A calmodulin-gated calcium channel links pathogen patterns to plant immunity.

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) activate innate immunity in both animals and plants. Although calcium has long been recognized as an essential signal for PAMP-triggered immunity in plants, the mechanism of PAMP-induced calcium signalling remains unknown1,2. Here we report that calcium nutrient status is critical for calcium-dependent PAMP-triggered immunity in plants. When calcium supply is sufficient, two genes that encode cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC) proteins, CNGC2 and CNGC4, are essential for PAMP-induced calcium signalling in Arabidopsis3-7. In a reconstitution system, we find that the CNGC2 and CNGC4 proteins together-but neither alone-assemble into a functional calcium channel that is blocked by calmodulin in the resting state. Upon pathogen attack, the channel is phosphorylated and activated by the effector kinase BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) of the pattern-recognition receptor complex, and this triggers an increase in the concentration of cytosolic calcium8-10. The CNGC-mediated calcium entry thus provides a critical link between the pattern-recognition receptor complex and calcium-dependent immunity programs in the PAMP-triggered immunity signalling pathway in plants.

Natural variation of Alfin-like family affects seed size and drought tolerance in rice.

The Alfin-like (AL) family is a group of small plant-specific transcriptional factors involved in abiotic stresses in dicotyledon. In an early study, we found an AL gene in rice that was associated with grain yield under drought stress. However, little information is known about the AL family in rice. In this study, AL genes in the rice genome were identified, and the OsAL proteins were found to locate in the nucleus and have no transcriptional self-activation activity. The expression of the OsALs was regulated by different environmental stimulations and plant hormones. Association and domestication analysis revealed that natural variation of most OsALs was significantly associated with yield traits, drought resistance and divergence in grain size in indica and japonica rice varieties. Hap1 of OsAL7.1 and Hap7 of OsAL11 were favorable haplotypes of seed weight and germination under osmotic stress. Furthermore, osal7.1 and osal11 mutants have larger seeds and are more sensitive to abscisic acid and mannitol during germination stage. Overexpressing of OsAL7.1 and OsAL11 in rice weakened the tolerance to drought in the adult stage. Thus, our work provides informative knowledge for exploring and harnessing haplotype diversity of OsALs to improve yield stability under drought stress.

LEAF TIP RUMPLED 1 Regulates Leaf Morphology and Salt Tolerance in Rice.

Leaf morphology is one of the important traits related to ideal plant architecture and is an important factor determining rice stress resistance, which directly affects yield. Wax layers form a barrier to protect plants from different environmental stresses. However, the regulatory effect of wax synthesis genes on leaf morphology and salt tolerance is not well-understood. In this study, we identified a rice mutant, leaf tip rumpled 1 (ltr1), in a mutant library of the classic japonica variety Nipponbare. Phenotypic investigation of NPB and ltr1 suggested that ltr1 showed rumpled leaf with uneven distribution of bulliform cells and sclerenchyma cells, and disordered vascular bundles. A decrease in seed-setting rate in ltr1 led to decreased per-plant grain yield. Moreover, ltr1 was sensitive to salt stress, and LTR1 was strongly induced by salt stress. Map-based cloning of LTR1 showed that there was a 2-bp deletion in the eighth exon of LOC_Os02g40784 in ltr1, resulting in a frameshift mutation and early termination of transcription. Subsequently, the candidate gene was confirmed using complementation, overexpression, and knockout analysis of LOC_Os02g40784. Functional analysis of LTR1 showed that it was a wax synthesis gene and constitutively expressed in entire tissues with higher relative expression level in leaves and panicles. Moreover, overexpression of LTR1 enhanced yield in rice and LTR1 positively regulates salt stress by affecting water and ion homeostasis. These results lay a theoretical foundation for exploring the molecular mechanism of leaf morphogenesis and stress response, providing a new potential strategy for stress-tolerance breeding.

Functional characterization of C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) family in Brassica rapa L.

The small regulatory C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE (CEP) peptide family plays crucial roles in plant growth and stress response. However, little is known about this peptide family in Brassica species. Here, we performed a systematic analysis to identify the putative Brassica rapa L. CEP (BrCEP) gene family. In total, 27 BrCEP genes were identified and they were classified into four subgroups based on the CEP motifs similarity. BrCEP genes displayed distinct expression patterns in response to both developmental and several environmental signals, suggesting their broad roles during Brassica rapa development. Furthuremore, the synthetic BrCEP3 peptide accelerated Brassica rapa primary root growth in a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Ca2+ dependent manner. In summary, our work will provide fundamental insights into the physiological function of CEP peptides during Brassica rapa development.

