Active Surveillance versus Immediate Intervention for Small Renal Masses: A Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Decision Analysis.

PURPOSE: Active surveillance (AS) with the possibility of delayed intervention (DI) is emerging as a safe alternative to immediate intervention for many patients with small renal masses (SRMs). However, limited comparative data exist to inform the most appropriate management strategy for SRMs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Decision analytic Markov modeling was performed to estimate the health outcomes and costs of 4 management strategies for 65-year-old patients with an incidental SRM: AS (with possible DI), immediate partial nephrectomy, radical nephrectomy, and thermal ablation. Mortality, direct medical costs, quality-adjusted life-years, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were evaluated over 10 years. RESULTS: The 10-year all-cause mortality was 22.6% for AS, 21.9% for immediate partial nephrectomy, 22.4% for immediate radical nephrectomy, and 23.7% for immediate thermal ablation. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/quality-adjusted life-year, AS was the most cost-effective management strategy. The results were robust in univariate, multivariate, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Clinical decision analysis demonstrated that the tumor's metastatic potential, patient age, individual preferences, and health status were important factors influencing the optimal management strategy. Notably, if the annual probability of metastatic progression from AS was sufficiently low (under 0.35%-0.45% for most ages at baseline), consistent with the typical metastatic potential of SRMs <2 cm, AS would achieve higher health utilities than the other strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to immediate intervention, AS with timely DI offers a safe and cost-effective approach to managing patients with SRMs. For patients harboring tumors of very low metastatic potential, AS may lead to better patient outcomes than immediate intervention.

Association between Previous Pelvic Radiation and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Failure of Replacement Artificial Urinary Sphincters.

PURPOSE: In order to accurately characterize how a history of radiation therapy affects the lifespan of replacement artificial urinary sphincters (AUSs), all possible sources of device failure must be considered. We assessed the competing risks of device failure based on radiation history in men with replacement AUSs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified men who had a replacement AUS in a single institutional, retrospective database. To assess survival from all-cause device failure based on radiation history and other factors, we conducted Kaplan-Meier, Cox proportional-hazards and competing risks analyses. RESULTS: Among 247 men who had a first replacement AUS, men with a history of radiation had shorter time to all-cause device failure (median 1.4 vs 3.5 years for men with radiation vs without radiation history, p=0.02). On multivariable Cox-proportional hazards analysis, previous radiation was associated with increased risk of all-cause device failure (HR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.30-3.43, p=0.002). On multivariable cause-specific hazards analysis, prior radiation was associated with a higher risk of erosion/infection (HR: 7.57, 95% CI: 2.27-25.2, p <0.001), but was not associated with risk of urethral atrophy (p=0.5) or mechanical failure (p=0.15). CONCLUSIONS: Among men with a replacement AUS, a history of pelvic radiation was associated with shorter time to device failure of any cause. Radiation was also specifically associated with a sevenfold increase in the risk of erosion or infection of replacement AUS, but not with urethral atrophy or mechanical failure. Patients with a replacement AUS should be appropriately counseled on how radiation history may impact outcomes of future revisions.

Perioperative Aspirin Use Is Associated with Bleeding Complications during Robotic Partial Nephrectomy.

PURPOSE: Daily aspirin use following cardiovascular intervention is commonplace and creates concern regarding bleeding risk in patients undergoing surgery. Despite its cardio-protective role, aspirin is often discontinued 5-7 days prior to major surgery due to bleeding concerns. Single institution studies have investigated perioperative outcomes of aspirin use in robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN). We sought to evaluate the outcomes of perioperative aspirin (pASA) use during RPN in a multicenter setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective evaluation of patients undergoing RPN at 5 high volume RPN institutions. We compared perioperative outcomes of patients taking pASA (81 mg) to those not on aspirin. We analyzed the association between pASA use and perioperative transfusion. RESULTS: Of 1,565 patients undergoing RPN, 228 (14.5%) patients continued pASA and were older (62.8 vs 56.8 years, p <0.001) with higher Charlson scores (mean 3 vs 2, p <0.001). pASA was associated with increased perioperative blood transfusions (11% vs 4%, p <0.001) and major complications (10% vs 3%, p <0.001). On multivariable analysis, pASA was associated with increased transfusion risk (OR 1.94, 1.10-3.45, 95% CI). CONCLUSIONS: In experienced hands, perioperative aspirin 81 mg use during RPN is reasonable and safe; however, there is a higher risk of blood transfusions and major complications. Future studies are needed to clarify the role of antiplatelet therapy in RPN patients requiring pASA for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.

