Sun protection and skin self-examination in melanoma survivors.

OBJECTIVES: Patients diagnosed with melanoma are at risk for developing recurrent and second primary disease. Skin self-examination (SSE) and sun protection are standard clinical recommendations to minimize risk. In this study we examined performance of these behaviors in individuals with melanoma drawn from the general population. METHODS: Potential participants (N=148) with a first primary melanoma diagnosed in 2000 were identified through a population-based cancer registry in New Jersey, USA. One hundred and fifteen individuals participated in a 30 min telephone interview concerning behavioral adherence with SSE and sun protection, self-efficacy for performing these behaviors, and perceived risk of developing another skin cancer. We utilized logistic regression to estimate potential associations of demographic, medical, and psychosocial factors with SSE and sun protection, respectively. RESULTS: Seventeen percent of subjects reported performing comprehensive SSE at least once every two months and 23% engaged in regular sun protection. Utilization of SSE was related to the presence of moles (OR=4.2, 95% CI: 1.1-15) and higher SSE self-efficacy (OR=14.4, 95% CI: 1.9-112). Regular sun protection was related to older age (>60 years; OR=3.3, 95% CI: 1.3-8.7), being female (OR=2.8, 95% CI: 1.1-7.3), and higher sun protection self-efficacy (OR=5.0, 95% CI: 1.4-18). These factors remained significant in multivariate models. CONCLUSION: In this group of primary melanoma survivors, the rates of SSE and sun protection are comparable to, but do not exceed, general population estimates. This study provides justification for further research to address barriers to prevention and control behaviors in melanoma survivors.

Routinely assessed morphological features correlate with microsatellite instability status in endometrial cancer.

Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been shown to be important in the molecular pathogenesis of both sporadic and inherited endometrial carcinomas of endometrioid type. It is likely prognostically significant as well. The aim of this study was to determine whether MSI phenotype in endometrial carcinoma was associated with specific morphologic patterns and therefore predictable by tumor morphology. The study subjects consisted of 102 patients with nearly equal representation of MSI high (MSI-H; n = 52) and non-MSI-H (n = 50) endometrial tumors. Microsatellite instability was determined by the standard polymerase chain reaction method using the National Cancer Institute-recommended set of 5 markers. The MSI-H and non-MSI-H groups were matched for patient age, race, histologic type (all endometrioid), International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade, and disease stage. Assessed morphological features included host inflammatory response (tumor infiltrating lymphocytes [TILs], peritumoral lymphocytes, peritumoral lymphoid follicles, and neutrophilic infiltration), tumor characteristics (cytologic grade, growth pattern, tumor heterogeneity, invasion pattern, metaplastic changes, necrosis, and lymphovascular invasion), and background endometrium (hyperplasia, atrophy, and polyp). Of all the features examined, TIL counts and peritumoral lymphocytes correlated significantly with MSI-H status. Their statistical relationship was strengthened in the presence of a nonpapillary growth pattern and endometrial hyperplasia. On multivariate analysis, TIL counts and peritumoral lymphocytes remained independent predictors for MSI-H status. At a cutoff point of 40 TILs/10 high power fields, TIL counts had a sensitivity of 85% in predicting MSI status in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, with a specificity of 46%. This specificity increased as higher cutoff points were selected, but sensitivity decreased. Given that analogous features have been encountered in MSI-H colorectal cancers, our findings suggest a similar relationship between tumor phenotype and DNA mismatch repair abnormalities in both endometrial and colorectal tumors. Therefore, morphological patterns encountered in endometrial carcinoma may prove useful in screening tumors under consideration for MSI testing and identifying appropriate patients for referral to a genetic counseling service.

Variation of breast cancer risk among BRCA1/2 carriers.

