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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a mystified cryptic virus has challenged the mankind that has brought life to a standstill. Catastrophic loss of life, perplexed healthcare system and the downfall of global economy are some of the outcomes of this pandemic. Humans are raging a war with an unknown enemy. Infections, irrespective of age and gender, and more so in comorbidities are escalating at an alarming rate. Cardiovascular diseases, are the leading cause of death globally with an estimate of 31% of deaths worldwide out of which nearly 85% are due to heart attacks and stroke. Theoretically and practically, researchers have observed that persons with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions are comparatively more vulnerable to the COVID-19 infection. Moreover, they have studied the data between less severe and more severe cases, survivors and non survivors, intensive care unit (ICU) patients and non ICU patients, to analyse the relationship and the influence of COVID-19 on cardiovascular health of an individual, further the risk of susceptibility to submit to the virus. This review aims to provide a comprehensive particular on the possible effects, either direct or indirect, of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular heath of an individual.
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COVID-19/virología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/virología , Sistema Cardiovascular/virología , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , COVID-19/mortalidad , COVID-19/fisiopatología , COVID-19/terapia , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/terapia , Sistema Cardiovascular/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiopatología , Comorbilidad , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Pronóstico , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , SARS-CoV-2/efectos de los fármacos , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19RESUMEN
Background and Objectives: Oral cancer is the 6th most common cancer in the world and oral leukoplakia is an oral potentially malignant disorder that could develop into oral cancer. This systematic review focusses on randomized clinical trials for recombinant adenovirus p-53 (rAD-p53) therapy for the treatment of oral leukoplakia and cancer. Materials and Methods: We searched for research articles on various databases such as Pubmed/Medline, Embase, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infra-structure), Springerlink, cochrane and Web of sciences from 2003 to 2020. MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms were used for the search. Inclusion criteria included original research, randomized clinical trials and articles only in English language. Exclusion criteria were any articles that were not research articles, not randomized trials, non-human studies, etc. The articles were further graded on the Jadad scale. Results: 578 articles were assessed from various databases; only 3 articles were found to be appropriate for this review. Thus, meta-analysis was not performed because of heterogeneity and lack of data. In the three studies, whether rAD-p53 was used as a standalone therapy or with other therapies, there was a beneficial effect of the therapy. Furthermore, there were no serious adverse events and the only adverse events reported were fever, pain at the local injection site, flu-like symptoms and lowered WBC count. Conclusions: Thus, we can conclude that this therapy has a potential for beneficial therapeutic effects and further clinical trials with more patients need to be performed to get better understanding of the effect of rAD-p53 therapy, which probably will pave the way to its approval in other parts of the world.
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Adenovirus Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Neoplasias de la Boca , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , China , Humanos , Leucoplasia Bucal/terapia , Neoplasias de la Boca/terapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello , Proteína p53 Supresora de TumorRESUMEN
Matrix vesicles (MVs) are extracellular membrane-bound vesicles of about ~ 50-200 nm in diameter that play a role in the bio-mineralization process of hard tissue formation. The present review is based on the empirical phenomenon of primary mineralization process via matrix vesicle-mediated mechanism with special reference to crystal ghosts as well as the mechanism on the organic-inorganic relationship between matrix vesicles and crystal ghosts, and the transformation that these structures undergo during bio-mineralization.
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Calcificación Fisiológica , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Animales , CristalizaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a persistent polymicrobial infection, which leads to chronic inflammation in the tooth supporting tissues. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are normal commensals of oral cavity but are low in number in periodontally healthy subjects. They are one of the major pathogens aetiologically linked to periodontal disease. Plasma and salivary antibody measurement may be useful to support diagnosis, disease activity, classification and prognosis of periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the serum and salivary antibody levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans and therefore, to find whether this association was varying in different grades of periodontitis. METHOD: Total of 50 periodontally healthy and 50 chronic periodontitis subjects (35-65 years) of both sexes were included for the study. 2â¯ml of un-stimulated saliva and 5â¯ml of venous blood was collected under sterile conditions. The detection of antibodies against A. actinomycetemcomitans in periodontally healthy individuals and individuals with chronic periodontitis was performed using indirect ELISA. RESULTS: Results showed serum IgG, IgA mean levels against A. actinomycetemcomitans were higher in chronic periodontitis subjects compared to mean levels in periodontally healthy subjects. Similarly, salivary IgG, IgA levels were also raised in chronic periodontitis patients as compared in healthy subjects. Also the mean levels of serum IgG and salivary IgA were increased as the severity of disease increased. CONCLUSION: Antibody titer using saliva and serum could be useful tool for screening of patients with chronic periodontitis. Further, monitoring the various phases of treatment outcome using saliva could be a useful, non-invasive, prognostic indicator.
