Evaluation of effects of heat released from SOC decomposition on soil carbon stock and temperature.

Heat released from soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition (referred to as microbial heat hereafter) could alter the soil's thermal and hydrological conditions, subsequently modulate SOC decomposition and its feedback with climate. While understanding this feedback is crucial for shaping policy to achieve specific climate goal, it has not been comprehensively assessed. This study employs the ORCHIDEE-MICT model to investigate the effects of microbial heat, referred to as heating effect, focusing on their impacts on SOC accumulation, soil temperature and net primary productivity (NPP), as well as implication on land-climate feedback under two CO2 emissions scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5). The findings reveal that the microbial heat decreases soil carbon stock, predominantly in upper layers, and elevates soil temperatures, especially in deeper layers. This results in a marginal reduction in global SOC stocks due to accelerated SOC decomposition. Altered seasonal cycles of SOC decomposition and soil temperature are simulated, with the most significant temperature increase per unit of microbial heat (0.31 K J-1) occurring at around 273.15 K (median value of all grid cells where air temperature is around 273.15 K). The heating effect leads to the earlier loss of permafrost area under RCP8.5 and hinders its restoration under RCP2.6 after peak warming. Although elevated soil temperature under climate warming aligns with expectation, the anticipated accelerated SOC decomposition and large amplifying feedback on climate warming were not observed, mainly because of reduced modeled initial SOC stock and limited NPP with heating effect. These underscores the multifaceted impacts of microbial heat. Comprehensive understanding of these effects would be vital for devising effective climate change mitigation strategies in a warming world.

Acidithiobacillus acidisediminis sp. nov., an acidophilic sulphur-oxidizing chemolithotroph isolated from acid mine drainage sediment.

Strain S30A2T, isolated from the acid mine drainage sediment of Mengzi Copper Mine, Yunnan, is proposed to represent a novel species of the sulphur-oxidizing genus Acidithiobacillus. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, non-endospore forming, highly motile with one or two monopolar flagella and rod-shaped. The strain was mesophilic, growing at 30-50 °C (optimum, 38 °C), acidophilic, growing at pH 2.0-4.5 (optimum, pH 2.5), and tolerant of 0-4 % (w/v; 684 mol l-1) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene-based sequence analysis showed that strain S30A2T belongs to the genus Acidithiobacillus and shows the largest similarity of 96.6 % to the type strain Acidithiobacillus caldus KUT. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain S30A2T was 59.25 mol%. The average nucleotide identity ANIb and ANIm values between strain S30A2T and A. caldus KUT were 70.95 and 89.78 %, respectively and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization value was 24.9 %. Strain S30A2T was strictly aerobic and could utilize elementary sulphur and tetrathionate to support chemolithotrophic growth. The major cellular fatty acid of S30A2T was C19 : 1ω7c. The respiratory quinones were ubiquinone-8 and ubiquinone-7. Based upon its phylogenetic, genetic, phenotypic, physiologic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain S30A2T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Acidithiobacillus, for which the name Acidithiobacillus acidisediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S30A2T (=CGMCC 1.17059T=KCTC 72580T).

r20 (S)-protopanaxatriol improves atherosclerosis by inhibiting low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation in ApoE KO mice.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic progressive disease caused by various factors and causes various cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Reducing the plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is the primary goal in preventing and treating AS. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) plays a crucial role in regulating LDL-C metabolism. Panax notoginseng has potent lipid-reducing effects and protects against CVDs, and its saponins induce vascular dilatation, inhibit thrombus formation, and are used in treating CVDs. However, the anti-AS effect of the secondary metabolite, 20(S) protopanaxatriol (20(S)-PPT), remains unclear. In this study, the anti-AS effect and molecular mechanism of 20(S)-PPT were investigated in vivo and in vitro by western blotting, real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence staining, and other assays. The in vitro experiments revealed that 20(S)-PPT reduced the levels of PCSK9 in the supernatant of HepG2 cells, upregulated low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) protein levels, promoted LDL uptake by HepG2 cells, and reduced PCSK9 mRNA transcription by upregulating the levels of FoxO3 protein and mRNA and decreasing the levels of HNF1α and SREBP2 protein and mRNA. The in vivo experiments revealed that 20(S)-PPT upregulated aortic αSMA expression, increased the stability of atherosclerotic plaques, and reduced aortic plaque formation induced by a high-cholesterol fed in ApoE-/- mice (HCF group). Additionally, 20(S)PPT reduced the aortic expression of CD68, reduced inflammation in the aortic root, and alleviated the hepatic lesions in the HCF group. The study revealed that 20(S)-PPT inhibited LDLR degradation via PCSK9 to alleviate AS.