CONTEXT: The risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers has been examined in many studies, but relatively little attention has been paid to the degree to which the risk may vary among carriers. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which risks for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers vary with respect to observable and unobservable characteristics. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Probands were identified from a population-based, case-control study (Women's Environmental Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology [WECARE]) of asynchronous contralateral breast cancer conducted during the period of January 2000 to July 2004. Participants previously diagnosed with contralateral breast cancer or unilateral breast cancer were genotyped for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. All participants had their initial breast cancer diagnosed during the period of January 1985 to December 2000, before the age of 55 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of breast cancer in first-degree female relatives of the probands was examined and compared on the basis of proband characteristics and on the basis of variation between families. RESULTS: Among the 1394 participants with unilateral breast cancer, 73 (5.2%) were identified as carriers of deleterious mutations (42 with BRCA1 and 31 with BRCA2). Among the 704 participants with contralateral breast cancer, 108 (15.3%) were identified as carriers of deleterious mutations (67 with BRCA1 and 41 with BRCA2). Among relatives of carriers, risk was significantly associated with younger age at diagnosis in the proband (P = .04), and there was a trend toward higher risk for relatives of contralateral breast cancer vs unilateral breast cancer participants (odds ratio, 1.4 [95% confidence interval, 0.8-2.4]; P = .28). In addition, there were significant differences in risk between carrier families after adjusting for these observed characteristics. CONCLUSION: There exists broad variation in breast cancer risk among carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.

Population-based study of natural variation in the melanocortin-1 receptor gene and melanoma.

Natural variation in the coding region of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is associated with constitutive pigmentation phenotypes and development of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. We investigated the effect of MC1R variants on melanoma using a large, international population-based study design with complete determination of all MC1R coding region variants. Direct sequencing was completed for 2,202 subjects with a single primary melanoma (controls) and 1,099 subjects with second or higher-order primary melanomas (cases) from Australia, the United States, Canada, and Italy. We observed 85 different MC1R variants, 10 of which occurred at a frequency >1%. Compared with controls, cases were more likely to carry two previously identified red hair ("R") variants [D84E, R151C, R160W, and D294H; odds ratio (OR), 1.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1-2.2]. This effect was similar among individuals carrying one R variant and one r variant (defined as any non-R MC1R variant; OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-2.2) and among those carrying only one R variant (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9). There was no statistically significant association among those carrying only one or two r variants. Effects were similar across geographic regions and categories of pigmentation characteristics or number of moles. Our results confirm that MC1R is a low-penetrance susceptibility locus for melanoma, show that pigmentation characteristics may not modify the relationship of MC1R variants and melanoma risk, and suggest that associations may be smaller than previously reported in part due to the study design.

Number of nevi and early-life ambient UV exposure are associated with BRAF-mutant melanoma.

Malignant melanomas often contain BRAF or NRAS mutations, but the relationship of these mutations to ambient UV exposure in combination with phenotypic characteristics is unknown. In a population-based case series from North Carolina, 214 first primary invasive melanoma patients in the year 2000 were interviewed regarding their risk factors. Ambient solar UV exposures were estimated using residential histories and a satellite-based model. Cases were grouped on the basis of BRAF and NRAS somatic mutations, determined using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and radiolabeled DNA sequencing, and the risk profiles of these groups were compared. Mutually exclusive BRAF-mutant and NRAS-mutant cases occurred at frequencies of 43.0% and 13.6% with mean ages at diagnosis of 47.3 and 62.1 years, respectively. Tumors from patients with >14 back nevi were more likely to harbor either a BRAF mutation [age-adjusted odds ratio (OR), 3.2; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.4-7.0] or an NRAS mutation (age-adjusted OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.6-4.8) compared with patients with 0 to 4 back nevi. However, BRAF-mutant and NRAS-mutant tumors were distinctive in that BRAF-mutant tumors were characteristic of patients with high early-life ambient UV exposure (adjusted OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2-5.3). When ambient UV irradiance was analyzed by decadal age, high exposure at ages 0 to 20 years was associated with BRAF-mutant cases, whereas high exposure at ages 50 and 60 years was characteristic of NRAS-mutant cases. Our results suggest that although nevus propensity is important for the occurrence of both BRAF and NRAS-mutant melanomas, ambient UV irradiance influences risk differently based on the age of exposure. The association of BRAF mutations with early-life UV exposure provides evidence in support of childhood sun protection for melanoma prevention.

Prognostic features of surgical stage I uterine carcinosarcoma.