Metabolome Analysis under Aluminum Toxicity between Aluminum-Tolerant and -Sensitive Rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Aluminum (Al) solubilizes into trivalent ions (Al3+) on acidic soils, inhibiting root growth. Since about 13% of global rice cultivation is grown on acidic soils, improving Al tolerance in rice may significantly increase yields. In the present study, metabolome analysis under Al toxicity between the Al-tolerant variety Nipponbare and the Al-sensitive variety H570 were performed. There were 45 and 83 differential metabolites which were specifically detected in Nipponbare and H570 under Al toxicity, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that 16 lipids out of 45 total metabolites were down-regulated, and 7 phenolic acids as well as 4 alkaloids of 45 metabolites were up-regulated in Nipponbare, while 12 amino acids and their derivatives were specifically detected in H570, of which 11 amino acids increased, including L-homoserine and L-methionine, which are involved in cysteine synthesis, L-ornithine and L-proline, which are associated with putrescine synthesis, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, which is associated with ethylene synthesis. The contents of cysteine and s-(methyl) glutathione, which were reported to be related to Al detoxification in rice, decreased significantly. Meanwhile, putrescine was accumulated in H570, while there was no significant change in Nipponbare, so we speculated that it might be an intermediate product of Al detoxification in rice. The differential metabolites detected between Al-tolerant and -sensitive rice variants in the present study might play important roles in Al tolerance. These results provide new insights in the mechanisms of Al tolerance in rice.

Bacillus zhanjiangensis sp. nov., isolated from an oyster in South China Sea.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive, endospore-forming, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain JSM 099021(T), was isolated from an oyster collected from Naozhou Island in the South China Sea. Growth occurred with 0-15% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2-4%) and at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum pH 7.5) and at 10-45°C (optimum 30-35°C). meso-Diaminopimelic acid was present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7) and the major polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, iso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0. The genomic DNA G + C content was 39.5 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain JSM 099021(T) belongs to the genus Bacillus, and was most closely related to the type strains of Bacillus halmapalus (sequence similarity 99.0%), Bacillus horikoshii (98.4%) and Bacillus cohnii (98.0%). The combination of phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data supported the proposal that strain JSM 099021(T) represents a new species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus zhanjiangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain was JSM 099021(T) (=DSM 23010(T) = KCTC 13713(T)).

Genome-wide identification reveals the function of CEP peptide in cucumber root development.

C-Terminally Encoded (CEP) peptides are crucial plant growth regulators. Nevertheless, their physiological roles in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), an essential worldwide economical vegetable, remains untapped. In this study, 6 cucumber CEP (CsCEP) genes were identified. A comprehensive analysis showed that the CsCEP proteins displayed conserved characteristics to the identified CEP protein members in other species. CsCEP genes expression levels were variant in cucumber tissues, and were also differentially induced by several environmental factors, suggesting distinct and overlapping roles of CsCEPs in various cucumber developmental processes. We further revealed that synthetic CsCEP4 peptide promoted cucumber primary root growth in a reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent manner. Overall, our work will provide fundamental insights into the crucial physiological roles of small bioactive peptides during cucumber root development.

Leaf width gene LW5/D1 affects plant architecture and yield in rice by regulating nitrogen utilization efficiency.

Leaves are the primary structures responsible for photosynthesis, making leaf morphology one of the most important traits of rice plant architecture. Both plant architecture and nutrient utilization jointly affect rice yield, however, their molecular association is still poorly understood. We identified a rice mutant, leaf width 5 (lw5), that displayed small grains and wide leaves and possesses characteristics typical of a small "sink" and a large "source". Map-based cloning and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing indicated that LW5 affects both the plant architecture and yield. It is an allele of D1, encoding the rice G protein α subunit. The loss of LW5 functioning leads to an increase in the rate of photosynthesis, vascular bundles, and chlorophyll content. However, the grain-straw ratio and the rate of grain filling decreased significantly. The detection results of 15N-ammonium nitrate and an expression analysis of genes associated with nitrogen demonstrated that LW5 serves an important role in nitrate uptake and transport. LW5 affects plant architecture and grain size by regulating nitrogen transfer. These results provide a theoretical foundation for further research surrounding the molecular mechanism of "source-sink" balance in rice and suggest novel methods of molecular design for the cultivation of breeding super rice in ideal plant types.

