Kaempferol alleviates bisphenol A reproductive toxicity in rats in a dose-dependent manner.

BACKGROUND: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including bisphenol A (BPA), are a major cause of male infertility by disrupting spermatogenesis. OBJECTIVE: Here, we examined the potential protective benefits of kaempferol (KMF), a flavonol known for its antioxidant properties, on BPA-induced reproductive toxicity in adult male rats. METHODS: Human skin fibroblast cells (HNFF-P18) underwent cell viability assays. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: 1) control, 2) BPA (10 mg/kg), 3,4) BPA, and different dosages of KMF (1 and 10 mg/kg). The study examined the rats' testosterone serum level, antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), oxidative markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), body weight, weight ratios of testis and prostate, and histopathological examinations. RESULTS: The study revealed that using KMF to treat rats exposed to BPA increased cell viability. Moreover, the rats' testosterone levels, which BPA reduced, showed a significant increase after KMF was included in the treatment regimen. Treatment with BPA led to oxidative stress and tissue damage, but simultaneous treatment with KMF restored the damaged tissue to its normal state. Histopathology studies on testis and prostate tissues showed that KMF had an ameliorative impact on BPA-induced tissue damage. CONCLUSIONS: The research suggests that KMF, a flavonol, could protect male rats from the harmful effects of BPA on reproductive health, highlighting its potential healing properties.

Exploiting Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Transporter (ASBT)-Mediated Endocytosis with Multi-Functional Deoxycholic Acid Grafted Alginate Amide Nanoparticles as an Oral Insulin Delivery System.

OBJECTIVE: Oral administration of insulin is a potential candidate for managing diabetes. However, it is obstructed by the gastrointestinal tract barriers resulting in negligible oral bioavailability. METHODS: This investigation presents a novel nanocarrier platform designed to address these challenges. In this regard, the process involved amination of sodium alginate by ethylene diamine, followed by its conjugation with deoxycholic acid. RESULTS: The resulting DCA@Alg@INS nanocarrier revealed a significantly high insulin loading content of 63.6 ± 1.03% and encapsulation efficiency of 87.6 ± 3.84%, with a particle size of 206 nm and zeta potentials of -3 mV. In vitro studies showed sustained and pH-dependent release profiles of insulin from nanoparticles. In vitro cellular studies, confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry analysis confirmed the successful attachment and internalization of DCA@Alg@INS nanoparticles in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the DCA@Alg@INS demonstrated a superior capacity for cellular uptake and permeability coefficient relative to the insulin solution, exhibiting sixfold and 4.94-fold enhancement, respectively. According to the uptake mechanism studies, the results indicated that DCA@Alg@INS was mostly transported through an energy-dependent active pathway since the uptake of DCA@Alg@INS by cells was significantly reduced in the presence of NaN3 by ~ 92% and at a low temperature of 4°C by ~ 94%. CONCLUSIONS: Given the significance of administering insulin through oral route, deoxycholic acid-modified alginate nanoparticles present a viable option to surmount various obstacles presented by the gastrointestinal.

Historical roots of the stigma of epilepsy: A review of the classic Iranian literature.

BACKGROUND: The stigma toward epilepsy is a daily challenge for people with epilepsy (PWE) and can influence the well-being and prognosis of these individuals. However, the cultural origins of such stigma have sparsely been examined. In this study, we aimed to investigate the classic Persian literature to gain insight into the historical and cultural beliefs and opinions regarding epilepsy as a determinant in developing stigma towards PWE. METHODS: In this narrative review of the classic Persian literature, we investigated the opinions and beliefs regarding epilepsy and PWE. In February 2023, we searched https://ganjoor.net (an open-access database of Iranian literature) for the relevant literary materials (poem and prose) using the Persian translation of the terms epilepsy (Sar'e) and epileptic (Masroo'e). Two clinical researchers went through the results and extracted the related materials under the supervision of two experts in Persian literature. A bilingual academic translated the included literary materials from Persian to English. RESULTS: Our search yielded 57 literature materials by 31 poets and writers from the 4th to 14th Hijri centuries, roughly coinciding with the past Gregorian millennium (1000-2000 AC). We classified the literary concepts related to epilepsy stigma into five subgroups: (i) a simile for pain and suffering; (ii) an atonement for blasphemous beliefs or a disease caused by supernatural power; (iii) a sign of madness, insanity, and lack of wisdom; (iv) a celestial observation; and (v) a subject for jokes. CONCLUSIONS: Classic Persian literature considered epilepsy as a simile for suffering and a sign of insanity that is caused by blasphemous beliefs or celestial objects, with PWE classified as insane and unwise. While such depictions became less prevalent after the 14th century CE, they can give rise to misconceptions and negative stigma toward PWE and should be addressed in modern culture. Each society should critically investigate its socio-cultural origins of stigma and rectify such misbeliefs.

