary artery occlusion concomitant with TTS, respectively. The presence of CAD was associated with increased incidence of shock, ventilation, and death from any cause. After adjusting for confounders, the presence of obstructive CAD was associated with mortality at 30 days. Takotsubo syndrome patients with obstructive CAD were at comparable risk for shock and death and nearly at twice the risk for ventilation compared to an age- and sex-matched ACS cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary artery disease frequently coexists in TTS patients, presents with the whole spectrum of coronary pathology including acute coronary occlusion, and is associated with adverse outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01947621.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome Coronario Agudo , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo , Angiografía Coronaria , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/complicaciones , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Incidencia , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/complicaciones , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
AIMS: We aimed to evaluate the frequency, clinical features, and prognostic implications of cardiac arrest (CA) in takotsubo syndrome (TTS). METHODS AND RESULTS: We reviewed the records of patients with CA and known heart rhythm from the International Takotsubo Registry. The main outcomes were 60-day and 5-year mortality. In addition, predictors of mortality and predictors of CA during the acute TTS phase were assessed. Of 2098 patients, 103 patients with CA and known heart rhythm during CA were included. Compared with patients without CA, CA patients were more likely to be younger, male, and have apical TTS, atrial fibrillation (AF), neurologic comorbidities, physical triggers, and longer corrected QT-interval and lower left ventricular ejection fraction on admission. In all, 57.1% of patients with CA at admission had ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia, while 73.7% of patients with CA in the acute phase had asystole/pulseless electrical activity. Patients with CA showed higher 60-day (40.3% vs. 4.0%, P < 0.001) and 5-year mortality (68.9% vs. 16.7%, P < 0.001) than patients without CA. T-wave inversion and intracranial haemorrhage were independently associated with higher 60-day mortality after CA, whereas female gender was associated with lower 60-day mortality. In the acute phase, CA occurred less frequently in females and more frequently in patients with AF, ST-segment elevation, and higher C-reactive protein on admission. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac arrest is relatively frequent in TTS and is associated with higher short- and long-term mortality. Clinical and electrocardiographic parameters independently predicted mortality after CA.
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Paro Cardíaco/etiología , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/complicaciones , Femenino , Paro Cardíaco/diagnóstico , Paro Cardíaco/epidemiología , Paro Cardíaco/mortalidad , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Sistema de Registros , Estudios Retrospectivos , Análisis de SupervivenciaAsunto(s)
Choque Cardiogénico/terapia , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/terapia , Anciano , Comorbilidad , Femenino , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Estudios Prospectivos , Sistema de Registros , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Choque Cardiogénico/mortalidad , Choque Cardiogénico/fisiopatología , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/mortalidad , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/fisiopatología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ethnic disparities have been reported in cardiovascular disease. However, ethnic disparities in takotsubo syndrome (TTS) remain elusive. This study assessed differences in clinical characteristics between Japanese and European TTS patients and determined the impact of ethnicity on in-hospital outcomes. METHODS: TTS patients in Japan were enrolled from 10 hospitals and TTS patients in Europe were enrolled from 32 hospitals participating in the International Takotsubo Registry. Clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes were compared between Japanese and European patients. RESULTS: A total of 503 Japanese and 1670 European patients were included. Japanese patients were older (72.6 ± 11.4 years vs. 68.0 ± 12.0 years; p < 0.001) and more likely to be male (18.5 vs. 8.4%; p < 0.001) than European TTS patients. Physical triggering factors were more common (45.5 vs. 32.0%; p < 0.001), and emotional triggers less common (17.5 vs. 31.5%; p < 0.001), in Japanese patients than in European patients. Japanese patients were more likely to experience cardiogenic shock during the acute phase (15.5 vs. 9.0%; p < 0.001) and had a higher in-hospital mortality (8.2 vs. 3.2%; p < 0.001). However, ethnicity itself did not appear to have an impact on in-hospital mortality. Machine learning approach revealed that the presence of physical stressors was the most important prognostic factor in both Japanese and European TTS patients. CONCLUSION: Differences in clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes between Japanese and European TTS patients exist. Ethnicity does not impact the outcome in TTS patients. The worse in-hospital outcome in Japanese patients, is mainly driven by the higher prevalence of physical triggers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique Identifier: NCT01947621.