Comprehensive Assessment of Environmental Emissions, Fate, and Risks of Veterinary Antibiotics in China: An Environmental Fate Modeling Approach.

China is one of the major global consumers of veterinary antibiotics. Insufficient recognition of emissions and environmental contamination hamper global efforts to prevent antibiotic resistance development. This pioneering study combined empirical data and modeling approaches to predict total 2010-2020 emissions of 80 veterinary antibiotics ranging from 23,110 to 40,850 tonnes/year, after 36-50% antibiotic removal by manure treatment. Following an initial increase of 10% from 2010 to 2015, emissions declined thereafter by 43%. While 85% of emissions discharged into soils, approximately 56%, 23%, and 18% of environmental residue were ultimately distributed in soils, freshwaters, and seawaters under steady-state conditions. In 2020, 657 (319-1470) tonnes entered the ocean from inland freshwaters. Median ∑antibiotics concentrations were estimated at 4.7 × 103 ng/L in freshwaters and 2.9 ng/g in soils, with tetracyclines and sulfonamides as the predominant components. We identified 44 veterinary antibiotics potentially posing high risks of resistance development in freshwaters, with seven exhibiting high risks in >10% of Chinese freshwater areas. Tetracyclines were the category with the most antibiotics exhibiting elevated risks; however, sulfamethylthiazole demonstrated the highest individual compound risk. The Haihe River Basin displayed the highest susceptibility overall. The findings offer valuable support for control of veterinary antibiotic contamination in China.

Spatiotemporal Expansion of Algal Blooms in Coastal China Seas.

The coastal seas of China are increasingly threatened by algal blooms, yet their comprehensive spatiotemporal mapping and understanding of underlying drivers remain challenging due to high turbidity and heterogeneous water conditions. We developed a singular value decomposition-based algorithm to map these blooms using two decades of MODIS-Aqua satellite data, spanning from 2003 to 2022. Our findings indicate significant algal activity along the Chinese coastline, impacting an average annual area of approximately 1.8 × 105 km2. The blooms exhibit peak intensity in August, while the maximum affected area occurs in September, featuring multifrequency outbreaks in spring, and pronounced large-scale events in summer and autumn. Notably, our analysis demonstrates a robust 67% increase in bloom occurrences over the study period. This expansion is primarily attributed to increased nutrient inflow from terrestrial sources linked to human activity and precipitation, compounded by rising global sea surface temperatures. These spatiotemporal insights are critical for devising effective management strategies and policies to mitigate the impacts of algal blooms.

Combined treatment with cetuximab and STA9090 has synergistic anticancer effects on human non-small cell lung cancer.

Cetuximab (CET), a human murine chimeric IgG monoclonal antibody and an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has been shown to be effective in treating various types of cancer. However, its use is hindered by limitations such as resistance development, variability in patient response, side effects, and challenges in biomarker identification. Therefore, CET is often combined with other targeted therapies or chemotherapies to enhance its effectiveness. In this study, we investigate the anticancer effects and underlying mechanisms of the combination of CET, an EGFR inhibitor, and STA9090, an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), in both in vitro and in vivo models of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The results demonstrate significantly stronger effects on NSCLC cells in response to combination therapy than to treatment with either agent alone, indicating that the combination of CET and STA9090 has potential synergistic effects. Additionally, the combination therapy inhibits tumor growth in a xenograft nude mouse model more effectively than treatment with either agent alone, suggesting improved efficacy when used together. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of the combination therapy are likely due to inactivation of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway, which is overly activated in cancer and contributes to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Consequently, our findings suggest that STA9090 has potent direct antitumor activity and synergizes with CET against NSCLC tumors. It is highly likely that these synergistic effects are mediated through RTK pathway inactivation caused by the combination. Therefore, our findings strongly and consistently support the potential synergistic effect of STA9090, an RTK inhibitor, in combination with EGFR-targeting agents.