Alginate/whey protein isolate-based emulgel as an alternative margarine replacer in processed cheese: Impact on rheological, mechanical, nutritional, and sensory characteristics.

The effects of partial or full replacement of margarine by alginate/whey protein isolate-based olive oil emulgel on nutritional, physicochemical, mechanical, and rheological properties of processed cheese (PC) were investigated in this work. All formulated samples had the same amount of total fat, DM, and pH. According to the results of the fatty acids profile, the PC sample in which the margarine was fully replaced by the emulgel (EPC100) had the highest (49.84%) oleic acid content and showed a reduction of 23.7% in SFA compared with the control sample (EPC0; formulated just with margarine). In addition, EPC0 had the highest hardness among various cheese samples, which was also confirmed by its compact microstructure. Dynamic oscillatory measurements revealed that EPC100 had the highest crossover strain (or resistance to deformation). The high rigidity of this sample was related to the 3-dimensional structure of emulgel. According to the creep test results, EPC100 showed the lowest relative recovery (flowability). A high temperature dependency of viscoelastic moduli was observed in EPC0 at 42°C. No significant differences were observed between the color attributes and sensory properties of the various cheese samples. Alginate/whey protein isolate-based olive oil emulgel can be considered as a healthy margarine replacer in PC.

The protective effects of quercetin nano-emulsion on intestinal mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil in mice.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal mucositis is one of chemotherapeutics' most common adverse effects, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Quercetin (QRC), a naturally occurring flavonoid, has approved antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, in this article, the preventive and curative effects of emulsion and nano-emulsion formulations of QRC were investigated in a model of 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis using biochemical, histopathological, and molecular approaches. METHOD: Thirty-six mice were divided into six different groups: Control (normal saline), 5-FU (a single dose of 5-FU 300 mg/kg), pre-treatment groups (pre-QRC, and pre-QRC-nano, receiving QRC 5 mg/kg emulsion and nano-emulsion before the induction of mucositis, respectively), and post-treatment groups (post-QRC, and post-QRC-nano, receiving QRC 5 mg/kg emulsion and nano-emulsion after the induction of mucositis, respectively). FINDING: The administration of quercetin emulsion and nano-emulsion could significantly alleviate the oxidant-antioxidant balance of mice serum samples and reverse the destructive histopathologic changes induced by 5-FU in the intestine tissue. Nevertheless, although the expression of both pro-inflammatory genes, NF-κB and HIF-1α, was decreased when quercetin was administered to mice, this reduction was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The administration of quercetin emulsion and nano-emulsion formulations could ameliorate the oxidative damage induced by chemotherapeutics, such as the 5-FU. Therefore, if confirmed in further studies, it could be used in clinical settings as a preventive and curative agent to decrease such catastrophic adverse events in chemotherapy patients.

Ameliorative effect of Alpinia officinarum Hance extract on nonylphenol-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats.

Nonylphenol (NP), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, interferes with reproductive function and induces oxidative stress in different organs, including the testis and prostate. Alpinia officinarum Hance (ALP), a plant species of the Zingiberaceae family, has proven antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the alcoholic extract of ALP treatment on NP-induced reproductive toxicity and oxidative stress in male rats using biochemical and histopathological biomarkers. Our experimental groups were defined as follows: oil treatment (control), NP 10 mg/kg, ALP 10 mg/kg (ALP HD), NP + ALP 5 mg/kg (NP + ALP LD) and NP + ALP 10 mg/kg (NP + ALP HD). NP administration caused significant cytotoxicity and a significant increase in oxidative stress prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels accompanied by a significant reduction in testosterone levels. The relative weight of the testis of both NP + ALP LD and NP + ALP HD groups was significantly decreased compared to the control group. Histopathological evaluations revealed destructive effects in testis and prostate tissue samples. In conclusion, ALP administration improved cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, testosterone and PSA levels, and testis and prostate tissue destructive effects induced by the NP in male rats.