Uterine carcinosarcomas (CSs) are aggressive neoplasms, with 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of less than 35%. They are customarily separated into types harboring either heterologous or homologous mesenchymal elements, but the prognostic significance of this finding is controversial. Our goal was to study clinicopathologic features of possible prognostic relevance in surgical stage I uterine CS. A retrospective clinical and histopathologic review was performed for all women diagnosed with surgical stage I uterine CS. These tumors were compared with stage I high-grade endometrial (HGEm) carcinomas for clinical outcomes. There were 42 cases of surgical stage I uterine CS identified between January 1990 and January 2004. The disease-free survival and OS rates for patients with stage I CS were significantly worse compared with stage I HGEm (P=0.001; P=0.01). The median disease-free survival for patients with heterologous CS was 15 months and had not been reached for women with homologous CS (P=0.001). The 3-year OS rates were 45% versus 93% in women with heterologous compared with homologous stage I CS (P<0.001). The 3-year OS rates for homologous CS and HGEm were both >90%. Homologous stage I CSs have survival outcomes that are similar to HGEm. This further supports the concept that homologous stage I CSs are carcinomas with sarcomatoid features, not sarcomas. More importantly, the presence of heterologous sarcomatous elements is a powerful negative prognostic factor in surgical stage I uterine CS.

Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase-beta is a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in gynecologic malignancies.

Lysophosphatidic acid, the substrate for lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase beta (LPAAT-beta), is a well-studied autocrine/paracrine signaling molecule that is secreted by ovarian cancer cells and is found at elevated levels in the blood and ascites fluid of women with ovarian cancer. LPAAT-beta converts lysophosphatidic acid to phosphatidic acid, which functions as a cofactor in Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/Erk pathways. We report that elevated expression of LPAAT-beta was associated with reduced survival in ovarian cancer and earlier progression of disease in ovarian and endometrial cancer. Inhibition of LPAAT-beta using small interfering RNA or selective inhibitors, CT32521 and CT32228, two small-molecule noncompetitive antagonists representing two different classes of chemical structures, induces apoptosis in human ovarian and endometrial cancer cell lines in vitro at pharmacologically tenable nanomolar concentrations. Inhibition of LPAAT-beta also enhanced the survival of mice bearing ovarian tumor xenografts. Cytotoxicity was modulated by diacylglycerol effectors including protein kinase C and CalDAG-GEF1. LPAAT-beta was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and overexpression was associated with redistribution of protein kinase C-alpha. These findings identify LPAAT-beta as a potential prognostic and therapeutic target in ovarian and endometrial cancer.

The prevalence of CDKN2A germ-line mutations and relative risk for cutaneous malignant melanoma: an international population-based study.

Germ-line mutations of CDKN2A have been identified as strong risk factors for melanoma in studies of multiple-case families. However, an assessment of their relative risk for melanoma in the general population has been difficult because they occur infrequently. We addressed this issue using a novel population-based case-control study design in which "cases" have incident second- or higher-order melanomas [multiple primary melanoma (MPM)] and "controls" have incident first primary melanoma [single primary melanoma (SPM)]. Participants were ascertained from nine geographic regions in Australia, Canada, Italy, and United States. In the 1,189 MPM cases and 2,424 SPM controls who were eligible and available for analysis, the relative risk of a subsequent melanoma among patients with functional mutations who have an existing diagnosis of melanoma, after adjustments for age, sex, center, and known phenotypic risk factors, is estimated to be 4.3 (95% confidence interval, 2.3-7.7). The odds ratio varied significantly depending on the type of mutation involved. The results suggest that the relative risk of mutation carriers in the population may be lower than currently believed and that different mutations on the CDKN2A gene may confer substantially different risks of melanoma.

A design for cancer case-control studies using only incident cases: experience with the GEM study of melanoma.

BACKGROUND: The population-based case-control study is not suited to the evaluation of rare genetic (or environmental) factors. The use of a novel case-control design in which cases have second primaries and controls are cancer survivors has been proposed for this purpose. METHODS: We report results from an international study of melanoma that involved population-based ascertainment of incident cases of second or subsequent primary melanoma as the 'case' group and incident cases of first primary melanoma as the 'control' group. We evaluate the validity of the study design by comparing the results obtained for phenotypic factors that have been shown consistently to be associated with melanoma in previous conventional studies with the results from a conventional case-control study conducted in Connecticut and from literature reviews. RESULTS: All but one of the known risk factors for melanoma were shown to be significantly associated with melanoma in our study, though the individual odds ratios appear to be somewhat attenuated relative to the magnitudes typically observed in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a second or subsequent primary cancer of a single type represent a potentially valuable and under-utilized resource for the study of cancer aetiology.

Drg1 expression in 131 colorectal liver metastases: correlation with clinical variables and patient outcomes.