Analysis of related factors influencing postoperative recurrence of adenomyosis treated with HIFU.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for adenomyosis and postoperative recurrence and its influencing factors. METHODS: Clinical and follow-up data of 308 patients with adenomyosis who were treated with HIFU in Haifu Center, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2017 to January 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The recurrence of adenomyosis and the efficacy of HIFU at 6 months after surgery were followed up. To explore factors influencing postoperative prognosis and recurrence, the following variables were analyzed: patients' age, course of disease, gravidity and parity, size of the uterus, duration of HIFU, duration of irradiation, treatment intensity, dysmenorrhea score, time of follow-up, combined treatment of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), western medicine adjuvant treatment, lesion location and type, and menorrhagia. RESULTS: Among the 308 patients, 238 (77%) were followed up from 6 to 36 months, with an average follow-up time of 15.24 ± 9.97 months. The other 70 (23%) were lost to follow-up. At 6-month after surgery, efficacy rates of dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia management were 86.7% and 89.3%, respectively. Postoperative recurrence rates were 4.8% (1-12 months), 9.0% (12-24 months), and 17.0% (24-36 months) for dysmenorrhea; and 6.3% (1-12 months), 2.4% (12-24 months), and 12.2% (24-36 months) for menorrhagia. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that parity (P = 0.043, OR = 1.773, 95% CI 1.018-3.087), uterine size (P = 0.019, OR = 1.004, 95% CI 1.001-1.007), combined treatment of TCM (P = 0.047, OR = 1.846, 95% CI 1.008-3.381), diffuse lesion type (P = 0.013, OR = 0.464, 95% CI 0.254-0.848) and ablation rate (P = 0.015, OR = 0.481, 95%CI 0.267-0.868) were prognostic factors (P < 0.05). Age, course of disease, gravidity, duration of HIFU, duration of irradiation, treatment intensity, preoperative dysmenorrhea score, time of follow-up, western medicine adjuvant therapy, lesion location, and preoperative menstrual volume had no effect on prognosis (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: HIFU can effectively relieve dysmenorrhea and reduce menstrual volume in patients with adenomyosis. Parity, uterine size, lesion type (diffuse), and ablation rate are risk factors for symptom recurrence after HIFU, while the combination of TCM therapy is a protective factor for relapse. We, therefore, recommend TCM in the adjuvant setting after HIFU according to patient condition.

Genome-Wide Identification and Drought Stress Response Pattern of the NF-Y Gene Family in Cymbidium sinense.

Cymbidium sinense, a type of orchid plant, is more drought-resistant and ornamental than other terrestrial orchids. Research has shown that many members of the NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) transcription factor family are responsive to plant growth, development, and abiotic stress. However, the mechanism of the NF-Y gene family's response to abiotic stress in orchids has not yet been reported. In this study, phylogenetic analysis allowed for 27 CsNF-Y genes to be identified (5 CsNF-YAs, 9 CsNF-YBs, and 13 CsNF-YC subunits), and the CsNF-Ys were homologous to those in Arabidopsis and Oryza. Protein structure analysis revealed that different subfamilies contained different motifs, but all of them contained Motif 2. Secondary and tertiary protein structure analysis indicated that the CsNF-YB and CsNF-YC subfamilies had a high content of alpha helix structures. Cis-element analysis showed that elements related to drought stress were mainly concentrated in the CsNF-YB and CsNF-YC subfamilies, with CsNF-YB3 and CsNF-YC12 having the highest content. The results of a transcriptome analysis showed that there was a trend of downregulation of almost all CsNF-Ys in leaves under drought stress, while in roots, most members of the CsNF-YB subfamily showed a trend of upregulation. Additionally, seven genes were selected for real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments. The results were generally consistent with those of the transcriptome analysis. The regulatory roles of CsNF-YB 1, 2, and 4 were particularly evident in the roots. The findings of our study may make a great contribution to the understanding of the role of CsNF-Ys in stress-related metabolic processes.

The Evolution of the WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox Gene Family in Dendrobium Species and Its Role in Sex Organ Development in D. chrysotoxum.

