Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Continue to Bear the Burden of Gun Violence.

INTRODUCTION: Gun violence is a pervasive and dynamic public health crisis causing substantial burden on communities and healthcare systems in the United States. Risk factor and outcome analyses are crucial to develop effective interventions. The aim of this study was to assess firearm injury in a diverse community setting as it relates to neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and changes over time following large-scale local interventions. METHODS: All county residents with firearm injury presenting to a Level 1 Trauma Center from January 2012 to December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Area Deprivation Index (ADI) was used to measure neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage based on a nine-digit zip code at patients' home address. Injuries were also stratified by 5-year time periods, 2012-2016 and 2017-2021. Demographics and clinical data were analyzed including injury severity, hospital course, and discharge location. Data were compared by ADI quintile and between time periods using chi-squared, one-way analysis of variance, and Cochran-Armitage test. RESULTS: A total of 1044 injuries were evaluated. Patients were 93% male with mean age of 29 y (standard deviation 10.2) and were concentrated in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods (74% ADI Q5). Black or African American race was greater in the most disadvantaged ADI groups (76% versus 47%-66%; P <0.001). Percentage of total injuries in the most disadvantaged ADI group rose from 71% to 78% over time (P = 0.006). Mortality occurred in 154 (15%) patients overall, while most (71%) were discharged to home. Mortality declined from 18% to 11% over time (P <0.001). Medicaid utilization rose from 42% to 77% alongside a decrease in self-pay status from 44% to 4% (P <0.001). There were no clinically significant group differences in injury severity or clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Firearm injury remains concentrated in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods, and this disparity is increasing over time. Medicaid utilization rose and mortality decreased in this population over time. This research presents a method to inform and monitor local gun violence interventions using ADI to address public health equity.

Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Treatments for Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency: A Systematic Literature Review.

INTRODUCTION: Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is caused by multiple clinical conditions such as cystic fibrosis and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Standard management of EPI includes pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) along with consultation with a dietitian. While PERTs have been on the market for several decades, newer publications on their clinical efficacy and safety raised the need for a comprehensive review of the literature. We aimed to identify the available evidence on the clinical efficacy and safety of treatments for EPI to understand the current treatment landscape and unmet need in patients with EPI. METHODS: A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted in Embase, Medline, and Evidence-Based Medicine databases from 2010 to 2022; conference proceedings from 2020 to 2022 were also searched. Articles were screened independently by two reviewers at abstract and full-text stage against predefined eligibility criteria. RESULTS: We identified 26 journal publications and two conference abstracts, reporting on 22 randomized control trials, four observational studies, and two single-arm interventional studies. The most reported treatment was pancrelipase, specifically Creon® (n = 12). Fourteen studies reported coefficient of fat absorption (CFA) results. Across studies, patients experienced a considerable increase in CFA post-initiation of treatment regardless of intervention or timepoint. Mean change in CFA ranged from 7.5% in patients with CP who received placebo to 36% in patients with CP treated with Creon®. Ten studies reported coefficient of nitrogen absorption (CNA). Where reported, pancrelipase (including Creon®) increased CNA levels in EPI patients compared to placebo. Only one study compared PERT brands head-to-head: no significant differences were reported in the CNA-72 h values (Creon® 82.0% [SE: 1.2] vs. Zenpep® 80.9% [SE: 1.2]). Loss of body weight and low body mass index (BMI) are important features of EPI. Overall, treatment with PERT increased BMI and body weight, or limited their decline, with increases ranging from 0.1 to 6.1 kg. Based on the 18 studies that reported safety outcomes, PERT was considered safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: This SLR confirmed that PERT is an effective and tolerable treatment option for patients with EPI. However, nutritional parameters and health-related quality of life data were sparsely reported, and future clinical trials should look to incorporate these data given their importance in clinical practice and patient outcomes.

Bike Helmet Usage in the Most Disadvantaged Neighborhoods: A Focused Area for Trauma Prevention.