PURPOSE: The differentiation-related gene-1 (Drg1) is a recently identified gene down-regulated in malignancy and a putative suppressor of colorectal cancer metastases. Its expression is associated with improved survival in patients with prostate or breast cancer. Drg1 expression is also associated with resistance to irinotecan therapy in preclinical colorectal cancer models. The clinical evaluation of Drg1 in colorectal cancer has been limited. We performed this study to evaluate the role of Drg1 in a large cohort of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who were irinotecan naive. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We examined Drg1 expression by immunohistochemistry in 131 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer enrolled in a clinical trial of adjuvant fluorouracil-based therapy from 1991 to 1995. We correlated expression of Drg1 to numerous clinical and tumor related variables and to patient outcomes, including a subset of patients who recurred and received irinotecan-based therapy. RESULTS: Drg1 expression was identified in all metastatic tissue samples. There was a trend for unilobar metastases with high Drg1 expression (P = 0.07) and a suggestion of improved 2-year survival (82.4% versus 69.6%, P = 0.148). High Drg1 expression suggested irinotecan resistance (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: In colorectal cancer, Drg1 expression may be associated with a less aggressive, indolent colorectal cancer. High Drg1 may also be associated with relative resistance to irinotecan. The role of Drg1 in malignancy continues to be defined.

Predictors of biochemical outcome with salvage conformal radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To identify predictors of biochemical outcome following radiotherapy in patients with a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifteen patients with a rising PSA after radical prostatectomy received salvage three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) alone or with neoadjuvant androgen deprivation. Tumor-related and treatment-related factors were evaluated to identify predictors of subsequent PSA failure. RESULTS: The median follow-up time after 3D-CRT was 42 months. The 4-year actuarial PSA relapse-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and overall survival rates were 46%, 83%, and 95%, respectively. Multivariate analysis, which was limited to 70 patients receiving radiation without androgen deprivation therapy, showed that negative/close margins (P =.03), absence of extracapsular extension (P <.01), and presence of seminal vesicle invasion (P <.01) were independent predictors of PSA relapse after radiotherapy. Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation did not improve the 4-year PSA relapse-free survival in patients with positive margins, extracapsular extension, and no seminal vesicle invasion (P =.24). However, neoadjuvant androgen deprivation did improve PSA relapse-free survival when one or more of these variables were absent (P =.03). CONCLUSIONS: Salvage 3D-CRT can provide biochemical control in selected patients with a rising PSA after radical prostatectomy. Among patients with positive margins and no poor prognostic features, 77% achieved PSA control after salvage 3D-CRT. Salvage neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy may improve short-term biochemical control, but it requires further study.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes from an institutional series of acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas and related tumors.

PURPOSE: Acinar cell carcinoma is a rare tumor of the exocrine pancreas. Clinical features such as prognostic information, survival, and treatment outcomes are unknown. We present the largest retrospective review to date. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with pathologically confirmed acinar neoplasms of the pancreas were identified between August 1981 and January 2001. Demographic data, tumor characteristics, and treatment information were obtained by chart review. Survival probabilities were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: The median survival for all patients was 19 months. On the basis of a univariate analysis, the patients' stage of disease correlated significantly with survival. The median survival of patients with localized disease was 38 months, versus 14 months for those presenting with metastases (P = 0.03). Patients who could be treated with surgery as first-line therapy had a longer survival time (36 months) compared with those who did not have surgery (14 months). Two of 18 patients who received chemotherapy and three of eight patients who received radiation had a major response. CONCLUSION: The survival curves suggest a more aggressive cancer than pancreatic endocrine neoplasms but one that is less aggressive than ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Those patients who present with localized disease have a much better prognosis than those who present with metastases. There is a high recurrence rate after complete surgical resection, suggesting that micrometastases are present even in localized disease and that adjuvant therapies may be indicated. Chemotherapy and radiation afford disappointing results, however, and novel therapies are needed.