The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor plays a vital role in stem cell maintenance and organ morphogenesis, which are essential processes for plant growth and development. Dendrobium chrysotoxum, D. huoshanense, and D. nobile are valued for their ornamental and medicinal properties. However, the specific functions of the WOX gene family in Dendrobium species are not well understood. In our study, a total of 30 WOX genes were present in the genomes of the three Dendrobium species (nine DchWOXs, 11 DhuWOXs, and ten DnoWOXs). These 30 WOXs were clustered into ancient clades, intermediate clades, and WUS/modern clades. All 30 WOXs contained a conserved homeodomain, and the conserved motifs and gene structures were similar among WOXs belonging to the same branch. D. chrysotoxum and D. huoshanense had one pair of fragment duplication genes and one pair of tandem duplication genes, respectively; D. nobile had two pairs of fragment duplication genes. The cis-acting regulatory elements (CREs) in the WOX promoter region were mainly enriched in the light response, stress response, and plant growth and development regulation. The expression pattern and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the WOXs were involved in regulating the floral organ development of D. chrysotoxum. Among them, the high expression of DchWOX3 suggests that it might be involved in controlling lip development, whereas DchWOX5 might be involved in controlling ovary development. In conclusion, this work lays the groundwork for an in-depth investigation into the functions of WOX genes and their regulatory role in Dendrobium species' floral organ development.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the GRAS Gene Family and Their Responses to Heat Stress in Cymbidium goeringii.

The GRAS gene family, responsible for encoding transcription factors, serves pivotal functions in plant development, growth, and responses to stress. The exploration of the GRAS gene family within the Orchidaceae has been comparatively limited, despite its identification and functional description in various plant species. This study aimed to conduct a thorough examination of the GRAS gene family in Cymbidum goeringii, focusing on its physicochemical attributes, phylogenetic associations, gene structure, cis-acting elements, and expression profiles under heat stress. The results show that a total of 54 CgGRASs were pinpointed from the genome repository and categorized into ten subfamilies via phylogenetic associations. Assessment of gene sequence and structure disclosed the prevalent existence of the VHIID domain in most CgGRASs, with around 57.41% (31/54) CgGRASs lacking introns. The Ka/Ks ratios of all CgGRASs were below one, indicating purifying selection across all CgGRASs. Examination of cis-acting elements unveiled the presence of numerous elements linked to light response, plant hormone signaling, and stress responsiveness. Furthermore, CgGRAS5 contained the highest quantity of cis-acting elements linked to stress response. Experimental results from RT-qPCR demonstrated notable variations in the expression levels of eight CgGRASs after heat stress conditions, particularly within the LAS, HAM, and SCL4/7 subfamilies. In conclusion, this study revealed the expression pattern of CgGRASs under heat stress, providing reference for further exploration into the roles of CgGRAS transcription factors in stress adaptation.

Viruses Regulate Microbial Community Assembly Together with Environmental Factors in Acid Mine Drainage.

Viruses are widespread in various ecosystems, and they play important roles in regulating the microbial community via host-virus interactions. Recently, metagenomic studies showed that there are extremely diverse viruses in different environments from the ocean to the human gut, but the influences of viral communities on microbial communities are poorly understood, especially in extreme environments. Here, we used metagenomics to characterize microbial communities and viral communities in acid mine drainage (AMD) and evaluated how viruses shape microbial community constrained by the harsh environments. Our results showed that AMD viral communities are significantly associated with the microbial communities, and viral diversity has positive correlations with microbial diversity. Viral community explained more variations of microbial community composition than environmental factors in AMD of a polymetallic mine. Moreover, we found that viruses harboring adaptive genes regulate a relative abundance of hosts under the modulation of environmental factors, such as pH. We also observed that viral diversity has significant correlations with the global properties of microbial cooccurrence networks, such as modularity. In addition, the results of null modeling analyses revealed that viruses significantly affect microbial community phylogeny and play important roles in regulating ecological processes of community assembly, such as dispersal limitation and homogenous dispersal. Together, these results revealed that AMD viruses are critical forces driving microbial network and community assembly via host-virus interactions. IMPORTANCE Viruses as mobile genetic elements play critical roles in the adaptive evolution of their hosts in extreme environments. However, how viruses further influence microbial community structure and assembly is still unclear. A recent metagenomic study observed diverse viruses unexplored in acid mine drainage, revealing the associations between the viral community and environmental factors. Here, we showed that viruses together with environmental factors can constrain the relative abundance of host and microbial community assembly in AMD of copper mines and polymetallic mines. Our results highlight the importance of viruses in shaping the microbial community from the individual host level to the community level.