Asunto(s)
Pueblo Asiatico/estadística & datos numéricos , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/etnología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Anciano , Pueblo Asiatico/etnología , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Mortalidad Hospitalaria/etnología , Humanos , Japón/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Sistema de Registros , Choque Cardiogénico/etnología , Choque Cardiogénico/mortalidad , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/mortalidad , Población Blanca/etnologíaRESUMEN
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for mortality. The prevalence, clinical correlates, and prognostic impact of AF in Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) have not yet been investigated in a large patient cohort. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, clinical correlates, and prognostic impact of AF in patients with TTS. Methods and Results Patients with TTS were enrolled from the International Takotsubo Registry, which is a multinational network with 26 participating centers in Europe and the United States. Patients were dichotomized according to the presence or absence of AF at the time of admission. Of 1584 patients with TTS, 112 (7.1%) had AF. The mean age was higher (P<0.001), and there were fewer women (P=0.046) in the AF than in the non-AF group. Left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower (P=0.001), and cardiogenic shock was more often observed (P<0.001) in the AF group. Both in-hospital (P<0.001) and long-term mortality (P<0.001) were higher in the AF group. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that AF was independently associated with higher long-term mortality (hazard ratio, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.50-3.55; P<0.001). Among patients with AF on admission, 42% had no known history of AF before the acute TTS event, and such patients had comparable in-hospital and long-term outcomes compared with those with a history of AF. Conclusions In patients presenting with TTS, AF on admission is significantly associated with increased in-hospital and long-term mortality rates. Whether antiarrhythmics and/or cardioversion are beneficial in TTS with AF should thus be tested in a future trial. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01947621.
Asunto(s)
Fibrilación Atrial/epidemiología , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/epidemiología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Fibrilación Atrial/diagnóstico , Fibrilación Atrial/mortalidad , Fibrilación Atrial/terapia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Admisión del Paciente , Prevalencia , Pronóstico , Estudios Prospectivos , Sistema de Registros , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/mortalidad , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/terapia , Factores de Tiempo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
AIMS: Acute pulmonary disorders are known physical triggers of takotsubo syndrome (TTS). This study aimed to investigate prevalence of acute pulmonary triggers in patients with TTS and their impact on outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with TTS were enrolled from the International Takotsubo Registry and screened for triggering factors and comorbidities. Patients were categorized into three groups (acute pulmonary trigger, chronic lung disease, and no lung disease) to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes. Of the 1670 included patients with TTS, 123 (7%) were identified with an acute pulmonary trigger, and 194 (12%) had a known history of chronic lung disease. The incidence of cardiogenic shock was highest in patients with an acute pulmonary trigger compared with those with chronic lung disease or without lung disease (17% vs. 10% vs. 9%, P = 0.017). In-hospital mortality was also higher in patients with an acute pulmonary trigger than in the other two groups, although not significantly (5.7% vs. 1.5% vs. 4.2%, P = 0.13). Survival analysis demonstrated that patients with an acute pulmonary trigger had the worst long-term outcome (P = 0.002). The presence of an acute pulmonary trigger was independently associated with worse long-term mortality (hazard ratio 2.12, 95% confidence interval 1.33-3.38; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that TTS is related to acute pulmonary triggers in 7% of all TTS patients, which accounts for 21% of patients with physical triggers. The presence of acute pulmonary trigger is associated with a severe in-hospital course and a worse long-term outcome.
Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo , Humanos , Pronóstico , Sistema de Registros , Choque Cardiogénico , Análisis de Supervivencia , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/complicaciones , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
AIMS: The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of aspirin on prognosis in takotsubo syndrome (TTS). METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients from the International Takotsubo (InterTAK) Registry were categorized into two groups based on aspirin prescription at discharge. A comparison of clinical outcomes between groups was performed using an adjusted analysis with propensity score (PS) stratification; results from the unadjusted analysis were also reported to note the effect of the PS adjustment. Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE: a composite of death, myocardial infarction, TTS recurrence, stroke or transient ischaemic attack) were assessed at 30-day and 5-year follow-up. A total of 1533 TTS patients with known status regarding aspirin prescription at discharge were included. According to the adjusted analysis based on PS stratification, aspirin was not associated with a lower hazard of MACCE at 30-day [hazard ratio (HR) 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50-3.04, P = 0.64] or 5-year follow-up (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.78-1.58, P = 0.58). These results were confirmed by sensitivity analyses performed with alternative PS-based methods, i.e. covariate adjustment and inverse probability of treatment weighting. CONCLUSION: In the present study, no association was found between aspirin use in TTS patients and a reduced risk of MACCE at 30-day and 5-year follow-up. These findings should be confirmed in adequately powered randomized controlled trials. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01947621.