Shelf-life extension of pomegranate arils using chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Satureja hortensis essential oil.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted in two parts to improve the antimicrobial activity and stability of Satureja hortensis essential oil (SEO) and its impacts on the quality of pomegranate arils. In the first part, SEO was encapsulated by an ionic gelation technique into 142.2-267.7 nm chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs). In the second part of the experiment, the CSNPs and CSNPs-SEO were applied to improve storability of pomegranate arils. Arils were dipped in water (control), CSNPs and CSNPs-SEO for 5 min. After superficial water removal, arils were packed into polystyrene boxes and stored at 5 °C for 18 days. RESULTS: Based on spectrophotometry analysis, the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of SEO-loaded CSNPs (CSNPs-SEO) decreased from 26.57% to 7.41% and their loading capacity (LC) increased from 4.72% to 6.17%, respectively, upon increasing the initial SEO content from 0.125 to 0.5 g g-1 of chitosan. Phytochemicals and water content were maintained, and microbial counts were reduced in the coated arils during storage. Total phenol and antioxidant activity decreased during storage. At the end of storage, the highest total phenol content (2980.0 mg gallic acid equivalents L-1 ) was found in arils treated with CSNPs-SEO, whereas ascorbic acid content was maximal (6.32 mg L-1 ) in arils treated with CSNPs. The encapsulation of savory essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles did not have undesirable effects in pomegranate arils. CONCLUSION: Pre-storage treatment of pomegranate arils with CSNPs-SEO could be considered a beneficial treatment to better maintain the biochemical and sensorial quality during storage. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Prediction of the outlet flow temperature in a flat plate solar collector using artificial neural network.

In the current research, the efficiency of a solar flat plate collector (SFPC) was examined experimentally, while the system was modeled with an artificial neural network (ANN) under semi-arid weather conditions of Rafsanjan, Iran. Based on the backpropagation algorithm, a feedforward neural network was established to estimate and forecast the outlet flow temperature of SFPC. To identify the most appropriate model, the ANN topology hidden layer, the number of hidden neurons, iteration, and statistical indicators were analyzed. In the first ANN modeling (CASE I), five parameters, including solar radiation, inlet flow temperature, flow rate, ambient temperature, and wind speed, were applied in the input layer of the network, while the output flow temperature (subsequently efficiency) was in the output layer. In the second artificial neural network modeling (CASE II), the wind speed was omitted from the input of the ANN model. Results showed that the ANN with four inputs yields more accurate results for both estimation and prediction of outlet flow temperature.

Replacement of nitrite with lupulon-xanthohumol loaded nanoliposome in cooked beef-sausage: experimental and model based study.

Replacement of nitrite with hop components in cooked beef-sausage (CBS) was studied. For this purpose, lupulon-xanthohumol loaded nanoliposome (L-X-NL) was produced using sonication at optimized condition (time = 10.8 min, power = 72.7 W, lecithin concentration = 140 mg/mL). The release of lupulon and xanthohumol to liquid meat extract followed the Rigter-Peppus model. Samples of CBS (60% meat) supplemented by different ratios of nitrite/L-X-NL were produced. Microbial analysis and lipid oxidation measurement were carried out to evaluate the safety of CBS samples. The formulation consisted 30 ppm of nitrite and 150 ppm of L-X-NL remained microbiologically safe during 30-d storage at 4 °C. It was observed that L-X-NL could postpone the oxidation. Addition of L-X-NL has not impaired the sensory properties of final product, while the presence of nitrite for inducing the demanding color of CBS was important. Considering the results, partial removal of nitrite in formulation of CBS (up to 50%) and replacing with L-X-NL as a new promising preservative is recommended.

In Vitro and In Vivo Effectiveness of Carvacrol, Thymol and Linalool against Leishmania infantum.

BACKGROUND: One of the most important causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is Leishmania infantum, which is mainly spread by Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia sandflies in the Old and New World, respectively. Novel and effective drugs to manage this neglected vector-borne disease are urgently required. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of carvacrol, thymol and linalool, three common essential oil constituents, on amastigotes and promastigotes of L. infantum. Methods: in vitro experiments were performed by 24 h MTT assay. Carvacrol, thymol and linalool at concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 10 µg/mL were tested on promastigotes of L. infantum. For in vivo test, two groups of hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) received 100 mg/kg of body weight/day of carvacrol and thymol as intraperitoneal injection on day 7 post-infection, followed by a 48 h later injection. The third group was treated with the glucantime as standard drug (500 mg/kg) and the last group (control) just received normal saline. On the 16th day, the number of parasites and histopathological changes in liver and spleen were investigated. RESULTS: 24 h MTT assay showed promising antileishmanial activity of thymol and carvacrol, with IC50 values of 7.2 (48 µM) and 9.8 µg/mL (65 µM), respectively. Linalool at all concentrations did not affect L. infantum promastigote viability. In vivo toxicity data of carvacrol and thymol showed that the former at 100 mg/kg was the safest and most effective treatment with little side effects on the liver. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, thymol and carvacrol are highly promising candidates for the development of effective and safe drugs in the fight against VL.