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/análisis , Periodontitis Crónica/patología , Voluntarios Sanos , Infecciones por Pasteurellaceae/inmunología , Saliva/inmunología , Suero/inmunología , Adulto , Biomarcadores/análisis , Periodontitis Crónica/diagnóstico , Periodontitis Crónica/microbiología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones por Pasteurellaceae/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms naturally on the surfaces of exposed teeth and other areas of the oral cavity. It is the primary etiological factor for the most frequently occurring oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. Specific, nonspecific, and ecologic plaque hypothesis explains the causation of dental and associated diseases. Adequate control of biofilm accumulation on teeth has been the cornerstone of prevention of periodontitis and dental caries. Mechanical plaque control is the mainstay for prevention of oral diseases, but it requires patient cooperation and motivation; therefore, chemical plaque control agents act as useful adjuvants for achieving the desired results. Hence, it is imperative for the clinicians to update their knowledge in chemical antiplaque agents and other developments for the effective management of plaque biofilm-associated diseases. This article explores the critical analysis of various chemical plaque control strategies and the current trends in the control and prevention of dental plaque biofilm.
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Biopelículas , Placa Dental/prevención & control , Enfermedades Periodontales/prevención & control , Aloe , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/uso terapéutico , Cetilpiridinio/uso terapéutico , Clorhexidina/uso terapéutico , Dextranasa/uso terapéutico , Combinación de Medicamentos , Humanos , Lippia , Morfolinas/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades Periodontales/etiología , Fenoles/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Povidona Yodada/uso terapéutico , Própolis/uso terapéutico , Salicilatos/uso terapéutico , Terpenos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Immune-mediated diseases are a diverse group of conditions characterized by alteration of cellular homeostasis and inflammation triggered by dysregulation of the normal immune response. Several immune-mediated diseases exhibit oral signs and symptoms. Traditionally, these conditions are treated with corticosteroids or immunosuppressive agents, including azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and thalidomide. Recent research into the developmental pathways of these diseases has led to the exploration of novel approaches in treatment. This review examines newer treatment modalities for the management of immune-mediated diseases with oral presentations. Topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus have been employed successfully in managing oral lichen planus and pemphigus vulgaris. Biologic agents, comprising monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins, and recombinant cytokines, can provide targeted therapy with fewer adverse effects. Neutraceutical agents comprising aloe vera, curcumin, and honey are commonly used in traditional medicine and offer a holistic approach. They may have a place as adjuvants to current standard therapeutic protocols. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) utilize a specific wavelength of light to achieve desired cellular change. While the use of PDT in immune-mediated diseases is contentious, LLLT has shown positive results. Newer therapeutic modalities involve kinase inhibitors, S1P1 receptor modulators, MSCs, and iRNA providing targeted treatment of specific diseases.
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Terapia por Láser , Liquen Plano Oral , Enfermedades de la Boca , Humanos , Inhibidores de la Calcineurina/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de la Boca/tratamiento farmacológico , Liquen Plano Oral/tratamiento farmacológico , Corticoesteroides/uso terapéutico , Administración TópicaRESUMEN
Periodontitis, an inflammatory condition, is linked to a higher risk of developing oral cancer. Periodontitis may be a precipitating factor for tumorigenesis and the aggressiveness of specific cancer variants. Although genetics is considered the primary etiologic factor for the development of most cancers, many factors have come to be recognized in the initiation and progression of oral cancer. Consecutively, it is suggestive that periodontitis and oral cancer are distinct disease entities but share common pathogenic mechanisms. Oxidative stress and epigenetic mechanisms are among the most researched mechanisms responsible for initiating apoptotic mechanisms implicated in periodontitis and oral cancer. Current research aims to formulate therapeutic agents to intercede in these mechanisms via host modulation therapy and epigenetic therapy. These advances can revolutionize the treatment of periodontitis and oral cancer. This review aims to shed light on the common pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases and the various host modulation agents that could be beneficial in their treatment.
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Neoplasias de la Boca , Periodontitis , Humanos , Periodontitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Boca/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Boca/etiologíaRESUMEN
Immunological disorders are observed in various clinical presentations in the oral cavity. The pathophysiology of these disorders include but are not limited to primary oral auto-immune disease, systemic disease with oral findings, malignancies, hypersensitivity reactions, drug-induced, and infection-related. Many of these disorders have overlapping oral features, making it difficult for the clinician to diagnose and treat the disorder. There is a need to provide a simple and practical decision-making algorithm to the clinicians and provide them guidance on laboratory investigations. The present review provides a diagnostic algorithm that might minimize outpatient process delays and lead to early management. This is crucial in many cases where oral findings may be the first sign of the disorder, and early treatment can preclude dissemination and complications of the disorder.