Asunto(s)
Aspirina/uso terapéutico , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Ataque Isquémico Transitorio , Infarto del Miocardio , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/uso terapéutico , Puntaje de Propensión , Recurrencia , Sistema de Registros , Accidente Cerebrovascular , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/epidemiología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) occurs predominantly in post-menopausal women but is also found in younger patients. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate age-related differences in TTS. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with TTS and enrolled in the International Takotsubo Registry between January 2011 and February 2017 were included in this analysis and were stratified by age (younger: ≤50 years, middle-age: 51 to 74 years, elderly: ≥75 years). Baseline characteristics, hospital course, as well as short- and long-term mortality were compared among groups. RESULTS: Of 2,098 TTS patients, 242 (11.5%) patients were ≤50 years of age, 1,194 (56.9%) were 51 to 74 years of age, and 662 (31.6%) were ≥75 years of age. Younger patients were more often men (12.4% vs. 10.9% vs. 6.3%; p = 0.002) and had an increased prevalence of acute neurological (16.3% vs. 8.4% vs. 8.8%; p = 0.001) or psychiatric disorders (14.1% vs. 10.3% vs. 5.6%; p < 0.001) compared with middle-aged and elderly TTS patients. Furthermore, younger patients had more often cardiogenic shock (15.3% vs. 9.1% vs. 8.1%; p = 0.004) and had a numerically higher in-hospital mortality (6.6% vs. 3.6% vs. 5.1%; p = 0.07). At multivariable analysis, younger (odds ratio: 1.60; 95% confidence interval: 0.86 to 3.01; p = 0.14) and older age (odds ratio: 1.09; 95% confidence interval: 0.66 to 1.80; p = 0.75) were not independently associated with in-hospital mortality using the middle-aged group as a reference. There were no differences in 60-day mortality rates among groups. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of TTS patients are younger than 50 years of age. TTS is associated with severe complications requiring intensive care, particularly in younger patients.
Asunto(s)
Factores de Edad , Edad de Inicio , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Choque Cardiogénico , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo , Anciano , Causalidad , Femenino , Salud Global , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mortalidad , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Pronóstico , Sistema de Registros , Medición de Riesgo/estadística & datos numéricos , Choque Cardiogénico/epidemiología , Choque Cardiogénico/etiología , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/complicaciones , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/epidemiología , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Background Left ventricular (LV) recovery in takotsubo syndrome (TTS) occurs over a wide-ranging interval, varying from hours to weeks. We sought to investigate the clinical predictors and prognostic impact of recovery time for TTS patients. Methods and Results TTS patients from the International Takotsubo Registry were included in this study. Cut-off for early LV recovery was determined to be 10 days after the acute event. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with the absence of early recovery. In-hospital outcomes and 1-year mortality were compared for patients with versus without early recovery. We analyzed 406 patients with comprehensive and serial imaging data regarding time to recovery. Of these, 191 (47.0%) had early LV recovery and 215 (53.0%) demonstrated late LV improvement. Patients without early recovery were more often male (12.6% versus 5.2%; P=0.011) and presented more frequently with typical TTS (76.3% versus 67.0%, P=0.040). Cardiac and inflammatory markers were higher in patients without early recovery than in those with early recovery. Patients without early recovery showed unfavorable 1-year outcome compared with patients with early recovery (P=0.003). On multiple logistic regression, male sex, LV ejection fraction <45%, and acute neurologic disorders were associated with the absence of early recovery. Conclusions TTS patients without early LV recovery have different clinical characteristics and less favorable 1-year outcome compared with patients with early recovery. The factors associated with the absence of early recovery included male sex, reduced LV ejection fraction, and acute neurologic events. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01947621.