Current State and Opportunities with Long-acting Injectables: Industry Perspectives from the Innovation and Quality Consortium "Long-Acting Injectables" Working Group.

Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations can provide several advantages over the more traditional oral formulation as drug product opportunities. LAI formulations can achieve sustained drug release for extended periods of time, which results in less frequent dosing requirements leading to higher patient adherence and more optimal therapeutic outcomes. This review article will provide an industry perspective on the development and associated challenges of long-acting injectable formulations. The LAIs described herein include polymer-based formulations, oil-based formulations, and crystalline drug suspensions. The review discusses manufacturing processes, including quality controls, considerations of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), biopharmaceutical properties and clinical requirements pertaining to LAI technology selection, and characterization of LAIs through in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches. Lastly, the article includes a discussion around the current lack of suitable compendial and biorelevant in vitro models for the evaluation of LAIs and its subsequent impact on LAI product development and approval.

Analysis of risk factors for neurological symptoms in patients with purely hepatic Wilson's disease at diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and explore the risk factors for neurological symptoms in patients with purely hepatic Wilson's disease (WD) at diagnosis. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of the Guangdong Pharmaceutical University on 68 patients with purely hepatic WD aged 20.6 ± 7.2 years. The physical examinations, laboratory tests, color Doppler ultrasound of the liver and spleen, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain were performed. RESULTS: The elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels and 24-h urinary copper level were higher in the purely hepatic WD who developed neurological symptoms (NH-WD) group than those in the purely hepatic WD (H-WD) group. Adherence to low-copper diet, and daily oral doses of penicillamine (PCA) and zinc gluconate (ZG) were lower in the NH-WD group than those in the H-WD group. Logistic regression analysis showed that insufficient doses of PCA and ZG were associated with the development of neurological symptoms in patients with purely hepatic WD at diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The development of neurological symptoms in patients with purely hepatic WD was closely associated with insufficient doses of PCA and ZG, and the inferior efficacy of copper-chelating agents. During the course of anti-copper treatment, the patient's medical status and the efficacy of copper excretion should be closely monitored.

Ubiquity of Amino Accelerators and Antioxidants in Road Dust from Multiple Land Types: Targeted and Nontargeted Analysis.

Amino accelerators and antioxidants (AAL/Os), as well as their degradation derivatives, are industrial additives of emerging concern due to their massive production and use (particularly in rubber tires), pervasiveness in the environment, and documented adverse effects. This study delineated their inter-regional variations in road dust collected from urban/suburb, agricultural, and forest areas, and screened for less-studied AAL/O analogues with high-resolution mass spectrometry. 1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG; median concentration: 121 ng/g) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q; 9.75 ng/g) are the most abundant congeners, constituting 69.7% and 41.4% of the total concentrations of AAL/Os (192 ng/g) and those of AAO transformation products (22.3 ng/g), respectively. The spatial distribution across the studied sites suggests evident human impacts, reflected by the pronounced urban signature and vehicle-originated pollution. Our nontargeted analysis of the most-contaminated road dust identified 16 AAL/O-related chemicals, many of which have received little investigation. Particularly, environmental and toxicological information remains extremely scarce for five out of the 10 most concerning compounds prioritized in terms of their dusty residues and toxicity including 1,2-diphenyl-3-cyclohexylguanidine (DPCG), N,N''-bis[2-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]guanidine (BPPG), and N-(4-anilinophenyl)formamide (PPD-CHO). Additionally, dicyclohexylamine (DChA), broadly applied as an antioxidant in automobile products, had an even greater median level than DPG. Therefore, future research on their health risks and (eco)toxic potential is of high importance.

Molecular Imaging Reveals Two Distinct Mixing States of PM2.5 Particles Sampled in a Typical Beijing Winter Pollution Case.

Mixing states of aerosol particles are crucial for understanding the role of aerosols in influencing air quality and climate. However, a fundamental understanding of the complex mixing states is still lacking because most traditional analysis techniques only reveal bulk chemical and physical properties with limited surface and 3-D information. In this research, 3-D molecular imaging enabled by ToF-SIMS was used to elucidate the mixing states of PM2.5 samples obtained from a typical Beijing winter haze event. In light pollution cases, a thin organic layer covers separated inorganic particles; while in serious pollution cases, ion exchange and an organic-inorganic mixing surface on large-area particles were observed. The new results provide key 3-D molecular information of mixing states, which is highly potential for reducing uncertainty and bias in representing aerosol-cloud interactions in current Earth System Models and improving the understanding of aerosols on air quality and human health.