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Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune , Enfermedades de la Boca , Humanos , Enfermedades de la Boca/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Boca/terapia , Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune/diagnósticoRESUMEN
A group of oral disorders or conditions, which may result from, or could be triggered by an abnormality in the normal immune response of an individual are known as oral immune-mediated disorders. Some of these disorders have malignant potential, while others are associated with malignancy. In this overview, we will discuss a few of the oral diseases (such as oral lichen planus, primary Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatitis herpetiformis, and linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis, to name a few), which are caused due to irregularity in the immune system and are either associated with malignancy or capable of undergoing malignant transforming, thereby increasing the morbidity and mortality rate.
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Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico , Enfermedades de la Boca , Humanos , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/complicaciones , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/patología , Enfermedades de la Boca/complicacionesRESUMEN
Background: Repeated Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is the most prevalent inflammatory disorder of the oral mucosa, characterized by recurrent emergence of single or numerous painful ulcers. RAS usually affects healthy people without systemic illnesses. There is evidence linking atopy to the progression of this illness. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and human eosinophil cationic protein (HECP) levels in the saliva of individuals with aphthous stomatitis were assessed as allergy-related indicators. Materials and Methods: Sixty people were assessed for this study. 30 patients with RAS were included in the patient group, while 30 healthy individuals made up for the control group. Sixty participants' non-stimulated saliva was taken and IgE and HECP were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed in SPSS 20 through the Mann-Whitney test and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The salivary level of HECP was significantly (p 0.05) higher among cases (0.83 0.70) compared to controls (0.170 0.15), whereas the salivary level of IgE was not significantly (p = 0.41) higher among cases (35.60 11.19) compared to controls (67.42 18.34). Conclusion: Even though this study found a positive correlation between elevated HECP levels and RAS, additional research with larger sample sizes is required to identify the biological mechanisms responsible for the observed associations and to include salivary HECP levels in the RAS patient's evaluation.
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Background: This study aimed to examine the cellular components of the gingiva during orthodontic treatment with fixed and removable appliances. The cellular and molecular cues of pathologies of the gingival tissue associated with the use of different orthodontic appliances could be studied. Materials and methods: Tissue samples of gingiva were received from healthy patients undergoing gingivectomy for aesthetic purpose and from patients with fixed and removable functional orthodontic appliances undergoing gingivectomy for gingival overgrowth. The collected samples were stored in a sterile container with phosphate-buffered saline and to carry out further processes it was transported to the laboratory. Results: Cells positive for ECAD and NCAD were found to be increased in fixed appliances where as CD90 and CD105 positive cells showed no significant difference in all the three groups. CD24 and CD146 positive cells were increased significantly in removable and fixed than normal whereas CD133 positive cells were decreased in removable and fixed than normal. CD44 positive cells showed no noticeable change in all three groups. The gene expression levels of KRT5, SOX2, NANOG, and CXCL5 were found to be significantly increased in removable and fixed appliance groups. However, KRT8, CXCL10, and TIMP1 were increased only in fixed appliance group but CXCL10 showed decreased expression in removable appliance group. KRT6A, MYC, and MMP9 were decreased in fixed appliance group whereas MYC and MMP9 were increased in removable appliance group. KRT6A, KRT8, and TIMP1 showed no significant difference in removable appliance group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated essential roles of various genes, showing their contribution in regulating cell proliferation and migration in both the removable and fixed functional appliances.
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Diabetes affects the developing enamel by altering the mineralization process, which can have a detrimental effect on oral health. The objectives of this study were to examine the ultrastructure and composition of surface enamel in primary teeth of diabetic children and its clinical implications. Hundred extracted primary teeth from diabetic children (Test group: n = 50) and healthy children (Control group: n = 50), between 6 and 12 years of age, were subjected to scanning electron microscopy to qualitatively examine the enamel surface. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was performed to investigate the mass percentage of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) in the surface enamel. Ultrastructural aberrations of surface enamel were observed in the test group teeth. Additionally, prism perforations were seen at the junction of rod and inter-rod enamel and the prisms were loosely packed. An even aprismatic layer of surface enamel was evident in the control group teeth. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) of Ca and P mass percentage between the test and control group teeth. The mean mass percentage rates of Ca and P were 33.75% and 16.76%, respectively. A poor surface characteristic and elemental composition of the enamel surface of primary teeth is observed in diabetic children. Therefore, appropriate caries preventive measures are mandatory to maintain the structural integrity of the tooth in these patients.