Evidence-based quality and accuracy of YouTube videos about nephrolithiasis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality and accuracy of online videos about the medical management of nephrolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To evaluate trends in online interest, we first examined the frequency of worldwide YouTube searches for 'kidney stones' from 2015 to 2020. We then queried YouTube with terms related to symptoms and treatment of kidney stones and analysed English-language videos with >5000 views. Quality was assessed using the validated DISCERN instrument. Evidence-based content analysis of video content and viewer comments was performed. RESULTS: Online searches for videos about kidney stones doubled between 2015 and 2019 (P < 0.001). We analysed 102 videos with a median (range) number of views of 46 539 (5024-3 631 322). The mean (sd) DISCERN score was 3.0 (1.4) out of 5, indicating 'moderate' quality; scores were significantly higher for the 21 videos (21%) authored by academic hospitals (mean 3.7 vs 2.8, P = 0.02). Inaccurate or non-evidence-based claims were identified in 23 videos (23%); none of the videos authored by academic institutions contained inaccurate claims. Videos with inaccurate statements had more than double the viewer engagement (viewer-generated comments, 'thumbs up' and 'thumbs down' ratings) compared to videos without inaccuracies (P < 0.001). Among viewer comments, 43 videos (43%) included comments with inaccurate or non-evidence-based claims, and a large majority (82 videos, 80%) had 'chatbot' recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Interest in YouTube videos about nephrolithiasis has doubled since 2015. While highly viewed videos vary widely in quality and accuracy, videos produced by academic hospitals have significantly fewer inaccurate claims. Given the high prevalence of stone disease and poor-quality videos, patients should be directed to evidence-based content online.

Complications after open and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and association with postoperative opioid use: an analysis of data from the PREVENTER trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate perioperative complications for open radical prostatectomy (ORP) and robot-assisted RP (RARP) for patients enrolled in the PREvention of VENous ThromboEmbolism Following Radical Prostatectomy (PREVENTER; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03006562) trial, to determine predictors and impact on opioid consumption. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort of 500 patients undergoing ORP and RARP was followed to determine rates of complications and opioid use. Complications were classified 30 days after RP using the Clavien-Dindo system. Patient characteristics and outcomes were compared using appropriate statistical tests. Logistic and linear regressions were performed to identify predictors of complications and evaluate the relationship between complications and postoperative opioid use. RESULTS: A total of 124 (24.8%) men underwent ORP and 376 (75.2%) RARP, with 418 (83.6%) receiving pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND). While 83 patients (16.6%) had complications, only 19 (3.8%) were major (Clavien-Dindo Grade ≥III), with no differences by surgical approach. PLND (odds ratio [OR] 2.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-8.71; P = 0.03) and Stage pT3b (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.23-6.00;P = 0.01) were the only predictors of complications after controlling for potential confounders. Patients who had complications had greater inpatient (P = 0.02) and outpatient (P = 0.005) opioid use, which persisted after controlling for patient-reported pain, attending surgeon variation, surgical approach, and undergoing PLND (inpatient ß:77.2, 95% CI 17.9-136.5,P = 0.03; and outpatient ß:21.9, 95% CI 4.7-39.1,P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: In an analysis of prospectively collected data, overall and major complications rates did not differ by surgical approach. Patients receiving PLND and with Stage pT3b disease had more complications. Complications were independently associated with higher inpatient and outpatient postoperative opioid use.

