Biobrane™ and skin staples: beware of necrotic ulceration.

Biobrane™ is a product used for temporary wound coverage post major paediatric burn wound debridement. We report two cases of necrotic ulceration associated with the use of Biobrane™ with skin staples. We suggest securing Biobrane™ with alternatives such as adhesive tapes and glue to prevent the occurrence of this adverse outcome.

Airway compromise in children with anterior neck burns: Beware the scalded child.

AIM: The aim of the study was to describe characteristics of children with anterior neck burns admitted to our Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) and to highlight potential airway complications associated with these injuries, especially in children with scalds. METHODS: Retrospective review of children with anterior neck burns requiring admission to PICU January 2004-December 2013. RESULTS: Fifty-two children with anterior neck burns were admitted; average age 6.6 years. Thirty sustained flame/explosion injuries; 22 scalds. Seventy-nine per cent were male. Mean total body surface area (TBSA) burn 21%. Forty-seven were intubated. Some primary reasons for intubation included unconsciousness, inhalational/ingestion/direct airway injury and large TBSA. Majority, however, required intubation for airway complications secondary to subcutaneous/soft tissue anterior neck oedema not associated with airway injury/ingestion/inhalational burns. The scalds subgroup mean age was 2.3 years. Eighty-two per cent were male. Mean TBSA 18%. There were no inhalational/ingestion/airway injuries. Nineteen children were intubated; average 9.3 h post-injury. Majority (63%) were intubated post-arrival in the Burn Unit, compared with flame/explosion group (32%). Primary reasons for intubation included large burns, although majority (74%) required intubation for airway complications secondary to subcutaneous and soft tissue anterior neck oedema. For the flame/explosion group this was the case in only 46%, with other primary reasons such as unconsciousness or inhalational injury being the immediate precedent. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that subcutaneous and soft tissue oedema secondary to anterior neck burns may contribute to airway narrowing and compromise requiring intubation. When assessing children's airways, evolving oedema should be recognised and higher observation or early intubation considered regardless of the mechanism of injury.

Minor burn management: potions and lotions.

The first aid for burns is to run cold water over the burn for 20 minutes. This is effective for up to three hours after the injury. Assess the affected body surface area using the rule of nines. Consult a burn unit if more than 5% of the total body surface area is burnt in a child or if more than 10% in an adult. Extensive or deep burns and burns to special areas, such as the hands, should be referred. Chemical or electrical burns should also be assessed by a burn unit. For minor burns, antimicrobial dressings are recommended, but oral antibiotics should be avoided unless there are signs of infection. As burns are tetanus prone, check the patient's immunisation status. Burns that become infected or are slow to heal should be discussed with a burn unit. The burn unit can also provide advice if there are uncertainties about how to manage a patient.

Biobrane™ versus acticoat™ for the treatment of mid-dermal pediatric burns: a prospective randomized controlled pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: The management of pediatric mid-dermal burns is challenging. Anecdotal evidence suggests Biobrane™ (UDL Laboratories, Inc., Sugar Land, TX) may expedite epithelization, reducing the requirement for skin grafting. Our standard management for burns of this depth is Acticoat™ (Smith and Nephew, St. Petersburg, Fl, USA). No publications are known to compare Biobrane™ to Acticoat™ for treatment of mid-dermal burns. METHODS: A prospective, randomised controlled pilot study was conducted, comparing Biobrane™ to Acticoat™ for mid-dermal burns affecting ≥ 1% Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) in children. Mid-dermal burns were confirmed using Laser Doppler Imaging within 48 hours of injury. Participants were randomized to Biobrane™ with an Acticoat™ overlay or Acticoat™ alone. RESULTS: 10 participants were in each group. Median age and TBSA were similar; 2.0 (Biobrane™) and 1.5 years (Acticoat™), 8% (Biobrane™) and 8.5% TBSA (Acticoat™). Use of Biobrane™ had higher infection rates (6 children versus 1) (P = 0.057) and more positive wound swabs, although not significant (7 children versus 4) (P = 0.37). Healing time was shorter in the Biobrane™ group, this was not significant (19 days versus 26.5 days, P = 0.18). Median dressing changes were similar (5 versus 5.5) (P = 0.56). Skin grafting requirement was greater in the Acticoat™ group (7 versus 4 children, P = 0.37) and similar in % TBSA (1.75% TBSA). CONCLUSION: This pilot study suggests that the use of Biobrane™ for mid-dermal burns in children may be associated with increased risk of infection but appears to decrease the time to healing and therefore the need for skin grafting compared to Acticoat™ alone.

