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1.
PLoS Biol ; 22(4): e3002562, 2024 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38564513

RESUMEN

Methods sections are often missing essential details. Methodological shortcut citations, in which authors cite previous papers instead of describing the method in detail, may contribute to this problem. This meta-research study used 3 approaches to examine shortcut citation use in neuroscience, biology, and psychiatry. First, we assessed current practices in more than 750 papers. More than 90% of papers used shortcut citations. Other common reasons for using citations in the methods included giving credit or specifying what was used (who or what citation) and providing context or a justification (why citation). Next, we reviewed 15 papers to determine what can happen when readers follow shortcut citations to find methodological details. While shortcut citations can be used effectively, they can also deprive readers of essential methodological details. Problems encountered included difficulty identifying or accessing the cited materials, missing or insufficient descriptions of the cited method, and shortcut citation chains. Third, we examined journal policies. Fewer than one quarter of journals had policies describing how authors should report previously described methods. We propose that methodological shortcut citations should meet 3 criteria; cited resources should provide (1) a detailed description of (2) the method used by the citing authors', and (3) be open access. Resources that do not meet these criteria should be cited to give credit, but not as shortcut citations. We outline actions that authors and journals can take to use shortcut citations responsibly, while fostering a culture of open and reproducible methods reporting.


Asunto(s)
Neurociencias , Políticas
2.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci ; 273(7): 1489-1499, 2023 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36715751

RESUMEN

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments for treatment-resistant depression. However, the underlying mechanisms of action are not yet fully understood. The investigation of depression-specific networks using resting-state fMRI and the relation to differential symptom improvement might be an innovative approach providing new insights into the underlying processes. In this naturalistic study, we investigated the relationship between changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and symptom improvement after ECT in 21 patients with treatment-resistant depression. We investigated rsFC before and after ECT and focused our analyses on FC changes directly related to symptom reduction and on FC at baseline to identify neural targets that might predict individual clinical responses to ECT. Additional analyses were performed to identify the direct relationship between rsFC change and symptom dimensions such as sadness, negative thoughts, detachment, and neurovegetative symptoms. An increase in rsFC between the left amygdala and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) after ECT was related to overall symptom reduction (Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.033) as well as to a reduction in specific symptoms such as sadness (r = 0.524, uncorrected p = 0.014), negative thoughts (r = 0.700, Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.002) and detachment (r = 0.663, p = 0.004), but not in neurovegetative symptoms. Furthermore, high baseline rsFC between the left amygdala and the right frontal pole (FP) predicted treatment outcome (uncorrected p = 0.039). We conclude that changes in FC in regions of the limbic-prefrontal network are associated with symptom improvement, particularly in affective and cognitive dimensions. Frontal-limbic connectivity has the potential to predict symptom improvement after ECT. Further research combining functional imaging biomarkers and a symptom-based approach might be promising.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Terapia Electroconvulsiva , Humanos , Terapia Electroconvulsiva/métodos , Depresión/diagnóstico por imagen , Depresión/terapia , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/terapia , Amígdala del Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Prefrontal/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética
3.
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol ; 25(12): 1003-1013, 2022 12 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35948274

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence underscores the utility of ketamine as an effective and rapid-acting treatment option for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, clinical outcomes vary between patients. Predicting successful response may enable personalized treatment decisions and increase clinical efficacy. METHODS: We here explored the potential of pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) activity to predict antidepressant effects of ketamine in relation to ketamine-induced changes in glutamatergic metabolism. Prior to a single i.v. infusion of ketamine, 24 patients with MDD underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during an emotional picture-viewing task and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Changes in depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory measured 24 hours pre- and post-intervention. A subsample of 17 patients underwent a follow-up magnetic resonance spectroscopy scan. RESULTS: Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine was predicted by pgACC activity during emotional stimulation. In addition, pgACC activity was associated with glutamate increase 24 hours after the ketamine infusion, which was in turn related to better clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our results add to the growing literature implicating a key role of the pgACC in mediating antidepressant effects and highlighting its potential as a multimodal neuroimaging biomarker of early treatment response to ketamine.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Ketamina , Humanos , Giro del Cíngulo/metabolismo , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/tratamiento farmacológico , Antidepresivos/farmacología , Antidepresivos/uso terapéutico , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismo , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Biomarcadores/metabolismo
4.
Neuropsychobiology ; 79(6): 372-383, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31340213