A micro-costing analysis of outpatient flexible cystoscopy: implications for adoption of single-use flexible cystoscopes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the total cost of outpatient flexible cystoscopy associated with reusable device purchase, maintenance, and reprocessing, and to assess potential cost benefits of single-use flexible cystoscopes. METHODS: Cost data regarding the purchasing, maintaining, and reprocessing of reusable flexible cystoscopes were collected using a micro-costing approach at a high-volume outpatient urology clinic. We estimated the costs to facilities with a range of annual procedure volumes (1000-3000) performed with a fleet of cystoscopes ranging from 10 to 25. We also compared the total cost per double-J ureteral stent removal procedure performed using single-use flexible cystoscopes versus reusable devices. RESULTS: The cost associated with reusable flexible cystoscopes ranged from $105 to $224 per procedure depending on the annual procedure volume and cystoscopes available. As a practice became more efficient by increasing the ratio of procedures performed to cystoscopes in the fleet, the proportion of the total cost due to cystoscope reprocessing increased from 22 to 46%. For ureteral stent removal procedures, the total cost per procedure using reusable cystoscopes (range $165-$1469) was higher than that using single-use devices ($244-$420), unless the annual procedure volume was sufficiently high relative to the number of reusable cystoscopes in the fleet (≥ 350 for a practice with ten reusable cystoscopes, ≥ 700 for one with 20 devices). CONCLUSION: The cost of reprocessing reusable cystoscopes represents a large fraction of the total cost per procedure, especially for high-volume facilities. It may be economical to adopt single-use cystoscopes specifically for stent removal procedures, especially for lower-volume facilities.

A prospective comparative study of routine versus deferred pelvic drain placement after radical prostatectomy: impact on complications and opioid use.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association of post-RP drain placement with post-operative complications and opioid use at a high-volume institution. METHODS: A prospective, comparative cohort study of patients undergoing robot-assisted or open RP was conducted. Patients for two surgeons did not routinely receive pelvic drains ("No Drain" arm), while the remainder routinely placed drains ("Drain" arm). Outcomes were evaluated at 30 days including Clavien-Dindo complications and opioid use. Intention-to-treat primary analysis and additional secondary analyses were performed using appropriate statistical tests and logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 498 total patients, 144 (28.9%) were in the No Drain arm (all robot-assisted) and 354 (71.1%) in the Drain arm. In the No Drain arm, 19 (13.2%) intraoperatively were chosen to receive drains. There was no difference in overall or major (Clavien ≥ 3) complications between groups (p = 0.2 and 0.4, respectively). Drain deferral did not predict complications on multivariable analysis adjusted for age, BMI, comorbidities, clinical risk, surgical approach, operating time, lymphadenectomy, and number of nodes removed [OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.34-1.11, p = 0.10]; nor did it predict symptomatic fluid collection, adjusting for lymphadenectomy and nodes removed [OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.43-3.60, p = 0.8]. Drain deferral did not decrease opioid use (p = 0.5). Per protocol analysis and restriction to robot-assisted cases demonstrated similar results. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in adverse events, complications, symptomatic collections, or opioid use with deferral of routine drain placement after RP. Experienced surgeons may safely defer drain placement in the majority of robot-assisted RP cases.

Evaluating Urology Residency Applications: What Matters Most and What Comes Next?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In light of the announcement that the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 exam will transition to pass/fail reporting, we reviewed recent literature on evaluating residency applicants with a focus on identifying objective measurements of applicant potential. RECENT FINDINGS: References from attending urologists, Step 1 scores, overall academic performance, and research publications are among the most important criteria used to assess applicants. There has been a substantial increase in the average number of applications submitted per applicant, with both applicants and residency directors indicating support for a cap on the number of applications that may be submitted. Additionally, there are increasing efforts to promote diversity with the goal of improving care and representation in urology. Despite progress in standardizing interview protocols, inappropriate questioning remains an issue. Opportunities to improve residency application include promoting diversity, enforcing prohibitions of illegal practices, limiting application numbers, and finding more transparent and equitable screening measures to replace Step 1.

Comparison of outcomes in patients with and without neurologic diseases undergoing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to compare holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) outcomes in patients with and without neurologic diseases (ND). METHODS: A prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing HoLEP from January 2021 to April 2022 was reviewed. The following NDs were included: diabetes-related neuropathy/neurogenic bladder, Parkinson's disease, dementia, cerebrovascular accident, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, transient ischemic attack, brain/spinal tumors, myasthenia gravis, spinal cord injury, and other. Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests, Chi-squared, and binomial tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: A total of 118 ND patients were identified with 135 different neurologic diseases. ND patients were more likely to have indwelling catheters (57% vs. 39%, p=0.012) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) preoperatively (32% vs. 19%, p=0.002). Postoperatively, ND patients were more likely to fail initial trial of void (20% vs. 8.1%, p<0.001) and experience an episode of acute urinary retention (16% vs. 8.5%, p=0.024). Within 90 days postoperative, the overall complication rate was higher in the ND group (26% vs. 13%, p=0.001). Within the ND group, 30/118 (25%) had ≥1 UTI within 90 days preoperative, which decreased to 10/118 (8.7%) 90 days postoperative (p<0.001). At last followup (mean 6.7 months [ND] vs. 5.4 months [non-ND], p=0.03), four patients (4.4%) in the ND group required persistent catheter/clean intermittent catheterization compared to none in the non-ND group (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ND undergoing HoLEP are more likely to experience postoperative retention and higher complication rates compared to non-ND patients. While UTI rates are higher in this population, HoLEP significantly reduced three-month UTI and catheterization rates.