INTRODUCTION: There is a paucity of data to describe how neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage (NSD) correlates with childhood injuries and outcomes. This study assesses the relationship of NSD to bicycle safety and trauma outcomes among pediatric bicycle versus automobile injuries. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2018, patients ≤18 y old with bicycle versus automobile injuries from a Level I pediatric trauma center were evaluated. Area Deprivation Index (ADI) was used to measure NSD. Patient demographics, injury, clinical data characteristics, and bike safety were analyzed. Traffic scene data from the Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System were matched to clinical records. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess demographic characteristics related to helmet usage. RESULTS: Among 321 patients, 84% were male with a median age of 12 y [interquartile range 9-13], and 44% were of Hispanic ethnicity. Hispanic ethnicity was greater in the most disadvantaged ADI groups (P < 0.001). Mortality occurred in two patients, and most (96%) were discharged home. Of Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System matched traffic records, 81% were at locations without a bike lane. No differences were found in GCS, intensive care unit admission, or length of stay by ADI. Hispanic ethnicity and the highest deprivation group were independently associated with lower odds of wearing a helmet (AOR 0.35, 95% confidence interval 0.1-0.9, P = 0.03; AOR 0.33 95% confidence interval 0.17-0.62; P = 0.001), while patient age and sex were unrelated to helmet usage. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes for bike versus auto trauma remains similar across ADI groups. However, bike helmet usage is significantly lower among Hispanic children and those from neighborhoods with greater socioeconomic disadvantage.

Frequency of Potentially Avoidable Surgical Referrals for Asymptomatic Umbilical Hernias in Children.

INTRODUCTION: The American Association of Pediatrics released guidelines in 2019 recommending delay of surgical referral in children with asymptomatic umbilical hernias until 4-5 y of age. The purpose of this study was to assess contemporary rates of potentially avoidable referrals in this cohort of children, and to assess whether rates have decreased following guideline release. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of umbilical hernias referrals evaluated at a single pediatric surgery clinic from October 2014 to August 2021. Potentially avoidable referrals (PAR) were defined as asymptomatic, non-enlarging umbilical hernia referrals in a child 3 y of age or younger without a history of incarceration. Referral indication, disposition following clinic visit, and rates of PAR were compared before and after guideline release. RESULTS: A total of 803 umbilical hernia referrals were evaluated, of which 48% were in children 3 y of age or younger at time of evaluation ("early" referrals). 33% of all referrals and 68% of early referrals were categorized as a PAR, and rates were similar before and after guideline release (all referrals: 32% versus 33%, P = 0.94; early referrals: 68% versus 67%, P = 0.94). Of the 333 early referrals who were managed expectantly per guideline recommendations, 2 (0.6%) developed incarceration which was managed with successful reduction and interval repair. CONCLUSIONS: One-third of all referrals for umbilical hernia evaluation are potentially avoidable, and this rate did not change following release of American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. Aligning expectations between surgeons and referring providers through improved education and guideline dissemination may reduce avoidable visits, lost caregiver productivity, and exposure to potentially avoidable surgery.

Generic and Disease-specific Health-related Quality of Life in Pediatric Intestinal Failure.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess overall and disease-specific health-related quality of life (hrQOL) in patients with pediatric intestinal failure (PIF) and caregivers and elucidate differences from healthy and chronic gastrointestinal (GI) illness cohorts. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of patients with PIF and their caregivers managed at a multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation program using the PedsQL Generic Core and the Gastrointestinal Symptoms Module to assess generic and disease-specific hrQOL, respectively. These data were compared to established healthy and chronic GI disease controls. RESULTS: A total of 53 patients (mean age 6.2 ±â€Š3.9 years) and their caregivers were studied. Patients reported lower generic hrQOL than healthy children (73.0 vs 83.84, P < 0.001), but no difference from patients with chronic GI disease (73.0 vs 77.79). In contrast, PIF caregivers perceived similar generic hrQOL compared to a healthy cohort (78.9 vs 82.70), but higher when compared to the GI disease cohort (78.9 vs 72.74, P < 0.01). Patients with PIF and caregivers reported lower psychosocial health scores than healthy controls. Patients and caregivers reported similar disease-specific hrQOL to a cohort with chronic GI disease but significantly lower disease-specific hrQOL than a healthy cohort (P < 0.001 both groups). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PIF and their caregivers have disparate perceptions of generic hrQOL when compared to healthy and chronic GI disease controls. Both patients and caregivers, however, had significantly lower scores in psychosocial health than healthy controls. In addition, disease-specific hrQOL was substantially lower than healthy controls for PIF patients and caregivers. Further investigation to expand on these findings and identify modifiable variables to improve the psychosocial health score and disease-specific factors would be of high value.

Safety of delayed surgical repair of omphalocele-exstrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defects (OEIS) complex in infants with significant comorbidities.