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Background: Machine learning (ML) is a key component of artificial intelligence (AI). The terms machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning are erroneously used interchangeably as they appear as monolithic nebulous entities. This technology offers immense possibilities and opportunities to advance diagnostics in the field of medicine and dentistry. This necessitates a deep understanding of AI and its essential components, such as machine learning (ML), artificial neural networks (ANN), and deep learning (DP). Aim: This review aims to enlighten clinicians regarding AI and its applications in the diagnosis of oral diseases, along with the prospects and challenges involved. Review results: AI has been used in the diagnosis of various oral diseases, such as dental caries, maxillary sinus diseases, periodontal diseases, salivary gland diseases, TMJ disorders, and oral cancer through clinical data and diagnostic images. Larger data sets would enable AI to predict the occurrence of precancerous conditions. They can aid in population-wide surveillance and decide on referrals to specialists. AI can efficiently detect microfeatures beyond the human eye and augment its predictive power in critical diagnosis. Conclusion: Although studies have recognized the benefit of AI, the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning has not been integrated into routine dentistry. AI is still in the research phase. The coming decade will see immense changes in diagnosis and healthcare built on the back of this research. Clinical significance: This paper reviews the various applications of AI in dentistry and illuminates the shortcomings faced while dealing with AI research and suggests ways to tackle them. Overcoming these pitfalls will aid in integrating AI seamlessly into dentistry.
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Background: The pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 highlighting the zoonotic cross-over link in the present century has provoked an emergency worldwide. Recent experimental evidence supporting the proposition of ABO blood grouping and its susceptibility in certain blood group individuals has created interest among researchers to explore more. Aim: The aim of this study is to find the susceptibility of "ABO" blood group in COVID-19-positive cases. Objectives: Association of ABO blood group patterns with COVID-19-positive cases. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study design was conducted among 728 confirmed positive COVID-19 admitted to the tertiary health care center in Maharashtra from June 01, 2020 to August 31, 2020. The inclusion criteria were COVID-19-positive cases confirmed by positive real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We collected the demographic details, associated clinical symptoms and ABO blood groups from all the patients. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The most common blood group affected was B + (35.5%) followed by A + (26.10%), AB + (20.60%) and O + (11.18%) and the least common was AB- (0.96%), O- (1.51%), A- (1.65%) and B- (1.79%). Conclusions: ABO blood grouping can be used as one of the simplest yet efficient markers for COVID-19. Blood group B Rh-positive and A Rh-positive were the most prevalent blood group types in patients with COVID-19.
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BACKGROUND: Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers (Giloy) has been applied successfully as an anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and even as an anti-cancer agent. Yet, to date, the application of Giloy has not been explored concerning oral cancer. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of T cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers (Giloy) extract (TcE) on an oral cancer cell line. METHODS: AW13516 (oral cancer cell line) cells were treated with the prepared aqueous extract of TcE for 24 h at various concentrations ranging between 5 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml and compared with control (cells without treatment). Thee effect of the extracts on apoptosis was assessed by through Annexin V flow cytometry assay and Luminometry based assessment of Caspase 8, 9 and caspase 3/7 activity. RNA was isolated from treated cells and gene expression of selected metastatic genes (MMP1, MMP10, and CXCL8); epithelial-mesenchymal stem cell genes (TWIST1, SNAIL, ZEB1, Oct4) and stemness related genses (Nanog, Sox2) were analyzed by using a quantitative real-time PCR system. The experiments were performed in triplicates. RESULTS: Aqueous extract of TcE was found to induce apoptosis inducer in AW13516 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and was potent even at a low concentration of 5 µg/ml. The apoptosis induction was confirmed with the caspase activity assay. Treatment of the cells with the extract for 24 h exhibited a significant decrease in the expression of EMT genes in a dose-dependent manner without an effect on the metastatic genes. CONCLUSION: Aqueous extract of TcE induces apoptosis-mediated cell death in the oral cancer cell line AW13516 while attenuating its potential for epithelial mesenchymal transition.
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Oral fibroblasts, similar to dermal fibroblasts, have the potential to resist the local insults like trauma to the oral mucosa by differentiating into adipocytes and secreting antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (Camp) and this physiologic process in known as reactive adipogenesis. We hypothesize that in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), due to constant secretion and up-streaming of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- ß), oral fibroblast lose their adipogenic differentiation potential and Camp production, which leads to progressive fibrosis in OSF. The implication of this hypothesis could open some promising vistas on still unexplored innate immune systems harboured by oral mucosa. Restoring and maintaining the adipogenic and protective potential of oral fibroblasts by inhibiting TGF- ß receptors could hinder the disease progression of OSF.