Charlson Comorbidity Index is correlated with all-cause readmission within six months in patients with heart failure: a retrospective cohort study in China.

BACKGROUND: Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) is positively associated with all-cause readmission in patients with heart failure (HF) in western countries. However, there is a scarcity of strong scientific evidence supporting the correlation in China. This study aimed at testing this hypothesis in Chinese.   METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of 1,946 patients with HF in Zigong Fourth People's Hospital in China between December 2016 to June 2019. Logistic regression models were used to study the hypotheses, with adjustments for the four regression models. We also explore the linear trend and possible nonlinear relationship between CCI and readmission within six months. We further conducted subgroup analysis and tests for interaction to examine the possible interaction between CCI and the endpoint. Additionally, CCI alone and several combinations of variables based on CCI were used to predict the endpoint. Under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity were reported to evaluate the performance of the predicted model. RESULTS: In the adjusted II model, CCI was an independent prognostic factor for readmission within six months in patients with HF (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03-1.26, P = 0.011). Trend tests revealed that there was a significant linear trend for the association. A nonlinear association was identified between them and the inflection point of CCI was 1. Subgroup analyses and tests for interaction indicated that cystatin played an interactive role in the association. ROC analysis indicated neither CCI alone nor combinations of variables based on CCI were adequate for prediction. CONCLUSION: CCI was independently positively correlated with readmission within six months in patients with HF in Chinese population. However, CCI has limited value on predicting readmission within six months in patients with HF.

Ilizarov method and its combined methods in the treatment of long bone defects of the lower extremity: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Ilizarov method has become one of primary methods for treating bone defects. Currently, there is growing trend in the application of modified Ilizarov methods (e.g., applying unilateral external fixators or with flap tissue) and its combined methods (e.g., Ilizarov method with antibiotic spacer or internal fixation) to manage bone defects. However, there is a lack of studies with systematical evaluation of the clinical effects of these evolving methods. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis for overall evaluating the clinical effects on long bone defects of lower extremity in Ilizarov methods and its combined methods. METHODS: Studies were identified in three electronic databases (Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library) from the earliest indexing year through November 01, 2022, and relevant data were extracted subsequently. The total number of participants, number of participants with bone unions, bone result or functional result, and related complications including pin infection, pin loosening, pain, refracture, limb discrepancy, malalignment, joint stiffness, recurrent infection, and amputation were extracted in this study. Then, union rate (defined as the proportion of patients who achieved bone unions) and specific complication incidence rate (defined as the proportion of patients who experienced specific complication) were pooled estimated respectively. Relative risk (RR) was used for comparing the clinical effects among various Ilizarov technique. RESULTS: Sixty-eight case series studies, 29 comparative studies, and 3 randomized clinical trials were finally included. The union rate of Ilizarov methods was 99.29% (95% CI: 98.67% ~ 99.86%) in tibial defects and 98.81% (95% CI: 98.81% ~ 100.00%) in femoral defects. The union rate of Ilizarov method with antibiotic spacer and intramedullary nail in tibial defects was 99.58% (95% CI: 98.05% ~ 100.00%) and 95.02% (95% CI: 87.28% ~ 100.00%), respectively. Compared to the Ilizarov methods, the union rate of the Ilizarov method with antibiotic spacer in tibial defects increased slightly (RR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01 ~ 1.04). Meanwhile, compared to Ilizarov methods, we found lower excellent rate in bone result in Ilizarov method with antibiotic spacer, with the moderate to high heterogeneity. Compared to the Ilizarov method, lower rate of pin infection, higher rate of recurrent infection and amputation were observed in Ilizarov method with intramedullary nail, however, the findings about the comparison of pin infection and recurrent infection between the two groups were presented with high degree of statistical heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed the reliable treatment of Ilizarov methods and its combined technique on long bone defects, and founded there were significant differences on some complications rate between Ilizarov methods and its combined technique. However, the findings need to be confirmed by further studies.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the SPL Gene Family in Three Orchids.