Management and outcomes of children with severe burns in New South Wales: 1995-2013.

BACKGROUND: As a result of improvements in injury prevention, severe burns appear increasingly uncommon in Australian children. Such injuries continue to have devastating impacts, with major consequences for the patient, their family, treating clinicians and the caring institution. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of Australian children who presented to our institution between 1995 and 2013 with burn injuries ≥30% total body surface area (TBSA). RESULTS: Ninety children were identified. Their median age was 3.9 years and 57% (n = 52) were male. Most injuries occurred at home (n = 63) due to fires (n = 49). The majority received inadequate first aid (n = 56) and 40 became hypothermic during initial resuscitation. A total of 79% were transferred from other institutions. The median TBSA burnt was 40% and the majority of burns were full thickness (n = 51). All but nine were managed in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit with a mean initial hospital admission of 43.5 days. Two thirds of children were intubated, over half of those prior to transfer, with 26 having an inhalational injury and 33 escharotomies. Compared with estimated fluid requirements, most children were over-resuscitated by a median of 26.9 mL/kg. There were seven mortalities. Wound infections were common (n = 65) and 36 suffered sepsis. The median number of dressing changes was 13 (range 0-100), operations were six and packed cells transfused was 95.7 mL/kg. Overall, 54 developed hypertrophic scarring and 45 scar contractures that have required subsequent reconstructive surgery. CONCLUSION: Severe burn injuries in children have significant morbidity and mortality. They would appear expensive to manage and impact substantially on health care resources.

Have we really decreased mortality due to severe burn injury in children?

In developed countries, in the twenty-first century, severe, large total body surface area (TBSA) burn injuries in children are rare. Prevention campaigns, education and public health interventions have significantly decreased the number of children sustaining burn injuries as well as the severity of such injuries. Many technological medical and surgical advances have been developed in burn care over the past several decades, increasing survival. Despite these interventions, long-term survival post burn injury may still be significantly reduced.

Pediatric burns research: A history or an evolution?

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Pediatric burns research has increasingly been recognized as a sub-specialty of its own. The aim of this study was to assess and analyze the publication patterns of the pediatric burns literature over the last six decades. METHODS: A search strategy for the Web of Science database was designed for pediatric burns publications, with output analyzed between two periods: 1945-1999 (period 1) and 2000-2013 (period 2). RESULTS: There were 1133 and 1194 publications for periods 1 (1945-1999) and 2 (2000-2013), respectively. The mean citation counts of the top 50 publications were 77 (range 45-278) and 49 (range 33-145) for periods 1 and 2, respectively. There were 26 and 20 authors with two or more publications in the top 50 list in periods 1 and 2, respectively. Of these there are two authors that have published 47 papers in both combined time-periods. There were 29 and 9 journals that have published 50% of the publications for time-period 1 and 2 respectively. In period 2, there were two burns journals that have published 37.2% of the total articles. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric burns research has evolved from an associated, dispersed entity into a consolidated sub-specialty that has been successfully integrated into mainstream burns journals.

Rural and Metropolitan Pediatric Burns in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory: Does Distance Make a Difference?