Thymidylate synthase expression in hepatic tumors is a predictor of survival and progression in patients with resectable metastatic colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of thymidylate synthase (TS),p53, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) expressions in hepatic tumors in predicting overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and hepatic progression-free survival (HPFS) in patients with resectable metastatic colorectal cancer who were randomly assigned to receive either systemic chemotherapy (SYS) alone or systemic and hepatic arterial infusion (HAI+SYS) chemotherapy following liver surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tissues from metastatic tumors were collected during liver resection from 156 patients, and marker expressions were determined using immunohistochemistry on frozen samples. Univariate associations between marker expressions and baseline variables with OS, PFS, and HPFS were examined. Independent predictors of outcome were determined using a multivariate Cox model. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses, TS overexpression was found to be an independent factor of poor prognosis in OS (P <.01), PFS (P =.06), and HPFS (P <.01). In addition, resection margin was a significant independent factor for all three outcomes. Patients who received HAI+SYS experienced delayed progression in general, and in the liver, specifically. Increased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase correlated with hepatic progression. We also found a significant TS-treatment interaction for OS (P =.01) in multivariate analysis. In particular, TS+ patients receiving HAI+SYS had significantly higher survival than those receiving SYS (64 month sv 21 months; P =.01). CONCLUSION: TS levels in hepatic tumors and resection margin are independent predictors of survival and progression in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, whereas p53 and EGFR are not independent predictors. Treatment with HAI + SYS significantly improved the survival profile of TS+ patients.

Retrospective analysis of carboplatin and paclitaxel as initial second-line therapy for recurrent epithelial ovarian carcinoma: application toward a dynamic disease state model of ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: The majority of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) who achieve a complete remission with front-line chemotherapy develop recurrent disease. Carboplatin and paclitaxel are used for patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent disease, although there is little information regarding the response and survival in unselected patients treated with this strategy. We sought to determine the outcomes for patients with EOC treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel at the time of first recurrence. In addition, we sought to define a new paradigm for disease transition in patients with EOC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-nine patients were identified who had a complete response to front-line platinum-based chemotherapy for EOC, relapsed 6 months after completion of front-line chemotherapy, and were treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel as second-line therapy. RESULTS: Eighty-four cases were available for analysis of survival end points, and 66 were assessable for response. The median follow-up was 27 months. The overall response rate was 70%. The median progression-free interval for the cohort was 13 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.7 to 13.8 months). The 3-year survival rate was 72% (95% CI, 59.4 to 86.1%). Toxicity was limited, and no deaths from treatment were observed. Using this data, it is possible to construct a disease states model of EOC, which provides risk estimates for transitions between clinically distinct categories. CONCLUSION: Re-treatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel is effective as initial therapy in recurrent EOC. This should form the basis of a randomized trial to determine the best agents for initial treatment of relapse from EOC in potentially platinum-sensitive patients.

Expression of WT1, CA 125, and GCDFP-15 as useful markers in the differential diagnosis of primary ovarian carcinomas versus metastatic breast cancer to the ovary.

Metastatic breast carcinoma to the ovary is sometimes difficult to differentiate from primary ovarian carcinoma. This problem is often encountered in breast carcinoma patients who develop adnexal masses. ER and PR can be positive in a high percentage of breast and ovarian carcinomas, and therefore cannot be used in the differential diagnosis of these entities. WT1 and CA125 have been identified as possible markers for ovarian cancer. However, no studies have been done that specifically compare the immunophenotype of breast carcinoma metastatic to ovary with that of primary ovarian cancer. Thirty-nine cases of metastatic breast carcinoma to the ovary, 36 primary breast carcinomas, and 42 primary ovarian carcinomas were examined immunohistochemically for the expression of WT1, CA125, carcinoembryonic antigen, MUC2, MUC1, and GCDFP. The percentage of cells stained and the intensity of staining were recorded. Thirty-two ovarian carcinomas (76%) were positive for WT1, including 31 of 33 (94%) serous carcinomas. Most of them had strong and diffuse staining. None of the breast cancers either primary or metastatic to the ovary expressed WT1. Thirty-eight (90%) ovarian carcinomas were positive for CA125, most of them with strong and diffuse staining. Most breast carcinomas were negative for CA125, with only 6 (16%) of the primary ones and 5 (12%) of the metastatic showing weak and focal positivity. All ovarian carcinomas were negative for GCDFP. Five primary breast cancers (14%) and 17 (43%) metastatic to the ovary were positive for GCDFP. Nine (21%) ovarian carcinomas, 8 (22%) primary breast carcinomas, and 13 (33%) metastatic to the ovary were positive for carcinoembryonic antigen. Almost all tumors examined were positive for MUC1 (100% ovarian carcinomas, 100% primary breast carcinomas, and 95% metastatic breast carcinomas to ovary). MUC2 was positive in 10 (24%) ovarian carcinomas, 3 (8%) primary breast cancers, and 12 (30%) metastases to the ovary. The presence of immunoreactivity for WT1 and CA125 in a carcinoma involving ovary strongly favors a primary lesion. Most ovarian carcinomas are positive for both markers, whereas the majority of metastatic breast carcinomas to the ovary are negative. GCDFP can be complementary in this differential diagnosis.