RESUMEN

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique, which noninvasively alters cortical excitability via weak polarizing currents between two electrodes placed on the scalp. Since it is comparably easy to handle, cheap to use and relatively well tolerated, tDCS has gained increasing interest in recent years. Based on well-known behavioral effects, a number of clinical studies have been performed in populations including patients with major depressive disorder followed by schizophrenia and substance use disorders, in sum with heterogeneous results with respect to efficacy. Nevertheless, the potential of tDCS must not be underestimated since it could be further improved by systematically investigating the various stimulation parameters to eventually increase clinical efficacy. The present article briefly explains the underlying physiology of tDCS, summarizes typical stimulation protocols and then reviews clinical efficacy for various psychiatric disorders as well as prevalent adverse effects. Future developments include combined and more complex interactions of tDCS with pharmacological or psychotherapeutic interventions. In particular, using computational models to individualize stimulation protocols, considering state dependency and applying closed-loop technologies will pave the way for tDCS-based personalized interventions as well as the development of home treatment settings promoting the role of tDCS as an effective treatment option for patients with mental health problems.


Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Ansiedad/terapia , Trastorno Bipolar/terapia , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/terapia , Psiquiatría/métodos , Esquizofrenia/terapia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Estimulación Transcraneal de Corriente Directa , Humanos , Estimulación Transcraneal de Corriente Directa/efectos adversos , Estimulación Transcraneal de Corriente Directa/métodos , Estimulación Transcraneal de Corriente Directa/normas
5.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci ; 268(8): 797-808, 2018 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29214483

RESUMEN

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide. About 20-30% of patients do not respond to the standard psychopharmacological and/or psychotherapeutic interventions. Mounting evidence from neuroimaging studies in MDD patients reveal altered activation patterns in lateral prefrontal brain areas. Successful cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is associated with a recovery of these neural alterations. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is capable of influencing prefrontal cortex activity and cognitive functions such as working memory and emotion regulation. Thus, a clinical trial investigating the effects of an antidepressant intervention combining CBT with tDCS seems promising. The present study investigates the antidepressant efficacy of a combined CBT-tDCS intervention as compared to CBT with sham-tDCS or CBT alone. A total of 192 patients (age range 20-65 years) with MDD (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Score ≥ 15, 21-item version) will be recruited at four study sites across Germany (Berlin, Munich, Tuebingen, and Freiburg) and randomly assigned to one of the following three treatment arms: (1) CBT + active tDCS; (2) CBT + sham-tDCS; and (3) CBT alone. All participants will attend a 6-week psychotherapeutic intervention comprising 12 sessions of CBT each lasting 100 min in a closed group setting. tDCS will be applied simultaneously with CBT. Active tDCS includes stimulation with an intensity of 2 mA for 30 min with the anode placed over F3 and the cathode over F4 according to the EEG 10-20 system, if assigned. The primary outcome measure is the change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale scores from baseline to 6, 18, and 30 weeks after the first session. Participants also undergo pre- and post-treatment neuropsychological testing and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess changes in prefrontal functioning and connectivity. The study investigates whether CBT can be augmented by non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as tDCS in the treatment of MDD. It is designed as a proof-of-principle trial for the combined tDCS-CBT treatment, but also allows the investigation of the neurobiological underpinnings of the interaction between both interventions in MDD. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02633449.


Asunto(s)
Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/terapia , Corteza Prefrontal/fisiología , Estimulación Transcraneal de Corriente Directa/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico por imagen , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oxígeno/sangre , Corteza Prefrontal/diagnóstico por imagen , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto Joven
6.
Hum Brain Mapp ; 35(10): 5328-39, 2014 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24862297