First evidence of the presence of adenovirus type 8 in myocardium of patients with severe idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Previous studies have detected adenovirus and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in cardiac tissue of patients with myocarditis. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the frequency of these viruses, which may be involved in the development of severe dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Myocardial tissue from of 23 cardiac transplant candidates with acute idiopathic DCM below the age of 40 years were analyzed by amplification of adenovirus and CMV DNA and subsequent sequencing. Adenovirus was detected in four (17.4%) and CMV in one (4.3%) of the patients. All controls were negative for the presence of both viruses. Our study shows that myocardial infection with adenovirus may play an important role in the pathogenesis of severe DCM and suggests that vaccination against adenovirus might be helpful in decreasing the prevalence of severe idiopathic DCM. This is the first study in which adenovirus type 8 has been detected in the hearts of patients with DCM.

Agroinfiltration: a rapid and reliable method to select suitable rose cultivars for blue flower production.

Rose cultivars with blue flower color are among the most attractive breeding targets in floriculture. However, they are difficult to produce due to the low efficiency of transformation systems, interactive effects of hosts and vectors, and lengthy processes. In this study, agroinfiltration-mediated transient expression was investigated as a tool to assess the function of flower color genes and to determine appropriate host cultivars for stable transformation in Rosa hybrida. To induce delphinidin accumulation and consequently to produce blue hue, the petals of 30 rose cultivars were infiltrated with three different expression vectors namely pBIH-35S-CcF3'5'H, pBIH-35S-Del2 and pBIH-35S-Del8, harbouring different sets of flower color genes. The results obtained showed that the ectopic expression of the genes was only detected in three cultivars with dark pink petals (i.e. 'Purple power', 'High & Mora' and 'Marina') after 6-8 days. The high performance liquid chromatography analyses confirmed delphinidin accumulation in the infiltrated petals caused by transient expression of CcF3'5'H gene. Moreover, there were significant differences in the amounts of delphinidin among the three cultivars infiltrated with the three different expression vectors. More specifically, the highest delphinidin content was detected in the cultivar 'Purple power' (4.67 µg g-1 FW), infiltrated with the pBIH-35S-Del2 vector. The expression of CcF3'5'H gene in the infiltrated petals was also confirmed by real time PCR. In conclusion and based on the findings of the present study, the agroinfiltration could be regarded as a reliable method to identify suitable rose cultivars in blue rose flower production programs.

Development of a novel colorimetric sensor based on alginate beads for monitoring rainbow trout spoilage.

Alginate is a non-toxic, renewable, and linear copolymer obtained from the brown algae Laminaria digitata that can be easily shaped into beads. Its good gel forming properties have made it useful for entrapping food and pharmaceutical ingredients. In this study, alginate beads were used in a novel application as a colorimetric sensor in food intelligent packaging. Colorimetric sensor was developed through entrapping red cabbage extract as a pH indicator in alginate beads. The pH indicator beads were used in rainbow trout packaging for monitoring fillets spoilage. Color change of beads during fish storage was measured using the CIELab method. The alginate bead colorimetric sensor is validated by measuring total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) levels and microbial populations in fish samples. Moreover, peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated during storage. Results indicated that increasing the bacterial population during storage and production of proteolytic enzymes resulted in protein degradation, accumulation of volatile amine compounds, increase in the pH and finally color change of alginate beads. The values of TVB-N, pH, PV and TBARS increased with time of storage. The results of TVB-N and microbial growth were in accordance with color change of beads and CIELab data. Therefore, the proposed system enjoys a high sensitivity to pH variations and is capable of monitoring the spoilage of fish or other protein-rich products through its wide range of color changes. The alginate beads containing the red cabbage extract can, thus, be used as a low-cost colorimetric sensor for intelligent packaging applications.