Intradetrusor OnabotulinumtoxinA Injections at the Time of Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate for Men with Severe Storage Symptoms.

Introduction: Intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA (OTA) injection is a well-established treatment option for refractory overactive bladder; however, its use at the time of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) for men with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and severe storage symptoms has not been previously reported. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified men with BOO and severe storage symptoms who underwent treatment with 200 U of intradetrusor OTA (Botox®) at the time of HoLEP. Patients were propensity score matched to a cohort of HoLEP-only patients based on age, Michigan Incontinence Symptom Index (M-ISI) score, preoperative urinary retention, urge incontinence, and prostate size. Perioperative, postoperative, and patient-reported outcomes were examined between groups. Results: We identified 82 men who underwent HoLEP, including 41 patients in the OTA group and 41 patients in the control group. There was no difference in operative times (59 minutes OTA vs 55 minutes control, p = 0.2), rates of same-day trial of void (TOV) (92% OTA vs 94% control, p = 0.7), or rates of same-day discharge (88% OTA vs 85% control, p = 0.6) between groups. There was no difference in temporary postoperative urinary retention (7% OTA vs 2% control, p = 0.3) between groups. Patients who received OTA injections had a significant reduction in their incontinence scores at 3-month follow-up (M-ISI -8, interquartile range [IQR]: -13 to 0, p < 0.001), whereas control patients did not (M-ISI -5, IQR: -8 to -1, p = 0.2). There was no difference in rates of 90-day complications between groups (OTA 10% vs control 5%, p = 0.7). Conclusions: Intradetrusor OTA at the time of HoLEP is safe and is associated with improved urinary incontinence scores and AUA Symptom Score. Rates of same-day discharge and same-day TOV after HoLEP were not affected by OTA. These findings support the role of OTA as an adjunct to surgical intervention in men with incontinence in the presence of BOO.

Using Competing Risk of Mortality to Inform the Transition from Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance to Watchful Waiting.

BACKGROUND: For men on active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer (PCa), disease progression and age-related changes in health may influence decisions about pursuing curative treatment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predicted PCa and non-PCa mortality at the time of reclassification among men on AS, to identify clinical criteria for considering a transition from AS to watchful waiting (WW). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients enrolled in a large AS program who experienced biopsy grade reclassification (Gleason grade increase) were retrospectively examined. All patients who had complete documentation of medical comorbidities at reclassification were included. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: A validated model was used to assess 10- and 15-yr untreated PCa and non-PCa mortalities based on patient comorbidities and PCa clinical characteristics. We compared the ratio of predicted PCa mortality with predicted non-PCa mortality ("predicted mortality ratio") and divided patients into four risk tiers based on this ratio: (1) tier 1 (ratio: >0.33), (2) tier 2 (ratio 0.33-0.20), (3) tier 3 (ratio 0.20-0.10), and (4) tier 4 (ratio <0.10). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Of the 344 men who were reclassified, 98 (28%) were in risk tier 1, 85 (25%) in tier 2, 93 (27%) in tier 3, and 68 (20%) in tier 4 for 10-yr mortality. Fifteen-year risk tiers were distributed similarly. The 23 (6.7%) men who met the "transition triad" (age >75 yr, Charlson Comorbidity Index >3, and grade group ≤2) had a 14-fold higher non-PCa mortality risk and a lower predicted mortality ratio than those who did not (0.07 vs 0.23, p < 0.001). The primary limitations of our study included its retrospective nature and the use of predicted mortalities. CONCLUSIONS: At reclassification, nearly half of patients had a more than five-fold and one in five patients had a more than ten-fold higher risk of non-PCa death than patients having a risk of untreated PCa death. Despite a more significant cancer diagnosis, a transition to WW for older men with multiple comorbidities and grade group <3 PCa should be considered. PATIENT SUMMARY: Men with favorable-risk prostate cancer and life expectancy of >10 yr are often enrolled in active surveillance, which entails delay of curative treatment until there is evidence of more aggressive disease. We examined a group of men on active surveillance who developed more aggressive disease, and found, nevertheless, that the majority of these men continued to have a dramatically higher risk of death from non-prostate cancer causes than from prostate cancer based on a risk prediction tool. For men older than 75 yr, who have multiple medical conditions and who do not have higher-grade cancer, it may be reasonable to reconsider the need for curative treatment given the low risk of death from prostate cancer compared with the risk of death from other causes.

