A scoping review to characterize bridging tasks in the literature on aging with disability.

BACKGROUND: Bridging involves improving knowledge sharing and collaboration across different fields, such as aging and disability. The objectives of this review were to describe: 1) the contexts where bridging has occurred in relation to delivery of health services for adults aging with neurological or developmental conditions; and 2) characterize and map bridging tasks, stakeholders involved, and outcomes discussed in peer-reviewed literature. METHODS: Seven databases were searched around the core concepts of "bridging," "aging," and "disability." In total, 10,819 articles were screened with 49 meeting the inclusion criteria of discussing aging with developmental or neurological disability, explicitly describing bridging tasks, published in English and a peer-reviewed publication. Bibliographic information, sample characteristics, and data on bridging was extracted and included in the qualitative synthesis. RESULTS: Intellectual and/or Developmental disabilities were the most studied population (76% of articles), and most articles were published in the United States (57%). Twenty-two bridging tasks were identified, and categorized into three domains: health and social service delivery (e.g., care coordination tasks), policy (e.g., policy change), and research and training (e.g., mentoring). Stakeholders involved ranged from health care professionals to policy makers and organizations in aging and disability services. CONCLUSIONS: The resulting matrix will assist in the specification of bridging in research and practice. Future work should evaluate specific models of bridging and their effects on health service delivery.

Effects of space spray application methods on fenitrothion efficacy and development of resistance in Culex pipiens.

Efficacy of fenitrothion as thermal fogging (TF) or ultra-low volume (ULV) applications against 6 successive generations of caged adult Culex pipiens and subsequent development of resistance in both adults and larvae were investigated in this study. In addition, larval acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in each generation. Results indicated that the ULV application method was significantly more effective (P < 0.05) than TF against the adults in all treated generations. Selection pressure of TF and ULV applications on the adults after 5 generations resulted in larval resistance by ratios of 30.92- and 28.18-fold, respectively. A gradual decrease in the larval AChE activity was observed with increasing resistance as generations progressed. The AChE activity of susceptible larvae was higher than that of the F5 resistant generation in TF and ULV treatments by 6- and 8-fold, respectively. The results indicated that both the biological efficacy of fenitrothion and the rapidity of resistance development were affected by the application methods.