Comparing the effect of prazosin and hydroxyzine on sleep quality in patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVES: In light of the high prevalence of sleep disorders in patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this study sought to compare the effect of prazosin and hydroxyzine on sleep quality in this patient group. METHODS: A total of 100 patients suffering from PTSD were assessed (mean age = 35.51 years, SD = 6.41; 28% females). Next, they were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: prazosin (33 patients), hydroxyzine (34 patients) or placebo (33 patients). The trial lasted for 8 weeks. The patients' sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Items taken from the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview were used to operationalize PTSD. RESULTS: Compared to controls, patients treated with prazosin and hydroxyzine reported improved sleep and less nightmares. Improvement was greatest in patients treated with prazosin compared to hydroxyzine and placebo. Improvement in sleep was associated with an amelioration of their PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSION: Both prazosin and hydroxyzine can be used to treat psychopharmacological sleep disorders and nightmares in patients suffering from PTSD, also leading to reductions in PTSD symptoms.

Association of serum soluble leptin receptor and leptin levels with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Leptin plays a key role in the regulation of energy expenditure and is known to circulate in both free and bound forms. Soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) is a unique circulating form of leptin receptor that can bind to leptin. Leptin and leptin receptor have been implicated in processes leading to breast cancer initiation and progression. Our study was aimed to investigate the relationship between serum levels of sOB-R and leptin with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum leptin and sOB-R levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 100 women with breast cancer cases compared with 100 age and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls without cancer. Lipid profiles were measured by enzymatic method. RESULTS: The median serum levels of sOB-R in controls were significantly higher than that in breast cancer cases (odds ratio [OR], 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77-188.2) versus (OR, 0.140; 95% CI = 0.09-98.1). Conversely, the median serum level of leptin in breast cancer cases was significantly higher than that in controls (OR, 67.90; 95% CI = 2.77-129.9) vs. (OR, 28.30; 95% CI = 0.60-113.1). Breast cancer was significantly associated with higher serum level of leptin (OR = 1.027, 95% CI = 1.017-1.038). Conversely, breast cancer was correlated with lower serum level of sOB-R (OR = 0.983, 95% CI = 0.969-0.997). Moreover, free leptin index (FLI) (leptin/sOB-R ratio) was associated with breast cancer (OR = 1.028, 95% CI = 1.015-1.042). The serum sOB-R level was negatively associated with leptin, BMI, and high density lipoprotein (r = -0.238, -0.186, and -0.168, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that FLI and serum leptin level rather than serum level of sOB-R was associated with the breast cancer.

Co-encapsulation of Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora) essential oil and nisin using caffeic acid grafted chitosan nanogel and the effect of this nanogel as a bio-preservative in Iranian white cheese.

The current study aims to co-encapsulate Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora) essential oil (ZEO) and nisin into chitosan nanogel as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent to enhance the shelf-life of cheese. Chitosan-caffeic acid (CS-CA) nanogel was produced to co-encapsulate Zataria multiflora essential oil and nisin. This nanogel was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The effect of free (TFZN) and encapsulated ZEO-nisin in chitosan nanogel (TCZN) on the chemical and microbiological properties of Iranian white cheese was assessed. The particle size, polydispersity index value (PDI), zeta potential, antioxidant activity, and encapsulation efficiency of the optimal chitosan-ZEO-nisin nanogel were 421.6 nm, 0.343, 34.0 mV, 71.06%-82.69%, and 41.3 ± 0.5%, 0.79 ± 0.06 mg/mL. respectively. FTIR and XRD approved ZEO and nisin entrapment within chitosan nanogel. The chitosan nanogel showed a highly porous surface with an irregular shape. The bioactive compounds of ZEO and nisin decreased the pH changes in cheese. On the 60th day of storage, the acidity of treated samples was significantly lower than that of control. Although the lowest anisidine index value was observed in samples treated with sodium nitrate (NaNO3) (TS), there was no significant difference between this sample and TCZN. The lowest microbial population was observed in TCZN and TS. After 60 days of ripening, Coliforms were not detected in the culture medium of TCZN and TS. The results can contribute to the development of a natural preservative with the potential for application in the dairy industry.

Effects of different treatments on pain, functional disability, position sense and range of motion in elite bodybuilders with chronic low back pain.