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Fibrosis de la Submucosa Bucal , Adipogénesis , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Fibroblastos , Humanos , Mucosa Bucal , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador betaRESUMEN
The present review summarizes the current updates on dental perspectives on leprosy and the affording factors that are responsible for the prevalence of caries and periodontal diseases in leprosy. It also highlights immunopathological phenomena and reactional episodes of leprosy that occur due to daedal interactions between the perio-odontopathic bacteria and M. leprae. In addition, a brief introduction, historiography, classification and clinicopathological aspects are also been covered.
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Caries Dental/epidemiología , Lepra/patología , Mycobacterium leprae/aislamiento & purificación , Periodoncio/microbiología , Carga Bacteriana/tendencias , Historia del Siglo XIX , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular/fisiología , Lepra/clasificación , Lepra/historia , Lepra/microbiología , Mycobacterium leprae/metabolismo , Enfermedades Periodontales/complicaciones , Periodoncio/patología , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: A method called sediment cytology includes the investigation of smears arranged from the sediment of the biopsy specimen fixatives. The sediment from this fixative is used to prepare smears and provides a potentially rich source for cytological material. Investigation of the fixative sediment and understanding of the cytological picture with pertinent clinical and radiological information permits diagnosis in a few hours. AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of sediment cytology and oral brush cytology compared with histopathological findings in oral leukoplakia (OL) cases. METHODS: Cytological smears were obtained from 30 clinically diagnosed OL lesions using 2 techniques: oral cytobrush and 10% formalin fixative sedimentation. Both smears were stained with Papanicolaou. Cytological smear evaluation was conducted with respect to cellularity, cell distribution, cellular clumping, and the presence of blood, debris, inflammatory cells, and microbial colonies. The cytopathological scores for all cases were compared between sediment and brush cytology and correlated with the histopathological diagnosis. For statistical analysis, the κ test and the Wilcoxon matched-pair test were used. RESULTS: The cytobrush technique had a sensitivity of 83.3% for OL cases histopathologically diagnosed as severe dysplasia, while the sediment cytology technique had a sensitivity of 16.6%. For moderate/mild dysplasia cases, the cytobrush technique had a sensitivity of 7.7%, whereas the sediment technique showed no diagnostic sensitivity. CONCLUSION: Based on the results from the present study, sediment cytology, unlike oral brush cytology, is not a useful screening tool for the preliminary diagnosis of potentially malignant oral lesions.
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Citodiagnóstico/métodos , Leucoplasia Bucal/patología , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Biopsia/métodos , Humanos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: External stressors such as high altitude and low oxygen are known to affect the human microbiome, and in light of the increased occurrence of dental caries and periodontitis in orthodontic patients, the effect of high altitude and the altered oral environment in orthodontic patients on the oral salivary microbiome was researched. MATERIALS & METHODS: 31 orthodontic patients from high altitude, Aseer region and 25 orthodontic patients, residing at sea level, as controls were included. DNA isolation was done from the saliva collected from the study participants. V3 area of 16s RNA was targeted by universal primers through PCR to decipher the salivary microbiome in both the groups. RESULTS: A total of 11 genera belonging to 4 phyla of bacteria were identified in both groups. The most abundant microbiome at the phylum level was: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria. The salivary microbiome was more diverse in sea level controls compared to that of the orthodontic patients at high altitude wherein the presence of only two main phyla: Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were seen. The controls revealed Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study suggest that the biodiversity of the salivary microbiome is severely perturbed under the cumulative influences of high altitude and presence of fixed orthodontic appliance. Under these circumstances, a strict and meticulous oral hygiene regimen should be recommended and followed to avoid harmful effects on the periodontal tissues.
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Altitud , Caries Dental , Disbiosis , Microbiota , Saliva/microbiología , Bacterias/clasificación , Humanos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genéticaRESUMEN
An estimated 4% of all cancers are of the oral cavity or oropharyngeal. Presently, management of the oral cancers mainly includes surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy either alone or in combination depending on the individual case. Each of these techniques has their advantages and disadvantages. Surgery demands removal of cancerous tissue causing disfigurement and functional impairment. Radiotherapy has significant side effects like mucositis, myelosuppression, xerostomia and dental caries. With the advent of newer treatment methods like the targeted therapy, immune therapy and gene therapy, treatment outcomes are better with fewer side effects. This has generally improved survival rates and quality of life of cancer patients.