Correlation and quantitative trait loci analyses of total chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of rice (Oryza sativa) under water stress and well-watered conditions.

In order to explore the relevant molecular genetic mechanisms of photosynthetic rate (PR) and chlorophyll content (CC) in rice (Oryza sativa L.), we conducted a series of related experiments using a population of recombinant inbred lines (Zhenshan97B x IRAT109). We found a significant correlation between CC and PR (R= 0.19**) in well-watered conditions, but no significant correlation during water stress (r= 0.08). We detected 13 main quantitative trait loci (QTLs) located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10, which were associated with CC, including six QTLs located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 during water stress, and seven QTLs located on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 6, and 10 in well-watered conditions. These QTLs explained 47.39% of phenotypic variation during water stress and 56.19% in well-watered conditions. We detected four main QTLs associated with PR; three of them (qPR2, qPR10, qPR11) were located on chromosomes 2, 10, and 11 during water stress, and one (qPR10) was located on chromosome 10 in well-watered conditions. These QTLs explained 34.37% and 18.41% of the phenotypic variation in water stress and well-watered conditions, respectively. In total, CC was largely controlled by main QTLs, and PR was mainly controlled by epistatic QTL pairs.

Dissection of additive, epistatic effect and Q x E interaction of quantitative trait loci influencing stigma exsertion under water stress in rice.

Four flowering related traits, spikelet number per panicle (SNP), percentage of single exserted stigma (PSES), dual exserted stigma (PDES) and total exserted stigma (PES) of a RI population with 185 lines under water stress and non-stress conditions for 2 years, were investigated in a drought tolerance screening facility. ANOVA results showed high significance between years, lines, and water stress treatments, together with interactions among them in pairs. Highest phenotypic correlation was found between PSES and PES (r = 0.9752***), followed by PDES and PES (r = 0.7150***), and PSES and PDES (r = 0.5424***). Based on a linkage map of 203 SSR markers, six main effect QTLs were detected for SNP and three or four main effect QTLs were associated with PSES, PDES and PES under stress or non-stress conditions. There were one to nine pairs of epistatic QTLs influencing SNP and stigma exsertion. The contribution rates of additive and epistatic effects seemed to be in a low magnitude for most cases (0.76%-9.92%) while a few QTLs or QTL pairs explained more than 10% of total variance. Some main effect QTL and epistasis were commonly detected among PSES, PDES and PES, explaining the high positive correlation between them. Few QTLs were detected under both water stress and non-stress condition, implying that drought had severe impact on the genetic behaviors of both spikelet number and stigma exsertion.

Screening of candidate genes and fine mapping of drought tolerance quantitative trait loci on chromosome 4 in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under drought stress.

Due to severe water resource shortage, genetics of and breeding for DT (drought tolerance) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) have become one of the hot research topics. Identification of grain yield QTLs (quantitative trait loci) directly related to the DT trait of rice can provide useful information for breeding new drought-resistant and water-saving rice varieties via marker-assisted selection. A population of 105 advanced BILs (backcross introgression lines) derived from a cross between Zhenshan97B and IRAT109 in Zhenshan97B background were grown under drought stress in a field experiment and phenotypic traits were investigated. The results showed that in the target interval of RM273-RM255 on chromosome 4, three main-effect QTLs related to panicle length, panicle number, and spikelet number per panicle were identified (LOD [logarithm of the odds] > 2.0). The panicle length-related QTL had two loci located in the neighboring intervals of RM17308-RM17305 and RM17349-RM17190, which explained 18.80% and 20.42%, respectively, of the phenotypic variation, while the panicle number-related QTL was identified in the interval of RM1354-RM17308, explaining 11.47% of the phenotypic variation. As far as the spikelet number per panicle-related QTL was concerned, it was found to be located in the interval of RM17308-RM17305, which explained 28.08% of the phenotypic variation. Using the online Plant-GE query system, a total of 13 matched ESTs (expressed sequence tags) were found in the target region, and of the 13 ESTs, 12 had corresponding predicted genes. For instance, the two ESTs CB096766 and CA765747 were corresponded to the same predicted gene LOC_Os04g46370, while the other four ESTs, CA754286, CB000011, CX056247, and CX056240, were corresponded to the same predicted gene LOC_Os04g46390.