PURPOSE: Management of infants with OEIS complex is challenging and not standardized. Expeditious surgery after birth has been recommended to limit soilage of the urinary tract and optimize intestinal function. However, clinical instability secondary to comorbidities is common in this population and early operation carries risk. We sought to define the risk/benefit profile of delaying repair. METHODS: All newborn patients with OEIS managed by our institution between Sep 2017 and Oct 2019 were reviewed. Comorbidities were evaluated, including cardiopulmonary pathologies and associated malformations. RESULTS: Ten patients with OEIS were managed. Patients underwent early (2 patients, repair at 0-2 days) or delayed (6 patients, repair at 6-87 days) first-stage exstrophy repair. Two patients died prior to repair (progressive respiratory failure, severe genetic anomalies). Repairs were delayed secondary to cardiac conditions, neurosurgical interventions, medical disease, and/or delayed transfer. Delayed repair patients had longer lengths of stay and use of parenteral nutrition. No patients experienced urinary tract infections prior to repair. CONCLUSIONS: Delaying first-stage exstrophy repair to allow physiologic optimization is safe. All repaired patients were discharged home, without parenteral nutrition or supplemental oxygen.

The clinical, economic, and humanistic burden of treatments for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and cost-effectiveness of treatments: A systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: To examine the burden of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), specifically the clinical impact of EPI on patients, their quality of life (QoL) and the cost-effectiveness of existing treatments. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted using key search terms for the clinical, economic, and humanistic burden. Databases were searched from 2010 to 2022, with articles screened independently by 2 reviewers at abstract and full-text stage against pre-defined eligibility criteria. RESULTS: Seventy-one publications were identified that reported relevant clinical, humanistic, and economic data. Prevalence and incidence of EPI varied across identified studies; EPI appears to be especially prevalent as a comorbid condition in patients with cystic fibrosis. EPI has a large impact on QoL, with lower QoL scores in patients with EPI compared with those without EPI. The instruments used to assess QoL, however, were inconsistent across studies. Where reported, economic burden studies highlighted that patients with EPI have higher healthcare resource utilization compared with those without, with costs increasing with disease severity. CONCLUSION: This systematic literature review highlights that patients with EPI have higher treatment costs and lower QoL scores than patients without EPI. The prevalence of EPI as a comorbid condition is high, particularly in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors versus radiation therapy in unresectable dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP): A narrative systematic review.

BACKGROUND: In unresectable dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), no clear guideline exists regarding the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) versus radiotherapy. This study reviews current literature regarding TKI and radiotherapy in unresectable DFSP. METHODS: Following PROSPERO registration (CRD42021232508), a systematic literature search was performed including all studies reporting clinical results of TKI and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of unresectable DFSP. A narrative synthesis was used to compare patient characteristics, outcomes, and adverse effects. RESULTS: Of 1345 screened studies, 14 were included for review. Patient age ranged 18-77 years and 55% were male. Radiotherapy patients exhibited lower grade disease than TKI patients. Overall clinical benefit following TKI ranged from 70% to 96%. Radiotherapy patients exhibited control or resolution on last follow-up in 90% of cases. Radiotherapy adverse effects were mild, while TKI adverse effects were more severe and managed with dose reduction. CONCLUSION: TKI may be employed in unresectable DFSP of all histology types whereas radiation alone may be limited to low-grade and classic-type DFSP. TKI may cause more severe adverse effects compared to radiation alone.

Evaluating pediatric car safety compliance in motor vehicle collisions: Identifying high-risk groups for improper restraint usage.

PURPOSE: To identify patient factors associated with improper restraint usage and worse trauma outcomes for pediatric patients involved in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). METHODS: Retrospective study performed at a Level I pediatric trauma center for patients (≤18 yr) evaluated after MVC between 2008 and 2018. The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) was used to measure neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage (NSD) levels based on the patient's home address. Trauma registry data was correlated to ADI and used to analyze appropriate restraint usage by NSD. Proper restraint practices were defined based on national guidelines and state laws. Demographics and clinical outcomes were also analyzed. Chi-square analysis with Bonferroni corrections was used to assess the association of ADI, race, and ethnicity with proper restraint usage. RESULTS: Among 1152 patients included, approximately 50% were male, the median age was 7 years [IQR 4-10], and 53% were of Hispanic ethnicity. Hispanic patients comprised 73% of children in ADI quintile 5 (greatest NSD), yet only 26% of children in ADI quintile 1 (least NSD). No differences were observed across clinical data and outcomes. Hispanic children <8 yr were significantly less likely to be in a car seat/booster seat compared to non-Hispanic children (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50-0.95, p = 0.025). Furthermore, those with greatest NSD (ADI quintile 5) had the largest proportion of unrestrained patients (21%, see Fig. 1). CONCLUSION: Hispanic children, especially those who require infant or booster seats (<8 yr), and children living in areas with greater neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage demonstrated poorer restraint practices. ADI can successfully identify high-risk groups for targeted injury prevention programs and improved compliance in the most vulnerable neighborhoods. TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective Study.

