Vaccination with cathepsin L mimotopes of Fasciola hepatica in goats reduces worm burden, morphometric measurements, and reproductive structures.

Fasciolosis is a worldwide emergent zoonotic disease that significantly constrains the productivity of livestock. We conducted an experimental trial with four groups of five goats each, vaccinated with 1 × 1013 phage particles of cathepsin L1 (CLI: DPWWLKQ), CL1 (SGTFLFS), and CL2 (PPIRNGK) mimotopes combined with Quil A adjuvant. Animals received a booster four weeks later. The control group received phosphate-buffered saline. All animals were infected with 200 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae at week six and euthanised 16 weeks later. The percentage of significant worm reduction in CL1 (DPWWLKQ), CL1 (SGTFLFS), and CL2 (PPIRNGK) compared to the control group were 55.40%, 70.42% (P < 0.05), and 32.39%, respectively. Vaccinated animals showed a significant reduction in faecal egg production and egg viability. A significant reduction in the total biomass of parasites recovered was observed in the CL1 (DPWWLKQ) and CL1 (SGTFLFS) groups. In goats vaccinated with CL2 (PPIRNGK), fluke length and width were smaller than those in the control group. Furthermore, animals receiving CL mimotopes showed a significant reduction in the total area of reproductive structures. Goats immunised with phage-displayed mimotopes produced significantly high titres of specific IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes, indicating a mixed Th1/Th2 response. The liver fluke burdens in goats vaccinated with CL1 (DPWWLKQ) and CL1 (SGTFLFS) were significantly correlated with IgG and IgG1 levels.

Prevalence and risk factors of gastrointestinal nematode infestation of horses, donkeys and mules in tropical, dry and temperate regions in Mexico.

The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in horses, donkeys and mules and its associations with age, sex and climatic factors (derived from satellite data) to identify the potential risk factors of different climate regions in four Mexican states. From May 2017 to April 2018, a total of 560 farm owners or managers answered the questionnaire, and the data were used to establish three Köppen climate classes (tropical, dry, temperate). The overall prevalence of GIN parasites in equines was 77.9% (436 out of 560). The highest percentage of GIN was detected in mules (87.5%). In addition, the highest prevalence among the climate regions was found in the temperate climate (79.9%). The identified nematodes were strongyle type (77.9%), Parascaris equorum (5.7%), Strongyloides (0.7%) and Oxyuris equi (2.9%). The highest mean value of strongylid eggs per g faeces was found in the dry climate (632.6 ± 96.8), followed by that in the tropical climate (518.3 ± 49.7) and temperate climate (383.8 ± 30.2); however, a similar prevalence was observed between different climate regions. Age and sex were identified as risk factors for high shedding of strongyle eggs: the odds ratios for higher shedding intensities were 3.858 for geldings compared to mares, 2.602 for 6-10-year-old equines and 3.597 for ≤16-year-olds compared to young equines (≤5 years old).

Comparative Diagnosis of Serum IgG1 and Coproantigen ELISA for Fasciolosis Detection of Goats in Mexico.

The objective of present study was to determine the prevalence of natural caprine fasciolosis in the Mixteca region of Mexico using coproantigen and serum IgG1 ELISA tests for comparative purposes. A total of 1070 serum and faecal samples were analyzed for IgG1 antibodies and coproantigens, using ELISA with E/S products as antigen and a monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA. Prevalence of 73.46% was found using the serological ELISA and a percentage of 77.20 was found for coproantigen ELISA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for serum ELISA were 86.7% and 96.4%, and for the coproantigen ELISA they were 93.1% and 97.8%, respectively. The seropositive samples were further categorized as low, medium, or high positivity. Results show a great proportion of low and medium positive goats when the serum ELISA test was used. Correlation coefficients between coproantigens and seropositivity were statistically significant (P < 0.01) for low seropositivity (r = 0.93) and medium seropositivity (r = 0.84). The accuracy of faecal antigen ELISA was higher compared to indirect ELISA serological test. Two ELISAs were shown to be useful for demonstrating the current status of F. hepatica infection in the endemic areas and can be employed in studies on epidemiology as well as anthelmintics treatment for preventing economic loss and the risk of transmission to humans.