RESUMEN

Recent evidence suggests that early life stress (ELS) changes stress reactivity via reduced resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) between amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. Oxytocin (OXT) modulates amygdala connectivity and attenuates responses to psychosocial stress, but its effect appears to be moderated by ELS. Here we first investigate the effect of ELS on amygdala-prefrontal rs-FC, and examine whether ELS-associated changes of rs-FC in this neural circuit predict its response to psychosocial stress. Secondly, we explore the joint effect of OXT and ELS on the amygdala-prefrontal circuit. Eighteen healthy young males participated in a resting-state fMRI study of OXT effects using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover design. We measured the rs-FC to bilateral amygdalae and subsequently assessed changes of state anxiety and prefrontal responses to psychosocial stress. Multiple linear regressions showed that ELS, specifically emotional abuse, predicted reduced rs-FC between the right amygdala and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), which in turn predicted elevated state anxiety after psychosocial stress. In subjects with lower ELS scores, stronger pgACC-amygdala rs-FC predicted stronger pgACC deactivation during the psychosocial stress task, and this rest-task interaction was attenuated by OXT. In subjects with higher ELS scores however, the rest-task interaction was altered and OXT showed no significant effect. These findings highlight that ELS reduces pgACC-amygdala rs-FC and alters how rs-FC of this circuit predicts its stress responsiveness. Such changes in pgACC-amygdala functional dynamics may underlie the altered sensitivity to the effects of OXT after ELS.


Asunto(s)
Amígdala del Cerebelo/efectos de los fármacos , Vías Nerviosas/efectos de los fármacos , Oxitocina/farmacología , Corteza Prefrontal/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Amígdala del Cerebelo/irrigación sanguínea , Método Doble Ciego , Lateralidad Funcional , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Vías Nerviosas/irrigación sanguínea , Oxígeno/sangre , Corteza Prefrontal/irrigación sanguínea , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Análisis de Regresión , Descanso , Estrés Psicológico/diagnóstico , Adulto Joven
7.
J Alzheimers Dis ; 95(3): 1013-1028, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37638433

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Atrophy of cholinergic basal forebrain (BF) nuclei is a frequent finding in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetry studies that examined patients with prodromal or clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), but less clear for individuals in earlier stages of the clinical AD continuum. OBJECTIVE: To examine BF volume reductions in subjective cognitive decline (SCD) participants with AD pathologic changes. METHODS: The present study compared MRI-based BF volume measurements in age- and sex-matched samples of N = 24 amyloid-positive and N = 24 amyloid-negative SCD individuals, based on binary visual ratings of Florbetaben positron emission tomography (PET) measurements. Additionally, we assessed associations of BF volume with cortical amyloid burden, based on semiquantitative Centiloid (CL) analyses. RESULTS: Group differences approached significance for BF total volume (p = 0.061) and the Ch4 subregion (p = 0.059) only, showing the expected relative volume reductions for the amyloid-positive subgroup. There were also significant inverse correlations between BF volumes and CL values, which again were most robust for BF total volume and the Ch4 subregion. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with the hypothesis that amyloid-positive SCD individuals, which are considered to represent a transitional stage on the clinical AD continuum, already show incipient alterations of BF integrity. The negative association with a continuous measure of cortical amyloid burden also suggests that this may reflect an incremental process. Yet, further research is needed to evaluate whether BF changes already emerge at "grey zone" levels of amyloid accumulation, before amyloidosis is reliably detected by PET visual readings.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Prosencéfalo Basal , Disfunción Cognitiva , Humanos , Prosencéfalo Basal/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Disfunción Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagen , Disfunción Cognitiva/patología , Amiloide/metabolismo , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Proteínas Amiloidogénicas , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo
8.
JAMA Psychiatry ; 79(6): 528-537, 2022 06 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35442431