Medicaid expansion is associated with earlier diagnosis of gastric cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The 2014 Medicaid expansion was intended to improve access to care. We hypothesized that Medicaid expansion would be associated with improved gastric cancer (GC) outcomes. METHODS: We selected patients with a new primary diagnosis of GC from the National Cancer Database. We compared states that expanded Medicaid in 2014 to those that did not. We compared pre-and post-expansion intervals 2012-2013 and 2015-2016. RESULTS: There was an increase in patients diagnosed with stage 0-2 GC from 38% to 41.5% [p < 0.01] in expansion states (ES), but no change at 38.9% in non-expansion states (NES). Uninsured and Medicaid patients diagnosed with stages 0-2 GC increased in ES from 32.4% to 37.8% [p = 0.01] and decreased in NES from 29.7% to 27.3% [p = n.s.]. Uninsured and Medicaid patients receiving treatment rose from 87.0% to 90.3% in ES [p < 0.01] and in NES 83.9%-84.9% [p = n.s.]. Twelve-month survival for ES rose from 68.1% to 70.6% [p = 0.03] and in NES decreased 65.2%-65.1% [p = n.s.]. CONCLUSION: Increased healthcare access may be related to earlier diagnosis and improved outcomes in GC.

Using Ethereum Smart Contracts to Store and Share COVID-19 Patient Data.

Introduction The emergence and rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have revealed the limitations in current healthcare systems to handle patient records securely and transparently, and novel protocols are required to address these shortcomings. An attractive option is the use of Ethereum smart contracts to secure the storage of medical records and concomitant data logs. Ethereum is an open-source platform that can be used to construct smart contracts, which are collections of code that allow transactions under certain parameters and are self-executable. Methods The present study developed a proof-of-concept smart contract that stores COVID-19 patient data such as the patient identifier (ID), variant, chest CT grade, and significant comorbidities. A sample, fictitious patient data for the purpose of testing was configured to a private network. A smart contract was created in the Ethereum state and tested by measuring the time to insert and query patient data. Results Testing with a private, Proof of Authority (PoA) network required only 191 milliseconds and 890 MB of memory per insertion to insert 50 records while inserting 350 records required 674 milliseconds and similar memory per insertion, as memory per insertion was nearly constant with the increasing number of records inserted. Retrieving required 912 MB for a query involving all three fields and no wildcards in a 350-record database. Only 883 MB was needed to procure a similar observation from a 50-record database. Conclusion This study exemplifies the use of smart contracts for efficient retrieval/insertion of COVID-19 patient data and provides a case use of secure and efficient data logging for sensitive COVID-19 data.

Integrating traffic safety data with area deprivation index: A method to better understand the causes of pediatric pedestrian versus automobile collisions.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify clinical and traffic factors that influence pediatric pedestrian versus automobile collisions (P-ACs) with an emphasis on health care disparities. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of pediatric (18 years or younger) P-ACs treated at a Level I pediatric trauma center from 2008 to 2018. Demographic, clinical, and traffic scene data were analyzed. Area deprivation index (ADI) was used to measure neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage (NSD) based on home addresses. Traffic scene data from the California Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System were matched to clinical records. Traffic safety was assessed by the streetlight coverage, the proximity of the collision to home addresses, and sidewalk coverage. Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis for key variables and outcomes were calculated using Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, χ 2 , or Fisher's exact tests. Statistical significance was attributed to p values of <0.05. RESULTS: Among 770 patients, the majority were male (65%) and Hispanic (54%), with a median age of 8 years (interquartile range, 4-12 years). Hispanic patients were more likely to live in more disadvantaged neighborhoods than non-Hispanic patients (67% vs. 45%, p < 0.01). There were no differences in clinical characteristics or outcomes across ADI quintiles. Using the Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System (n = 272), patients with more NSD were more likely injured during dark streetlight conditions (15% vs. 4% least disadvantaged; p = 0.04) and within 0.5 miles from home ( p < 0.01). Pedestrian violations were common (65%). During after-school hours, 25% were pedestrian violations, compared with 12% driver violations ( p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: A larger proportion of Hispanic children injured in P-ACs lived in neighborhoods with more socioeconomic disadvantage. Hispanic ethnicity and NSD are each independently associated with P-ACs. Poor streetlight conditions and close proximity to home were associated with the most socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. This research may support targeted prevention programs to improve pedestrian safety in children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic/Epidemiological; Level IV.