Serous endometrial cancers that mimic endometrioid adenocarcinomas: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of a group of problematic cases.

BACKGROUND: Uterine serous carcinomas (USCs) can exhibit an architecturally well-differentiated tubuloglandular morphology with or without an accompanying papillary growth pattern. These features make it difficult to distinguish USCs from endometrial endometrioid carcinomas (EECs). Given the aggressive behavior of USC, compared with EEC, and differences in management, it is important to correctly classify endometrial carcinomas that exhibit a tubuloglandular architecture with high nuclear grade. We sought an immunohistochemical panel to minimize subjectivity in the distinction of USC from EEC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 8 problematic endometrial cancers, exhibiting a tubuloglandular growth pattern and high nuclear grade, whose classification as EEC or USC was debated or resulted in disagreement. We selected 13 cases of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grade 2 EEC and 16 cases of USC as controls. An immunohistochemical panel, including p53, beta-catenin, cyclin D1, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and PTEN, was evaluated. RESULTS: As a group, the clinical features and immunoprofile of the study cases resembled those of the serous controls. The study cases expressed p53, beta-catenin, cyclin D1, and ER and PR, and showed loss of PTEN in 75%, 12.5%, 0%, 37.5%, 37.5%, and 12.5% of cases, respectively. p53, beta-catenin, cyclin D1, ER and PR expression, and PTEN loss were seen in 87.5%, 0%, 19%, 31%, 12%, and 0% of the serous controls and in 7%, 70%, 54%, 92%, 92%, and 61.5% of the endometrioid controls, respectively. The combination of lack of p53 expression, positive PR expression, and loss of PTEN best distinguished between EEC and USC using discriminant analysis (multivariate P = 0.008, <0.001, and 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: In endometrial carcinomas exhibiting high nuclear grade and low architectural grade, using a panel of immunohistochemical stains may facilitate the distinction of USC from EEC. Our clinical and immunohistochemical data also support the concept that there is a group of endometrial adenocarcinomas composed of tubular glands that are indeed serous carcinomas.

Cutaneous desmoplastic melanoma: reappraisal of morphologic heterogeneity and prognostic factors.

Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) is a variant of melanoma, which may be confused with nonmelanocytic benign or malignant spindle cell proliferations. The histologic hallmark of DM is the presence of fusiform melanocytes dispersed in a prominent collagenous stroma. Phenotypic heterogeneity of DM is underrecognized. Desmoplasia may be prominent throughout the entire tumor ("pure" DM) or represent a portion of an otherwise nondesmoplastic melanoma ("combined" DM). We reviewed melanomas with desmoplasia from 92 patients seen at a single institution between 1980 and 2002. Fifty-five of the tumors were pure DM. Thirty-seven were classified as combined. Mean follow-up of patients was 46 months for those alive at the last follow-up. Univariate analysis of clinical and pathologic parameters revealed four significant variables for disease-free survival: Clark level (IV vs. V; P = 0.005), DM subtype (pure vs. combined; P = 0.01), tumor mitotic rate (<1, 1-4, >4 mitoses/mm; P = 0.01), and tumor thickness (<1 mm, 1-4 mm, >4 mm; P = 0.02). Only histologic subtype (P = 0.02) and Clark level (P = 0.05) were independently significant by Cox regression analysis. Our results indicate that distinguishing pure from combined forms of DM is clinically relevant for prognosis (pure forms being associated with longer disease-specific survival). Failure to make this distinction may account for conflicting reports in the literature on the biologic behavior and prognosis of DM.

Clinicopathologic analysis of early-stage sporadic ovarian carcinoma.

