In vivo analysis of concentration-dependent effects of halothane or isoflurane inhalation on the electrocardiographic and hemodynamic variables in dogs.

We assessed concentration-dependent effects of halothane or isoflurane inhalation on the electrocardiographic and hemodynamic variables using a cross-over design in intact beagle dogs (n = 4). Elevation of inhaled halothane from 1.0% to 2.0% or isoflurane from 1.5% to 2.5% decreased the mean blood pressure and prolonged the QRS width without significantly altering the heart rate, PR interval or QT interval. However, the observed changes disappeared after regressions of both anesthetic conditions to their initial settings. These results indicate that hypotension-induced, reflex-mediated increase of sympathetic tone may have counterbalanced the direct negative chronotropic, dromotropic and repolarization slowing effects of the anesthetics.

In vivo comparison of dl-sotalol-induced electrocardiographic responses among halothane anesthesia, isoflurane anesthesia with nitrous oxide, and conscious state.

We compared dl-sotalol-induced electrocardiographic responses in intact dogs using a repeated-measures design among 1% halothane anesthesia, 1.5% isoflurane anesthesia with nitrous oxide (N2O), and conscious state to clarify influences of the anesthetics (n = 4). Basal PR interval was longer in halothane than either in isoflurane with N2O or in conscious state, reflecting sympathetic nerve suppression for the atrioventricular node by halothane. Both anesthetics exhibited longer basal QRS width than conscious state, suggesting their ventricular INa inhibition. Also, both anesthetics showed longer basal QT interval, QTcF and Tpeak-Tend than conscious state, indicating their ventricular IKr inhibition. Meanwhile, dl-sotalol prolonged PR interval similarly in isoflurane with N2O and in conscious state, which was less great in halothane, suggesting further sympathetic nerve suppression for the atrioventricular node might be limited in halothane. dl-Sotalol prolonged QT interval and QTcF >3 times greater in either of the anesthetics than in conscious state; moreover, dl-sotalol prolonged Tpeak-Tend similarly in both anesthetics, but hardly altered it in conscious state; indicating isoflurane with N2O as well as halothane may have reduced the repolarization reserve to increase the sensitivity of ventricle toward IKr suppression. Thus, isoflurane with nitrous oxide could be useful for in vivo IKr assay like halothane.

Use of microminipigs for unveiling unknown mechanisms of azithromycin-induced cardiovascular death.

Although azithromycin can suppress cardiac INa, IKr, IKs, ICa,L and IK1, its onset mechanisms for cardiovascular death have not been fully investigated. We examined electropharmacological effects of azithromycin in intravenous doses of 0.3, 3 and 30 mg/kg using microminipigs under the halothane anesthesia (n = 4), which provided plasma concentrations of 3.1, 11.2 and 120.4 µg/mL, respectively. The low dose did not alter any of the cardiohemodynamic or electrocardiographic variables. The middle dose significantly shortened QT interval for 10-20 min and QTc for 10-30 min. The high dose significantly decreased mean blood pressure for 5-60 min, prolonged QRS width at 20 min, but shortened QT interval for 15-20 min and QTc for 15-30 min (n = 3). Cardiohemodynamic collapse occurred in 1 animal after the start of the high dose infusion, which might be associated with the cardiovascular death in patients with vasomotor dysfunction. Prolongation of QRS width indicates that azithromycin may suppress ventricular INa in vivo, which may unmask latent type of Brugada electrocardiographic genotype. Meanwhile, abbreviation of the QTc might cause potentially lethal, short QT-related, cardiac arrhythmia syndrome. These findings with microminipigs suggest the possible entry point for analyzing the mechanisms of cardiovascular death clinically seen with this antibiotic.

Effects of moxifloxacin on the proarrhythmic surrogate markers in healthy Filipino subjects: Exposure-response modeling using ECG data of thorough QT/QTc study.

Effects of moxifloxacin on QTc as well as proarrhythmic surrogate markers including J-Tpeakc, Tpeak-Tend and short-term variability (STV) of repolarization were examined by using both standard E14 time-based evaluation and exposure-response modeling. The study was conducted with a single-blind, randomized, single-dose, placebo-controlled and two-period cross-over design in healthy Filipino subjects. QT interval was corrected by Fridericia's formula (QTcF). In the E14 time-based evaluation of ECG data, the largest ΔΔQTcF with 90% confidence interval was 14.1 ms (11.2-16.9) with Cmax of 3.39 µg/mL at 3 h post-dose (n = 69; male: 35, female: 34), indicating a positive effect on the QTcF. Moxifloxacin significantly increased the ΔΔJ-Tpeakc and ΔΔTpeak-Tend, whereas the ΔΔSTV was not altered. Meanwhile in the exposure-response modeling of the same ECG data, the slope of moxifloxacin plasma concentration-ΔΔQTcF relationship was 4.84 ms per µg/mL and the predicted ΔΔQTcF with 90% confidence interval was 13.8 ms (13.1-15.1) at Cmax, also indicating a positive effect on the QTcF. Importantly, results in each proarrhythmic surrogate marker obtained by the exposure-response modeling also showed high similarity to those obtained by the E14 statistical evaluation. Thus, these results of moxifloxacin may become a guide to estimate proarrhythmic potential of new chemical entities.