A minimally invasive pilonidal protocol improves quality of life in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Pilonidal disease adversely affects the quality of life (QoL) of adolescents with this condition. We report the impact of minimally invasive care on the QoL of a series of adolescent patients in a dedicated Pilonidal Care Clinic. METHODS: Beginning in February 2019, all patients completed QoL surveys prior to each visit reporting current symptoms and their QoL impact. Data were collected prospectively with objective disease severity and treatment details. Patients with at least 2 clinic visits were included. Demographics, procedures performed, and median QoL scores by severity were analyzed. RESULTS: 74 patients were included. Mean age was 17.3 years (SD 2.4), mean BMI was 27.5 (SD 6.2), median follow-up duration was 4 months (2-12). At intake patients reported a median total QoL impact of 12 for those with mild disease, 11 for those with moderate disease, and 12 with severe disease. Median total QoL impact resolved by the second visit for patients with mild disease, the third for moderate disease, and decreased 88% by the fourth visit for patients with severe disease. CONCLUSION: Pilonidal disease has a profound impact on most patients' quality of life. Minimally invasive care promptly resolves negative impacts on quality of life in adolescents.

Improving Resource Utilization and Outcomes Using a Minimally Invasive Pilonidal Protocol.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resource utilization and outcome of a minimally invasive pilonidal protocol (MIPP) versus surgical excision (SE) in adolescents with pilonidal disease. METHODS: Improved hygiene, laser epilation (LE), and sinusectomy were implemented as a minimally invasive pilonidal protocol (MIPP) in March 2016. Following IRB approval, 34 consecutive MIPP patients with moderate and severe disease were compared with a random sample of 17 SE patients treated prior to MIPP implementation. Number of visits, laser epilation (LE) treatments, care duration, operations, operating room (OR) time, charges, and condition at last visit were analyzed. Charges were standardized for 2018. RESULTS: No differences were found in age or body mass index between groups. SE patients underwent an average 1.6 excisions/patient (cumulative 2598 OR minutes) and no LE. MIPP patients underwent an average 1.4 sinusectomies and 3.5 LEs/patient. Six sinusectomies (0.17/patient) were performed in OR (cumulative 258 OR minutes). No differences in number of visits or care duration were found between groups. At last follow-up, 82% of MIPP and 18% of SE patients were healed or asymptomatic (p < 0.01). Average charges were $29,098 for SE versus $8440 for MIPP (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A minimally invasive pilonidal protocol reduces charges and improves outcome compared with surgical excision in adolescents. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III. TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective comparative study.

Long-Term Outcomes and Disease Burden of Neonatal Onset Short Bowel Syndrome.

PURPOSE: The study aims to describe long-term outcomes and disease burden of neonatal onset short bowel syndrome (SBS). METHODS: Utilizing the WHO criteria for adolescence, patients 10-19 years of age with neonatal onset SBS requiring parenteral nutrition (PN) for >90 days and followed by our multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation center between 2009 and 2018 were included for analysis. RESULTS: Seventy adolescents with SBS were studied. Median (IQR) age at last follow up in our center was 15 (11, 17) years. There was 0% mortality in the cohort, and 94% remained transplant free. Fifty-three patients (76%) achieved enteral autonomy. Three patients were weaned from PN without transplantation after six years of follow-up and another four after ten years of care at our multidisciplinary center. Disease burden remained higher in adolescents receiving PN, including inpatient hospitalizations (p < 0.01), procedures (p = 0.01), clinic visits (p < 0.01), and number of prescribed medications (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Survival for adolescents with neonatal onset SBS is excellent. Of the cohort studied, there was no mortality, and more than 75% achieved enteral autonomy. Disease burden remains high for adolescents who remain dependent on PN. However, achievement of enteral autonomy is feasible with long-term multidisciplinary rehabilitation. TYPE OF STUDY: Prognosis study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Long-term outcomes of severe surgical necrotizing enterocolitis.