Asunto(s)
Recuperación de la Función , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/fisiopatología , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Estudios Prospectivos , Sistema de Registros , Estudios Retrospectivos , Suiza , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Background Clinical characteristics and outcomes of takotsubo syndrome (TTS) patients with malignancy have not been fully elucidated. This study sought to explore differences in clinical characteristics and to investigate short- and long-term outcomes in TTS patients with or without malignancy. Methods and Results TTS patients were enrolled from the International Takotsubo Registry. The TTS cohort was divided into patients with and without malignancy to investigate differences in clinical characteristics and to assess short- and long-term mortality. A subanalysis was performed comparing long-term mortality between a subset of TTS patients with or without malignancy and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with or without malignancy. Malignancy was observed in 16.6% of 1604 TTS patients. Patients with malignancy were older and more likely to have physical triggers, but less likely to have emotional triggers compared with those without malignancy. Long-term mortality was higher in patients with malignancy (P<0.001), while short-term outcome was comparable (P=0.17). In a subanalysis, long-term mortality was comparable between TTS patients with malignancies and ACS patients with malignancies (P=0.13). Malignancy emerged as an independent predictor of long-term mortality. Conclusions A substantial number of TTS patients show an association with malignancy. History of malignancy might increase the risk for TTS, and therefore, appropriate screening for malignancy should be considered in these patients. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrial.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01947621.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/mortalidad , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/mortalidad , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Estudios Prospectivos , Sistema de Registros , Estudios Retrospectivos , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/complicaciones , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Aetiology of heart failure (HF) often remains obscure. We therefore evaluated the usefulness of a combined diagnostic approach including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) and endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) to assess the cause of unexplained cardiomyopathy underlying HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We retrospectively investigated 100 consecutive patients (36% women, mean age 53.6 ± 18.8 years) presenting with unexplained cardiomyopathy (HF with reduced ejection fraction or left ventricular hypertrophy; excluding ischaemic and valvular heart disease; left ventricular ejection fraction 31.6 ± 13.9%, Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 18.2 ± 9.3 mmHg, heart rate 89 ± 26.6 b.p.m.; mean ± SEM) at the University Medical Center Mainz. We performed electrocardiography, echocardiography, CMRI, and cardiac catheterization with EMB analysed at a Food and Drug Administration-approved reference centre in 100%, 94%, 69%, and 100% of patients, respectively. On the basis of CMRI findings, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and medical history, the exact cause of cardiomyopathy remained uncertain in 37 of 69 cases (53.6%). In EMB, 25% of patients had viral replication, 23% had inflammation defined as lymphocytic infiltrations without active virus replication, 1% had giant cell myocarditis, and 1% had eosinophilic myocarditis. After diagnostic workup including EMB findings, the cause of cardiomyopathy remained unidentified in 14% of the cases, classified as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 10% or 4%, respectively. EMB helped to discuss a causal treatment strategy of HF involving immunosuppression or antiviral treatment in 53% of patients, which was opted for in 12% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive workup including imaging and EMB in an all-comer population of patients with HF may help physicians to improve diagnostics of unexplained cardiomyopathy in the majority of cases.
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Biopsia/métodos , Manejo de la Enfermedad , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Miocardio/patología , Cateterismo Cardíaco , Ecocardiografía , Electrocardiografía , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/terapia , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Imagen por Resonancia Cinemagnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Volumen Sistólico/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prognosis of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) remains controversial due to scarcity of available data. Additionally, the effect of the triggering factors remains elusive. OBJECTIVES: This study compared prognosis between TTS and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and investigated short- and long-term outcomes in TTS based on different triggers. METHODS: Patients with TTS were enrolled from the International Takotsubo Registry. Long-term mortality of patients with TTS was compared to an age- and sex-matched cohort of patients with ACS. In addition, short- and long-term outcomes were compared between different groups according to triggering conditions. RESULTS: Overall, TTS patients had a comparable long-term mortality risk with ACS patients. Of 1,613 TTS patients, an emotional trigger was detected in 485 patients (30%). Of 630 patients (39%) related to physical triggers, 98 patients (6%) had acute neurologic disorders, while in the other 532 patients (33%), physical activities, medical conditions, or procedures were the triggering conditions. The remaining 498 patients (31%) had no identifiable trigger. TTS patients related to physical stress showed higher mortality rates than ACS patients during long-term follow-up, whereas patients related to emotional stress had better outcomes compared with ACS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, TTS patients had long-term outcomes comparable to age- and sex-matched ACS patients. Also, we demonstrated that TTS can either be benign or a life-threating condition depending on the inciting stress factor. We propose a new classification based on triggers, which can serve as a clinical tool to predict short- and long-term outcomes of TTS. (International Takotsubo Registry [InterTAK Registry]; NCT01947621).