Patient and in-hospital predictors of post-discharge opioid utilization: Individualizing prescribing after radical prostatectomy based on the ORIOLES initiative.

OBJECTIVE: Judicious opioid stewardship would match each patient's prescription to their true medical necessity. However, most prescribing paradigms apply preset quantities and clinical judgment without objective data to predict individual use. We evaluated individual patient and in-hospital parameters as predictors of post-discharge opioid utilization after radical prostatectomy (RP) to provide evidence-based guidance for individualized prescribing. METHODS: A prospective cohort of patients who underwent open or robotic RP were followed in the Opioid Reduction Intervention for Open, Laparoscopic, and Endoscopic Surgery (ORIOLES) initiative. Baseline demographics, in-hospital parameters, and inpatient and post-discharge pain medication utilization were tabulated. Opioid medications were converted to oral morphine equivalents (OMEQ). Predictive factors for post-discharge opioid utilization were analyzed by univariable and multivariable linear regression, adjusting for opioid reduction interventions performed in ORIOLES. RESULTS: Of 443 patients, 102 underwent open and 341 underwent robotic RP. The factors most strongly associated with post-discharge opioid utilization included inpatient opioid utilization in the final 12 hours before discharge (+39.6 post-discharge OMEQ if inpatient OMEQ was >15 vs. 0), maximum patient-reported pain score (range 0-10) in the 12 hours before discharge (+27.6 OMEQ for pain score ≥6 vs. ≤1), preoperative opioid use (+76.2 OMEQ), and body mass index (BMI; +1.4 OMEQ per 1 kg/m2). A final predictive calculator to guide post-discharge opioid prescribing was constructed. CONCLUSIONS: Following RP, inpatient opioid use, patient-reported pain scores, prior opioid use, and BMI are correlated with post-discharge opioid utilization. These data can help guide individualized opioid prescribing to reduce risks of both overprescribing and underprescribing.

Evidence-based analysis of online consumer information about prostate artery embolization for benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines have conflicting recommendations on the role of prostate artery embolization (PAE), a novel interventional radiology technique used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In the absence of consensus among clinicians, patients may seek information online, where consumer-targeted content has proliferated in recent years. Our objective was to assess the content and quality of online information about prostate artery embolization (PAE). METHODS: We evaluated patient interest and exposure to PAE by searching Google Trends for PAE and searching Google for BPH and treatment-related terms. To assess online content about PAE safety and efficacy, we queried Google for patient-oriented websites and YouTube for consumer videos, assessing quality using the validated DISCERN instrument and performing an evidence-based content analysis of how indications, risks, and benefits of PAE were presented. RESULTS: Worldwide searches for PAE peaked in 2019; PAE was mentioned in 15 (26%) of the 57 general BPH-related websites. From our PAE-specific searches, we identified 50 websites and 31 videos. Academic hospitals were the most common sponsor of both PAE-related websites (16, 32%) and videos (15, 48%). Among sources offering PAE to patients, only 15% of websites and 11% of videos explicitly did so as part of a clinical trial. The average DISCERN rating of quality of content was 3.0 out of 5 for websites and 2.0 out of 5 for videos (p < 0.001). Over a quarter of websites and more than half of videos contained potential misinformation, inaccuracies, or non-evidence-based claims about PAE (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Online consumer information about PAE is of low to moderate quality, with a high frequency of non-evidence-based claims. In the absence of guideline consensus about the role of PAE, clinicians should offer shared decision making and evidence-based counseling about the risks and benefits of PAE.

Acellular Dermal Matrix Tissues in Genitourinary Reconstructive Surgery: A Review of the Literature and Case Discussions.