RESUMEN

Importance: Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects approximately 10% of the population globally. Approximately 20% to 30% of patients with MDD do not sufficiently respond to standard treatment. Therefore, there is a need to develop more effective treatment strategies. Objective: To investigate whether the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of MDD can be enhanced by concurrent transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Design, Setting, and Participants: The double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial PsychotherapyPlus was conducted at 6 university hospitals across Germany. Enrollment took place between June 2, 2016, and March 10, 2020; follow-up was completed August 27, 2020. Adults aged 20 to 65 years with a single or recurrent depressive episode were eligible. They were either not receiving medication or were receiving a stable regimen of antidepressant medication (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and/or mirtazapine). A total of 148 women and men underwent randomization: 53 individuals were assigned to CBT alone (group 0), 48 to CBT plus tDCS (group 1), and 47 to CBT plus sham-tDCS (group 2). Interventions: Participants attended a 6-week group intervention comprising 12 sessions of CBT. If assigned, tDCS was applied simultaneously. Active tDCS included stimulation with an intensity of 2 mA for 30 minutes (anode over F3, cathode over F4). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from baseline to posttreatment in the intention-to-treat sample. Scores of 0 to 6 indicate no depression; 7 to 19, mild depression; 20 to 34, moderate depression; and 34 and higher, severe depression. Results: A total of 148 patients (89 women, 59 men; mean [SD] age, 41.1 [13.7] years; MADRS score at baseline, 23.0 [6.4]) were randomized. Of these, 126 patients (mean [SD] age, 41.5 [14.0] years; MADRS score at baseline, 23.0 [6.3]) completed the study. In each of the intervention groups, intervention was able to reduce MADRS scores by a mean of 6.5 points (95% CI, 3.82-9.14 points). The Cohen d value was -0.90 (95% CI, -1.43 to -0.50), indicating a significant effect over time. However, there was no significant effect of group and no significant interaction of group × time, indicating the estimated additive effects were not statistically significant. There were no severe adverse events throughout the whole trial, and there were no significant differences of self-reported adverse effects during and after stimulation between groups 1 and 2. Conclusions and Relevance: Based on MADRS score changes, this trial did not indicate superior efficacy of tDCS-enhanced CBT compared with 2 CBT control conditions. The study confirmed that concurrent group CBT and tDCS is safe and feasible. However, additional research on mechanisms of neuromodulation to complement CBT and other behavioral interventions is needed. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02633449.


Asunto(s)
Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Estimulación Transcraneal de Corriente Directa , Adulto , Depresión , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Resultado del Tratamiento
9.
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol ; 43: 63-70, 2021 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33309459

RESUMEN

Ketamine was recently approved for treatment resistant depression. However, despite its therapeutic potential, about 50% of patients do not show improvement under this therapy. In this prospective two-site study, we investigated baseline brain structural predictors for rapid symptom improvement after a single subanesthetic ketamine infusion. Furthermore, given the preclinical evidence and findings from a pilot study in a clinical population that ketamine induces rapid neuroplasticity, we performed an exploratory investigation of macroscopic changes 24 h post-treatment. T1-weighted MRI brain images from 33 depressed patients were acquired before and 24 h after a single ketamine infusion and analyzed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Additionally, we performed a region of interest (ROI)-based analysis of structures that have previously been shown to play a role in the antidepressant effects of ketamine: bilateral hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, and thalamus. A whole-brain regression analysis showed that greater baseline volume of the bilateral rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) significantly predicts rapid symptom reduction. The right ACC showed the same association in the ROI analysis, while the other regions yielded no significant results. Exploratory follow-up analyses revealed no volumetric changes 24 h after treatment. This is the first study reporting an association between pretreatment gray matter volume of the bilateral rACC and the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine. Results are in line with previous investigations, which highlighted the potential of the rACC as a biomarker for response prediction to different antidepressant treatments. Ketamine-induced volumetric changes may be seen at later time points.


Asunto(s)
Ketamina , Antidepresivos/farmacología , Sustancia Gris/diagnóstico por imagen , Giro del Cíngulo/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Ketamina/farmacología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Proyectos Piloto , Estudios Prospectivos
10.
Exp Neurol ; 335: 113505, 2021 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33068570