PURPOSE: We sought to describe long-term outcomes of infants with severe surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). METHODS: Data were collected on infants with surgical NEC (2009-2018). Severe surgical NEC was defined by extensive bowel loss with residual bowel length <30 cm, and "NEC totalis" was identified per operative report. Post-operative management and long-term outcomes were assessed, including enteral autonomy, severe neurodevelopmental disability, and educational attainment. RESULTS: Of 268 infants with surgical NEC, 41 (15%) had severe surgical NEC, and 14/41 were identified as "NEC totalis". Zero severe NEC vs. 8 (57%) "NEC totalis" patients were placed on comfort measures following initial surgery (p < 0.001). Twenty-five patients (93%) with severe NEC survived vs 3/6 with "NEC totalis" (p < 0.001). The 28 survivors (68%) were followed for a median (IQR) duration of 8(4,10) years. Nine (32%) with severe NEC were weaned from parenteral nutrition. Eight (29%) had ≥1 marker for severe neurodevelopmental disability, and 11/16(69%) (7-16 years) were attending school at last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Long-term survival is excellent following initial discharge, and achievement of enteral autonomy is feasible in patients with severe surgical NEC. The majority of patients who survive do not have severe neurodevelopmental disability and participate in school. Given current survivals and outcomes, focus on measured residual bowel length may be more appropriate than the subjective term "NEC-totalis." TYPE OF STUDY: Prognosis Study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Chronically Impairs Sleep- and Wake-Dependent Emotional Processing.

Study Objectives: A single traumatic brain injury (TBI), even when mild (ie, concussion), can cause lasting consequences. Individuals with a history of chronic (>1-year prior) mild TBI have an increased risk of mood disturbances (eg, depression, suicide). This population also has lingering sleep alterations, including poor sleep quality and changes in sleep stage proportions. Given these sleep deficits, we aimed to test whether sleep-dependent emotional memory consolidation is reduced in this population. We utilized a mild TBI group (3.7 ± 2.9 years post injury) and an uninjured (non-TBI) population. Methods: Participants viewed negative and neutral images both before and after a 12-hour period containing sleep ("Sleep" group) or an equivalent period of time spent awake ("Wake" group). Participants rated images for valence/arousal at both sessions, and memory recognition was tested at session two. Results: The TBI group had less rapid eye movement (REM), longer REM latency, and more sleep complaints. Sleep-dependent memory consolidation of nonemotional images was present in all participants. However, consolidation of negative images was only present in the non-TBI group. A lack of differentiation between the TBI Sleep and Wake groups was due to poor performance in the sleep group and, unexpectedly, enhanced performance in the wake group. Additionally, although the non-TBI participants habituated to negative images over a waking period, the TBI participants did not. Conclusions: We propose disrupted sleep- and wake-dependent emotional processing contributes to poor emotional outcomes following chronic, mild TBI. This work has broad implications, as roughly one-third of the US population will sustain a mild TBI during their lifetime.

Altered sleep composition after traumatic brain injury does not affect declarative sleep-dependent memory consolidation.

Individuals with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) often report sleep disturbances, which may be caused by changes in sleep architecture or reduced sleep quality (greater time awake after sleep onset, poorer sleep efficiency, and sleep stage proportion alterations). Sleep is beneficial for memory formation, and herein we examine whether altered sleep physiology following TBI has deleterious effects on sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation. Participants learned a list of word pairs in the morning or evening, and recall was assessed 12-h later, following an interval awake or with overnight sleep. Young adult participants (18-22 years) were assigned to one of four experimental groups: TBI Sleep (n = 14), TBI Wake (n = 12), non-TBI Sleep (n = 15), non-TBI Wake (n = 15). Each TBI participant was >1 year post-injury. Sleep physiology was measured with polysomnography. Memory consolidation was assessed by comparing change in word-pair recall over 12-h intersession intervals. The TBI group spent a significantly greater proportion of the night in SWS than the non-TBI group at the expense of NREM1. The TBI group also had marginally lower EEG delta power during SWS in the central region. Intersession changes in recall were greater for intervals with sleep than without sleep in both groups. However, despite abnormal sleep stage proportions for individuals with a TBI history, there was no difference in the intersession change in recall following sleep for the TBI and non-TBI groups. In both Sleep groups combined, there was a positive correlation between Intersession Change and the proportion of the night in NREM2 + SWS. Overall, sleep composition is altered following TBI but such deficits do not yield insufficiencies in sleep-dependent memory consolidation.