Back pain is one of the major global challenges and is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders occurring in 80% of people at least once in their lifetime. Therefore, the need to find appropriate treatment methods for this issue is very important. The objective is to examine the short-term and acute effects of a treatment session with dry needling, massage therapy, stretching exercises and Kinesio tape on pain, functional disability, position sense and range of motion in elite bodybuilders with non-specific chronic low back pain. The sample of this quasi-experimental study consisted of 48 bodybuilders with non-specific chronic low back pain (all male, mean age = 25.96 ± 2.18 years; mean weight = 74.45 ± 4.51 kg; mean height = 173.88 ± 3.74 cm; mean BMI = 24.60 ± 0.74 kg/m2) who randomly were placed in 4 dry needling, massage therapy, stretching exercises and Kinesio tape groups. The duration of each intervention was 30 min. The dependent variables in this study included the massage range of motion, position sense tests and visual pain scale that were taken separately from each subject in pretest, posttest (acute effect) and follow-up test (72 h after posttest; short-term effect). The results of a 4 (groups) × 3 (time) the mixed ANOVAs showed that pain in the short-term phase was significantly lower in the dry needling group than in the stretching and massage groups (P < 0.05). Also in the acute effect phase, the flexion range of motion was significantly lower in the dry needling group than in the massage group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the two groups of stretching and massage exercises showed significantly greater range of motion (P < 0.05). Other comparisons were not significant (P > 0.05). The findings of the study showed that both massage and stretching treatment have higher acute effects, while dry needling treatment was more effective in follow up. On the other hand, these findings show that these treatment methods can have immediate and lasting positive effects in improving the performance in elite bodybuilders with non-specific chronic low back pain.

Efficacy of Melatonin Administration in Reducing Headaches in Children with Migraines without Sleep Disorders.

Objectives: Migraine is one of the common diseases of children, which can disrupt their quality of life. Some studies have shown the effect of melatonin in reducing migraine headaches. This study aims to investigate the effect of melatonin administration in reducing headaches in children with migraine without sleep disorders. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial study, fifty-five children aged five to 15 years with migraines who had no sleep disorder were enrolled. The control group (twenty-seven patients) was treated with propranolol tablets, and the intervention group (thirty patients) was treated with propranolol tablets plus melatonin tablets for three months. Patients were visited before, one month, and three months after the start of treatment, and their data was collected and recorded. Results: The number of headache attacks decreased significantly in the intervention group compared to the control group three months after the treatment (P=0.006). The number of patients with a good response to treatment in the intervention group was significantly more than the control group (p=0.023). Parents' satisfaction with the treatment in the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group (P=0.026). There was no significant difference in the intensity of disability caused by headaches after treatment in the two groups. No significant drug side effects were seen in any of the two groups. Conclusion: Adding melatonin to the treatment of children with migraine without sleep disorders significantly reduces the frequency of headache attacks and increases satisfaction with the treatment.

Encapsulation of grape seed oil in oil-in-water emulsion using multilayer technology: Investigation of physical stability, physicochemical and oxidative properties of emulsions under the influence of the number of layers.

Many studies have shown that grape seed oil (GSO) is one of the vegetable fats that are plentiful in essential fatty acids and can be used as a fat substitute or to modify fat in food products to reduce saturated fatty acids. However, due to its low solubility and high sensitivity to oxidation, it is necessary to develop delivery systems that can distribute GSO in food more effectively. Recently, the preparation of emulsions using the layer-by-layer (LBL) method has many advantages in delivering lipid-soluble functional compounds. This research was used to check the formation of GSO oil-loaded primary, secondary and tertiary multilayer emulsions stabilized by mixture of anionic gelatin, cationic chitosan, and anionic basil seed gum (BSG) as the aqueous phase at pH 5, prepared using a layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition technique. Multilayer emulsions prepared by GSO and a mixture of gelatin, chitosan, and BSG as the aqueous phase at pH 5. Finally, the effect of the number of layers on the physicochemical properties (particle size, viscosity, turbidity, refractive index, and physical stability) and oxidative stability (peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value, and fatty acid profile) during the storage time (30 days) at two temperatures 25 °C & 4 °C was investigated. Also, the zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of mono-layer and multi-layer emulsions were investigated. The results revealed that by increasing the number of layers of multi-layer emulsion of GSO, the stability has improved. Thus, the tertiary emulsion has been more effective than the other two emulsions in maintaining the physicochemical characteristics and stability over time (P < 0.001). Morphological characterization and FTIR spectroscopy results confirmed that gelatin, chitosan, and BSG were successfully loaded into the LBL emulsions. This study can improve the original percept of multilayer emulsions and promulgate their potential applications for the entire encapsulation of essential fatty acids to enrich and prevent peroxide attack.