INTRODUCTION: There have been major advancements in the field of urologic reconstruction and gender-affirming surgeries over the past 10 years. These operations have become increasingly complex involving multiple revisions, with limited healthy native tissue availability. Grafts are frequently needed when a patient's own tissue is expected to have poor wound-healing properties. To reduce the morbidity associated with autologous grafts and complications associated with synthetic grafts, acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) can be used as substitutes in genitourinary surgery as they demonstrate decreased immunogenicity and retaine structural integrity. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this review is to describe the importance and potential uses of ADMs by reviewing the literature and highlighting key examples of our institution's expanded application of ADM grafts in genitourinary reconstruction. METHODS: We performed a literature review for the use of ADMs in genitourinary surgery including the search terms acellular dermal matrix, alloderm, extracellular matrix, penis, penile reconstruction, intrapenile prosthesis, phalloplasty, neophallus, urethroplasty, artificial urinary sphincters, Peyronie's disease, and urology. We highlight 5 representative genitourinary reconstructive cases performed at this institution where ADMs contributed to surgical success. Genitourinary reconstructive surgeries that have used ADMs in the literature included neophallus construction for gender affirmation, phalloplasty for trauma, penile augmentation, and plaque excision and grafting for Peyronie's disease. RESULTS: Biomechanical studies across different graft types are limited in genitourinary applications. Initial studies using ADMs indicate benefits of limited inflammatory response, finite elasticity, and substantial tensile strength, acceptably mimicking properties of the native tissue. CONCLUSION: Our experience and the current literature suggest that human ADM is a valuable option for tunica albuginea replacement, but its use to support free grafts should be cautioned secondary to graft take. Haney NM, Huang MM, Liu JL, et al. Acellular Dermal Matrix Tissues in Genitourinary Reconstructive Surgery: A Review of the Literature and Case Discussions. Sex Med Rev 2021;9;488-497.

Systematic Evaluation of Smartphone Applications for the Medical Management of Nephrolithiasis.

Objective: The aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the quality of patient-oriented, mobile health applications (apps) available for medical management of kidney stone disease (KSD). Materials and Methods: A systematic search was performed to identify apps from the Apple and Google Play app stores. Eligible apps were divided into two categories: (1) fluid apps and (2) dietary apps. Descriptive characteristics were summarized and app quality was independently evaluated on the basis of technical quality, usability, clinical value, and privacy/security. The validated Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) was the backbone for the evaluation framework. Results: In total, 31 apps (18 fluid apps and 13 dietary apps) were included. Fluid apps outscore dietary apps in all dimensions of MARS quality. All but one fluid app exceeded the minimum acceptable MARS score of 3.0 vs 46% of dietary management apps. Dietary apps feature less functionality and most are limited to noninteractive informational content. While most data-capturing apps provide a privacy policy and ensure that security measures are taken to protect user identity, only 36% offer users choice or consent for secondary use of their data after data have already been collected. Overall, only one app has undergone any form of real-world clinical investigation. Conclusions: Fluid management apps outperform dietary apps in technical quality, usability, and clinical value at the cost of greater privacy/security risks. Despite not being targeted to patients with KSD, they are higher in most quality measures and offer greater functionality to support long-term disease management compared with dietary apps.

Contemporary Assessment of the Most Cited Clinical, Basic Science, and Guidelines Papers in Urology: A Reference for Urology Journal Club.

OBJECTIVE: To perform bibliometric analysis of the top cited articles in urology as a guide for journal club article selection. METHODS: Bibliometric citation analysis was performed using Scopus. Tables illustrating the top cited clinical, basic science, and guidelines/position statements papers were constructed. Linear regression was used to determine association between h-index and number of citations. RESULTS: A total of 3,188,861 publications from 1788 to 2020 were analyzed. The top 100 cited clinical papers from 1788 to 2020, top 100 cited contemporary clinical papers from 2000 to 2020, top 25 cited basic science papers, and the top 25 cited guidelines/position statement papers were reported. Median number of citations in the top 100 cited clinical papers was 1463 (interquartile range 1186-1821). Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (12), Johns Hopkins University (6), and Harvard University (6) contributed the most top cited clinical papers in urology. Urologic oncology was the most represented subspecialty in both clinical (75%) and basic science (96%) papers. First author and last author h-index were found to correlate with the number paper citations in the top 100 cited clinical papers from 1788 to 2020 (first author ß:5.3, P= .003, last author ß:4.5, P= .03). Only 7% of the most cited clinical papers in urology were from female first authors, which was not statistically significantly different from those reported in prior publications published in 2009 and 2013. CONCLUSION: Contemporary citation analysis of indexed manuscripts in urology may serve as a valuable educational tool for urologists and trainees.