Changes of electrocardiogram and hemodynamics in response to dipyridamole: In vivo comparative analyses using anesthetized beagle dogs and microminipigs.

Microminipigs are expected as a novel animal model for cardiovascular pharmacological experiments. Since inherent vulnerability of coronary circulation of microminipigs has not been characterized, we performed dipyridamole-stress test to both microminipigs and beagle dogs, and compared the results. Dipyridamole in doses of 0.056 and 0.56 mg/kg were intravenously infused over 10 min (n = 4 for each animal). Dipyridamole decreased the systolic/diastolic blood pressures and double product in dogs as well as in microminipigs; but it did not significantly alter the heart rate or the global balance between the myocardial oxygen demand and supply in either animal. While organic coronary arterial stenosis was not detected in either animal, dogs have well-developed epicardial intracoronary networks unlike microminipigs. Like in humans, dipyridamole did not affect the ST segment of microminipigs, whereas it substantially depressed that in dogs. The results indicate the onset of subendocardial ischemia by dipyridamole in dogs may be partly associated with their well-developed native coronary collateral channels. Microminipigs would be more useful to evaluate the drugs which may affect the coronary circulation in the pre-clinical study than dogs.

Characterization of microminipig as a laboratory animal for safety pharmacology study by analyzing fluvoxamine-induced cardiovascular and dermatological adverse reactions.

Fluvoxamine is a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, of which IC50 values for serotonin- and noradrenaline-uptake process were reported to be 3.8 and 620 nmol/L, respectively, also known to directly inhibit cardiac Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels. We characterized microminipig as a laboratory animal by analyzing fluvoxamine-induced cardiovascular and dermatological responses under halothane anesthesia. Fluvoxamine maleate was infused in doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg over 10 min with a pause of 20 min (n = 4). The peak plasma concentrations were 35, 320, and 1906 ng/mL, of which free plasma concentrations were estimated as 20, 187, and 1108 nmol/L, respectively. The low and middle doses did not alter any cardiovascular variable. The high dose increased heart rate and mean blood pressure, prolonged QRS width, but shortened QT interval, whereas no significant change was detected in PR interval or QTcF. Moreover, it induced systemic erythema on the skin. Pretreatment of H1/5-HT2A antagonist cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg significantly attenuated the fluvoxamine-induced pressor response; but tended to further enhance sinus automaticity, atrioventricular nodal conduction; and ventricular repolarization in addition to intraventricular conduction delay; whereas it markedly suppressed onset of systemic erythema (n = 4). In microminipigs, cardiovascular adverse effects of the high dose may be manifested as a sum of its inhibitory action on the cardiac ionic channels and its stimulatory effects on serotonergic and adrenergic systems, whereas dermatologic reaction can be induced primarily through H1/5-HT2A receptor-dependent mechanism. Thus, microminipigs may be used for analyzing such multifarious adverse events of clinical serotonergic pharmacotherapy.

Pharmacological characterization of microminipig as a model to assess the drug-induced cardiovascular responses for non-clinical toxicity and/or safety pharmacology studies.

We tried to establish the halothane-anesthetized microminipigs as an alternative animal model for non-clinical toxicity and/or safety pharmacology studies. In order to characterize the halothane-anesthetized microminipigs, we firstly clarified the effects of halothane anesthesia on their cardiovascular system (n = 5). Then, we examined the cardiovascular effects of dl-sotalol in doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg, i.v. on the halothane-anesthetized microminipigs (n = 6). Induction of the halothane anesthesia by itself prolonged the QT interval as well as QTcF, suggesting that the halothane anesthesia can reduce the cardiac repolarization reserve in microminipigs like in dogs. dl-Sotalol showed more potent negative chronotropic, dromotropic and hypotensive effects together with repolarization delay in microminipigs than in dogs, although each cardiovascular response to dl-sotalol was directionally similar between them, suggesting greater basal sympathetic tone and/or smaller volume of distribution of the drug in microminipigs than in dogs. Analyses of proarrhythmic surrogate markers indicate that Tpeak-Tend and short-term variability of QT interval may be more sensitive to detect the dl-sotalol-induced direct electrophysiological changes in microminipigs than in dogs, but its reverse will be true for J-Tpeakc. Thus, these results may help better understand the drug-induced cardiovascular responses in microminipigs.