Diagnóstico de la condición de salud bucal de la población que asiste a las unidades de salud de Perquín, Morazán; San Francisco Javier y clínica integral de atención familiar Americares en Santiago de María (ONG), Usulután en el año 2009 / Diagnosis of the oral health condition of the population that attends the health units of Perquín, Morazán; San Francisco Javier and Americares comprehensive family care clinic in Santiago de María (NGO), Usulután in 2009

La Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de El Salvador, prioriza establecer una base de datos estadísticos sobre los problemas que más afectan al sistema estomatognático a nivel nacional. Es por ello que la investigación surge con el objetivo de conocer cuál es la condición de salud bucal de la población asistente a las clínicas odontológicas de la Unidad de Salud de Perquín en Morazán, Unidad de Salud de San Francisco Javier y Clínica Integral de Atención Familiar, Americares (ONG) en Santiago de María, Usulután en el año 2009.Esta investigación, recopila datos obtenidos a través de una cédula de entrevista y guía de observación utilizando diferentes variables: socioeconómicas, motivo de consulta, lesiones osteomucofibrosas, índices de afecciones dentoperiodontales, maloclusión en niños y adultos y problemas estomatológicos principales. En cuanto a los resultados se tiene que el sector femenino es el que más prevaleció entre las edades de 20 a 40 años, el número de embarazadas en total fueron 11 ( 9.82 %) del total de las mujeres en edad fértil, los ingresos económicos familiares fueron de 1 a 100 dólares (48.2 %), el nivel educativo para los tres establecimientos fue educación media, el lugar de residencia como el lugar de origen en la mayoría son los mismos donde se encuentran las clínicas de atención odontológica . Además los motivos de consulta que prevalecieron fueron por evaluación dental y obturaciones, las lesiones que más sobresalieron fueron tumoraciones y ulceraciones. Dentro de los índices se determinó que el de placa bacteriana y gingival tienen una condición leve en su mayoría, el índice periodontal presentó como hemorragia al sondaje suave; El índice CPO/D, y CPO/D/ ceo/d es alto para los tres establecimientos, a excepción del ceo/d en el municipio de Perquín que es bajo. En cuanto al índice de maloclusión en adultos es maloclusión severa o discapacitante, finalizando con el índice de maloclusión en niños que fue severa o discapacitante, severa y mínima. El principal problema estomatológico detectado en los pacientes de los tres establecimientos fue el índice CPO/D.

The Faculty of Dentistry of the University of El Salvador, prioritizes establishing a statistical database on the problems that most affect the stomatognathic system at the national level. That is why the research arises with the objective of knowing what is the oral health condition of the population attending the dental clinics of the Perquín Health Unit in Morazán, the San Francisco Javier Health Unit and the Comprehensive Family Care Clinic , Americares (NGO) in Santiago de María, Usulután in 2009. This research collects data obtained through an interview card and observation guide using different variables: socioeconomic, reason for consultation, osteomucofibrous lesions, indexes of dentoperiodontal diseases , malocclusion in children and adults and major stomatological problems. Regarding the results, it is found that the female sector is the one that most prevailed between the ages of 20 to 40 years, the number of pregnant women in total was 11 (9.82%) of the total of women of childbearing age, family income They were from 1 to 100 dollars (48.2%), the educational level for the three establishments was secondary education, the place of residence and the place of origin in most are the same where the dental care clinics are located. In addition, the reasons for consultation that prevailed were for dental evaluation and fillings, the lesions that stood out the most were tumors and ulcerations. Among the indices, it was determined that the bacterial and gingival plaque have a mild condition for the most part, the periodontal index presented as hemorrhage on soft probing; The CPO / D, and CPO / D / ceo / d index is high for the three establishments, with the exception of the ceo / d in the municipality of Perquín, which is low. Regarding the malocclusion index in adults, it is severe or disabling malocclusion, ending with the malocclusion index in children that was severe or disabling, severe and minimal. The main stomatological problem detected in the patients of the three establishments was the CPO / D ratio.