RESUMEN

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments in cases of severe and treatment resistant major depression. 60-80% of patients respond to ECT, but the procedure is demanding and robust prediction of ECT responses would be of great clinical value. Predictions based on neuroimaging data have recently come into focus, but still face methodological and practical limitations that are hampering the translation into clinical practice. In this retrospective study, we investigated the feasibility of ECT response prediction using structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data that was collected during ECT routine examinations. We applied machine learning techniques to predict individual treatment outcomes in a cohort of N = 71 ECT patients, N = 39 of which responded to the treatment. SMRI-based classification of ECT responders and non-responders reached an accuracy of 69% (sensitivity: 67%; specificity: 72%). Classification on additionally investigated clinical variables had no predictive power. Since dichotomisation of patients into ECT responders and non-responders is debatable due to many patients only showing a partial response, we additionally performed a post-hoc regression-based prediction analysis on continuous symptom improvements. This analysis yielded a significant relationship between true and predicted treatment outcomes and might be a promising alternative to dichotomization of patients. Based on our results, we argue that the prediction of individual ECT responses based on routine sMRI holds promise to overcome important limitations that are currently hampering the translation of such treatment biomarkers into everyday clinical practice. Finally, we discuss how the results of such predictive data analysis could best support the clinician's decision on whether a patient should be treated with ECT.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Resistente al Tratamiento/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastorno Depresivo Resistente al Tratamiento/terapia , Terapia Electroconvulsiva/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/terapia , Estudios de Factibilidad , Femenino , Humanos , Aprendizaje Automático , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto Joven
11.
Brain Connect ; 9(1): 77-94, 2019 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30255708

RESUMEN

The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is often used as a seed region for probing default-mode network (DMN) connectivity. However, there is evidence for a functional segregation between its dorsal (dPCC) and ventral (vPCC) subregions, which suggests differential involvements of d-/vPCC in regulating cognitive demands. Our paradigm included functional magnetic resonance imaging measures for baseline resting state, affective or cognitive tasks, and post-task resting states. We investigated the effect of task demands on intra-PCC coupling and d-/vPCC network assignment to major intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs), which was estimated via edge weights of a graph network encompassing DMN, dorsal-attention network, and central-executive network (CEN). Although PCC subregions were functionally coupled during both resting-state conditions and cognitive tasks, they decoupled during affective stimulation. For dPCC, functional connectivity strength (FCS) to CEN was higher than to the other two ICNs; whereas for vPCC, FCS to DMN was the highest. We, hence, defined CEN and DMN as the canonical networks at rest for dPCC and vPCC, respectively. Switching from rest to affective stimulation, however, induced the strongest effects to relative network assignments between non-canonical networks of dPCC and vPCC. Although vPCC showed a durable functional connectivity (FC) to DMN, dPCC played a crucial role during switches of between-network FC depending on cognitive versus affective task requirements. Our results underline that it is crucial for future seed-based FC studies to consider these two subregions separately in terms of seed location and discussion of findings. Finally, our findings highlight the functional importance of connectivity changes toward regions outside the canonical networks.


Asunto(s)
Afecto/fisiología , Giro del Cíngulo/fisiología , Memoria a Corto Plazo/fisiología , Adulto , Encéfalo/fisiología , Conectoma/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vías Nerviosas/fisiología , Adulto Joven
12.
Neuropsychopharmacology ; 43(9): 1972-1979, 2018 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29777198

RESUMEN

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is often accompanied by severe impairments in working memory (WM). Neuroimaging studies investigating the mechanisms underlying these impairments have produced conflicting results. It remains unclear whether MDD patients show hyper- or hypoactivity in WM-related brain regions and how potential aberrations in WM processing may contribute to the characteristic dysregulation of cognition-emotion interactions implicated in the maintenance of the disorder. In order to shed light on these questions and to overcome limitations of previous studies, we applied a multivoxel pattern classification approach to investigate brain activity in large samples of MDD patients (N = 57) and matched healthy controls (N = 61) during a WM task that incorporated positive, negative, and neutral stimuli. Results showed that patients can be distinguished from healthy controls with good classification accuracy based on functional activation patterns. ROI analyses based on the classification weight maps showed that during WM, patients had higher activity in the left DLPFC and the dorsal ACC. Furthermore, regions of the default-mode network (DMN) were less deactivated in patients. As no performance differences were observed, we conclude that patients required more effort, indexed by more activity in WM-related regions, to successfully perform the task. This increased effort might be related to difficulties in suppressing task-irrelevant information reflected by reduced deactivation of regions within the DMN. Effects were most pronounced for negative and neutral stimuli, thus pointing toward important implications of aberrations in WM processes in cognition-emotion interactions in MDD.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/fisiopatología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Memoria a Corto Plazo/fisiología , Adulto , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Mapeo Encefálico , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Trastornos de la Memoria/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastornos de la Memoria/etiología , Trastornos de la Memoria/fisiopatología , Reconocimiento Visual de Modelos/fisiología , Lectura
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