In vivo canine model comparison of cardiovascular effects of antidepressants milnacipran and imipramine.

Milnacipran is a specific serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, which has been widely used against major depressive episodes. In this study, cardiovascular effects of milnacipran were assessed in comparison with those of a typical tricyclic antidepressant imipramine using the halothane-anesthetized dogs. Milnacipran (n = 6) or imipramine (n = 6) was intravenously administrated in three escalating doses of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg over 10 min with a pause of 20 min between the doses. Clinically relevant plasma concentrations were obtained after 0.1-1 mg/kg of milnacipran in this study, whereas therapeutic dose and plasma concentration of imipramine were reported to be similar to those of milnacipran. The low and middle doses of milnacipran hardly affected cardiohemodynamic or electrophysiological variables except that they slightly increased vascular tone and ventricular contraction, whereas same doses of imipramine delayed repolarization process without affecting the other variables. The high dose of both milnacipran and imipramine induced similar extent of negative chronotropic, inotropic and dromotropic effects together with vasoconstriction and repolarization delay. Thus, the effects of milnacipran may be more selective for cardiohemodynamics than for repolarization delay, whereas reverse will be true for imipramine, supporting lack of clinical report of patients with milnacipran-induced long QT syndrome unlike imipramine.

Effects of acute intravenous administration of pentamidine, a typical hERG-trafficking inhibitor, on the cardiac repolarization process of halothane-anesthetized dogs.

Although acute treatment of pentamidine does not directly modify any ionic channel function in the heart at clinically relevant concentrations, its continuous exposure can prolong QT interval. Recent in vitro studies have indicated that hERG trafficking inhibition may play an important role in the onset of pentamidine-induced long QT syndrome. In this study, we examined acute in vivo electropharmacological effects of pentamidine using the halothane-anesthetized canine model (n = 5). The clinically relevant total dose of 4 mg/kg of pentamidine (namely, 1 mg/kg, i.v. over 10 min followed by 3 mg/kg, i.v. over 10 min with a pause of 20 min) decreased the mean blood pressure, ventricular contraction, preload to the left ventricle, and peripheral vascular resistance. Pentamidine also enhanced the atrioventricular conduction in parallel with its cardiohemodynamic actions, but it gradually prolonged both the ventricular repolarization period and effective refractory period, whereas no significant change was detected in the intraventricular conduction. Thus, acute administration of a clinically relevant dose of pentamidine can suppress cardiac function and vascular tone with reflex-mediated increase of sympathetic activity, whereas it may delay the repolarization process, suggesting that inhibition of potassium-channel trafficking might be induced more acutely in vivo than those previously expected in vitro.

Preclinical safety pharmacology study of a novel protein-based cancer vaccine CHP-NY-ESO-1.

CHP-NY-ESO-1 is a novel therapeutic cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant protein of cancer antigen NY-ESO-1 and a polysaccharide-based delivery system, cholesteryl pullulan. A pilot clinical study of CHP-NY-ESO-1 in cancer patients was previously conducted, and the adverse events related to this drug were observed to be limited to skin reactions at injection sites. To further establish the safety of CHP-NY-ESO-1, we studied the effects of its subcutaneous injection on vital functions such as the central nervous system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system using preclinical animal models. The effects of CHP-NY-ESO-1 on the cardiovascular system were investigated in dogs using a telemetry system for blood pressure and heart rate and the Holter monitoring for ambulatory electrocardiograms. No drug-related changes were observed in these parameters. The effect of CHP-NY-ESO-1 on the hERG-dependent potassium currents was also examined using in vitro cultured cell system, and no inhibition of hERG currents was observed. The effects of CHP-NY-ESO-1 on the central nervous system were examined in rats using functional observational battery method, and no drug-related changes were observed in home cage observations, open field observations, hand held observations, and perception and motor function observations. The effect of CHP-NY-ESO-1 on the respiratory system was investigated in rats by measuring tidal volume, minute volume and respiratory rate using whole-body plethysmograph method, and no significant changes were found in these parameters. These results indicate that CHP-NY-ESO-1 would not have any pharmacological effects on vital functions and support the safety of this cancer vaccine for clinical use.