SPL transcription factors regulate important processes such as plant growth and development, metabolic regulation, and abiotic stress. They play crucial roles in the development of flower organs. However, little is known about the characteristics and functions of the SPLs in the Orchidaceae. In this study, Cymbidium goeringii Rchb. f., Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl., and Gastrodia elata BI. were used as research objects. The SPL gene family of these orchids was analyzed on a genome-wide scale, and their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and expression patterns were studied. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR methods were combined to investigate the regulatory effect of SPLs on the development of flower organs during the flowering process (bud, initial bloom, and full bloom). This study identifies a total of 43 SPLs from C. goeringii (16), D. chrysotoxum (17), and G. elata (10) and divides them into eight subfamilies according to the phylogenetic tree. Most SPL proteins contained conserved SBP domains and complex gene structures; half of the genes had introns longer than 10 kb. The largest number and variety of cis-acting elements associated with light reactions were enriched, accounting for about 45% of the total (444/985); 13/43 SPLs contain response elements of miRNA156. GO enrichment analysis showed that the functions of most SPLs were mainly enriched in the development of plant flower organs and stems. In addition, expression patterns and qRT-PCR analysis suggested the involvement of SPL genes in the regulation of flower organ development in orchids. There was little change in the expression of the CgoSPL in C. goeringii, but DchSPL9 and GelSPL2 showed significant expression during the flowering process of D. chrysotoxum and G. elata, respectively. In summary, this paper provides a reference for exploring the regulation of the SPL gene family in orchids.

Genome-Wide Identification of TCP Gene Family in Dendrobium and Their Expression Patterns in Dendrobium chrysotoxum.

The TCP gene family are plant-specific transcription factors that play important roles in plant growth and development. Dendrobium chrysotoxum, D. nobile, and D. huoshanense are orchids with a high ornamental value, but few studies have investigated the specific functions of TCPs in Dendrobium flower development. In this study, we used these three Dendrobium species to analyze TCPs, examining their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and expression profiles. A total of 50 TCPs were identified across three Dendrobium species; they were divided into two clades-Class-I (PCF subfamily) and Class-II (CIN and CYC/TB1 subfamilies)-based on their phylogenetic relationships. Our sequence logo analysis showed that almost all Dendrobium TCPs contain a conserved TCP domain, as well as the existence of fewer exons, and the cis-regulatory elements of the TCPs were mostly related to light response. In addition, our transcriptomic data and qRT-PCR results showed that DchTCP2 and DchTCP13 had a significant impact on lateral organs. Moreover, changes in the expression level of DchTCP4 suggested its important role in the phenotypic variation of floral organs. Therefore, this study provides a significant reference for the further exploration of TCP gene functions in the regulation of different floral organs in Dendrobium orchids.

Genome-Wide Identification of PEBP Gene Family in Two Dendrobium Species and Expression Patterns in Dendrobium chrysotoxum.

The PEBP gene family plays a significant role in regulating flower development and formation. To understand its function in Dendrobium chrysotoxum and D. nobile flowering, we identified 22 PEBP genes (11 DchPEBPs and 11 DnoPEBPs) from both species. We conducted analyses on their conserved domains and motifs, phylogenetic relationships, chromosome distribution, collinear correlation, and cis elements. The classification results showed that the 22 PEBPs were mainly divided into three clades, as follows: FT, MFT, and TFL1. A sequence analysis showed that most PEBP proteins contained five conserved domains, while a gene structure analysis revealed that 77% of the total PEBP genes contained four exons and three introns. The promoter regions of the 22 PEBPs contained several cis elements related to hormone induction and light response. This suggests these PEBPs could play a role in regulating flower development by controlling photoperiod and hormone levels. Additionally, a collinearity analysis revealed three pairs of duplicate genes in the genomes of both D. chrysotoxum and D. nobile. Furthermore, RT-qPCR has found to influence the regulatory effect of DchPEBPs on the development of flower organs (sepals, petals, lip, ovary, and gynostemium) during the flowering process (bud, transparent stage, and initial bloom). The results obtained imply that DchPEBP8 and DchPEBP9 play a role in the initial bloom and that DchPEBP7 may inhibit flowering processes. Moreover, DchPEBP9 may potentially be involved in the development of reproductive functionality. PEBPs have regulatory functions that modulate flowering. FT initiates plant flowering by mediating photoperiod and temperature signals, while TFL1 inhibits flowering processes. These findings provide clues for future studies on flower development in Dendrobium.