Testis-sparing Surgery: A Single Institution Experience.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the safety and efficacy of testis-sparing surgery (TSS) in 2 specific circumstances: small, nonpalpable masses suspected to be benign and masses suspicious for germ cell tumor in a solitary or functionally solitary testicle or bilateral disease. METHODS: Our institutional review board-approved testicular cancer registry was reviewed for men who underwent inguinal exploration with intent for TSS (2013-2020). The attempted TSS and completed TSS groups were evaluated for differences using Student's t test for normally-distributed variables, chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests for proportions, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for nonparametric variables. RESULTS: TSS was attempted in 28 patients and completed in 14. TSS was completed only if intraoperative frozen section demonstrated benign disease, except for 1 patient with stage I seminoma and solitary testicle. Sensitivity and specificity of frozen section analysis was 100% and 93%, respectively. There were no significant differences in demographics between attempted vs completed TSS cohorts. Median tumor size was significantly smaller in the completed TSS cohort (1.0 cm vs 1.7 cm, P = .03). In patients with unilateral masses without history of testis cancer, the testis was successfully spared in 9 of 22 cases (41%). In patients with bilateral disease or germ cell tumor in solitary testis, the testis was spared in 5 of 6 cases (83%). At a median follow up of 12.2 months, all patients were alive, and 27 of 28 had no evidence of disease (96%). CONCLUSION: TSS is safe and effective for small, benign masses and in the setting of bilateral disease or tumor in a solitary testis.

Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Non-risk-adapted Active Surveillance for Postorchiectomy Management of Clinical Stage I Seminoma.

BACKGROUND: Cancer-specific survival for men with clinical stage I (CSI) seminoma approaches 100%, regardless of the management approach chosen after orchiectomy. Given the young age and high survival rate of these patients, there has been a shift toward minimizing treatment-related morbidity and cost. In this context, non-risk-adapted active surveillance (NRAS) has emerged as a desirable management strategy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical, quality of life, and economic values of postorchiectomy NRAS for CSI seminoma. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We developed a decision analytic Markov model to estimate the costs and health outcomes of competing postorchiectomy management strategies for otherwise healthy 30-yr-old men with CSI seminoma. INTERVENTION: Real-world current practice, comprising active surveillance and adjuvant therapies (reference arm), was compared with empiric adjuvant radiotherapy (option 1), empiric adjuvant chemotherapy (option 2), risk-adapted active surveillance (RAAS; option 3), and NRAS (option 4). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), medical costs, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, mortality, and unnecessary treatment avoidance were estimated over a 10-yr period. Uncertainties in model input values were accounted for using univariate, scenario, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: NRAS dominated all other management options, offering the lowest per-patient health care cost ($3839) and the highest QALYs gained (7.74) over 10 yr. On probabilistic sensitivity analysis, NRAS had the highest chance of being most cost effective. Although NRAS resulted in the highest rate of salvage chemotherapy (20% vs 6% radiotherapy, 6% chemotherapy, 15% current practice, and 16% RAAS), it had the same mortality rate compared to current practice (2.5%). NRAS also allowed 80% of patients to avoid unnecessary treatment compared with 46% for current practice and 52% for RAAS. Study limitations included model simplifications, model parameter assumptions, as well as the absence of patient preference as a decision factor. CONCLUSIONS: NRAS maintains high cure rates for CSI seminoma, minimizes unnecessary treatment, and is cost effective compared with other management strategies. PATIENT SUMMARY: Clinical stage I (CSI) seminoma is one of the most common forms of testicular cancer. Surgery is the first step in the treatment of men with this disease, and some men may receive additional treatment with radiation or chemotherapy afterward. As most men are cured with surgery alone, non-risk-adapted active surveillance (NRAS), which involves routine monitoring with imaging and blood tests for disease recurrence after surgery, has become a desirable treatment option. Our study shows that in addition to maintaining high survival rates and avoiding unnecessary radiation and chemotherapy, NRAS is cost effective for the health care system.