The reported experience with early-stage (FIGO stage I/II) ovarian carcinoma (OC) is limited given that the majority of women with OC are diagnosed at an advanced stage. There has not been an extensive review of these tumors, and since the pathologic criteria differentiating invasive and borderline tumors have evolved over time, the issue of whether a proportion of these tumors should be reclassified has not been addressed. We identified patients with stage I/II invasive OC who underwent primary surgical management at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1980 to 2000. Patients known to have a BRCA mutation or a family history of breast/ovarian cancer were excluded. Hematoxylin and eosin slide review, blinded to clinical outcomes, using current diagnostic criteria for ovarian carcinomas and borderline ovarian tumors, was performed. Progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were estimated and compared. Hematoxylin and eosin slides were reviewed for 140 of the 145 patients identified. The diagnosis was changed to borderline (low malignant potential) in 41 cases (29.3%). Twenty-nine (70.7%) of 41 changes in diagnosis involved endometrioid and mucinous tumors. This was attributable to the application of recently revised criteria for distinguishing borderline tumors from carcinomas. None of the originally diagnosed clear cell carcinomas was reclassified as borderline. The distribution of histologic subtypes among the 94 carcinomas included 26 serous (27.7%), 25 clear cell (26.6%), 22 endometrioid (23.4%), 10 mixed (10.6%), 6 mucinous (6.4%), 2 malignant Brenner (2.1%), and 3 adenocarcinomas, not otherwise specified (3.2%). Adjuvant therapy was given to 84 (89.4%) of the 94 patients with carcinomas. The 5-year PFS and DSS were significantly greater for the group of cases that was reclassified as borderline (4.5% vs. 26.2% progressed [P = 0.006]; 4.5% vs. 25.6% died [P = 0.003]). The 5-year PFS and DSS were significantly worse for carcinomas with a TP53 mutation (22.6% vs. 41.2% progressed [P = 0.04]; 21.7% vs. 24.7% died [P = 0.04]). There were no statistically significant differences in outcome between stages I versus II, tumor grades, clear cell histology versus other, and stage IC preoperative versus intraoperative rupture. We concluded that a large number of cases originally diagnosed as early-stage sporadic OC were borderline tumors. Clear cell histology does not confer a worse prognosis compared with other histologies. The presence of a TP53 mutation was an adverse prognostic indicator.

The use of hierarchical models for estimating relative risks of individual genetic variants: an application to a study of melanoma.

For major genes known to influence the risk of cancer, an important task is to determine the risks conferred by individual variants, so that one can appropriately counsel carriers of these mutations. This is a challenging task, since new mutations are continually being identified, and there is typically relatively little empirical evidence available about each individual mutation. Hierarchical modeling offers a natural strategy to leverage the collective evidence from these rare variants with sparse data. This can be accomplished when there are available higher-level covariates that characterize the variants in terms of attributes that could distinguish their association with disease. In this article, we explore the use of hierarchical modeling for this purpose using data from a large population-based study of the risks of melanoma conferred by variants in the CDKN2A gene. We employ both a pseudo-likelihood approach and a Bayesian approach using Gibbs sampling. The results indicate that relative risk estimates tend to be primarily influenced by the individual case-control frequencies when several cases and/or controls are observed with the variant under study, but that relative risk estimates for variants with very sparse data are more influenced by the higher-level covariate values, as one would expect. The analysis offers encouragement that we can draw strength from the aggregating power of hierarchical models to provide guidance to medical geneticists when they offer counseling to patients with rare or even hitherto unobserved variants. However, further research is needed to validate the application of asymptotic methods to such sparse data.

Occult axillary node metastases in breast cancer are prognostically significant: results in 368 node-negative patients with 20-year follow-up.

PURPOSE: In breast cancer, sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy allows the routine performance of serial sections and/or immunohistochemical (IHC) staining to detect occult metastases missed by conventional techniques. However, there is no consensus regarding the optimal method for pathologic examination of SLN, or the prognostic significance of SLN micrometastases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 368 patients with axillary node-negative invasive breast cancer, treated between 1976 and 1978 by mastectomy, axillary dissection, and no systemic therapy, we reexamined the axillary tissue blocks following our current pathologic protocol for SLN. Occult lymph node metastases were categorized by pattern of staining (immunohistochemically positive or negative [IHC+/-], hematoxylin-eosin staining positive or negative [H & E +/-]), number of positive nodes (0, 1, > 1), number of metastatic cells (0, 1 to 20, 21 to 100, > 100), and largest cluster size ( 2.0 mm [pN1a]). We report 20-year results as overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific death (DSD). RESULTS: A total of 23% of patients (83 of 368) were converted to node-positive. Of these, 73% were