To determine if differences exist between children who sustain burns in rural areas and in metropolitan areas, an analysis of children presenting to the Burns Unit at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, from the January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012 was performed. In all, 4326 children met the inclusion criteria, of which 21.2% came from rural regions. Just more than a quarter (26.0%) of rural children and 11.6% from metropolitan areas were Indigenous Australian (P < 0.0001). The average age of rural child was 4.5 years; metropolitan child was 3.9 years (P = 0.0001). Boys were more likely to sustain burns in both populations. Of the rural children, 40.8% sustained contact burns, 37.7% scald, and 12.5% flame. In contrast, 58.8% metropolitan children sustained scalds, 27.4% contact, and 4.5% flame. The home was the most common place for all burns to occur, but rural injuries commonly occurred outdoors. Burns were associated with risk-taking behavior in 15.3% rural and 8.7% metropolitan children (P < 0.0001). Nearly two thirds (65.9%) of children in both groups received adequate first aid (20 minutes of cool running water). Major burn injuries (≥10% Total BSA) occurred in 3.4% of rural and 2.1% metropolitan children (P = 0.02). Skin grafting was required in 28.3% rural and 16.3% metropolitan children (P = 0.0001). Nearly 32% of rural children required admission to the Burns Unit for >24 hours (15.9% metropolitan; P = 0.0001). Significant differences exist between burns sustained by rural and metropolitan children. This should be accounted for in burns prevention campaigns and the education of local health practitioners.

An assessment of early Child Life Therapy pain and anxiety management: A prospective randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Burns remain extremely painful and distressing in young children. The consequences of poorly managed pain and anxiety can be life-long. Whilst Child Life Therapy (CLT) has been shown to be effective in many situations, few studies have looked at the effectiveness of CLT in regard to reducing pain and anxiety in children undergoing burn dressing changes. METHODS: A prospective, randomised controlled trial was conducted, comparing CLT versus standard care in relation to pain and anxiety scores of children undergoing their initial burn dressing change. Pain and anxiety were assessed by an independent observer and questionnaires completed by the child, parent/caregiver and nursing staff. RESULTS: 50 subjects were recruited in each treatment group; median age 2.3 years (CLT) and 2.2 years (standard care). The median total body surface area (TBSA) burnt was 0.8% (CLT) and 0.5% (standard care). The majority were partial thickness dermal burns (88% CLT, 94% standard care). Rates of parent anxiety and pre-procedural child pain and anxiety were similar. Combined and scaled pain and anxiety scores in the CLT group were significantly less than in the standard treatment group (p=0.03). Whilst pain was significantly better in the CLT group (p=0.02), fear scores, wound outcomes and the need for skin grafting were not statistically different in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a Child Life Therapist, with their ability to adapt to the environment, the child and their family, significantly reduced the experience of pain during paediatric burn dressings.

Prospective, randomised controlled trial comparing Versajet™ hydrosurgery and conventional debridement of partial thickness paediatric burns.

INTRODUCTION: Conventional surgical debridement of burn wounds consists of tangential excision of eschar using a knife or dermabrasion until viable dermis or punctate bleeding occurs. The Versajet™ (Smith and Nephew, St. Petersburg, FL, USA) hydrosurgery system has also been advocated for burn wound debridement, with the suggestion that enhanced preservation of dermal tissue might reduce subsequent scarring. METHODS: A prospective randomised controlled trial was undertaken comparing Versajet™ to conventional debridement. After excluding those with facial burns, 61 children ≤16 years of age undergoing debridement and skin grafting for partial thickness burns were recruited. Adequacy of debridement was assessed by 2mm punch biopsies taken pre- and post-debridement. Surgical time, percentage graft take at day 10, time to healing, post-operative infection and scarring at 3 and 6 months were assessed. RESULTS: Thirty-one children underwent conventional debridement and 30 debridement using Versajet™. There was a significant difference in the amount of viable dermal preservation between the two groups (p=0.02), with more viable tissue lost in the conventional group (median 325 µm) versus the Versajet™ group (median 35 µm). There was no significant difference between graft take at day 10 (p=0.9), post-operative wound infection (p=0.5), duration of surgery (p=0.6) or time to healing after grafting (p=0.6). Despite better dermal preservation in the Versajet™ group, there was no significant difference between scarring at 3 or 6 months (p=1.0, 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that Versajet™ hydrosurgery appears a more precise method of burn wound debridement. Although dermal preservation may be a factor in reducing subsequent hypertrophic scarring, there were no significant differences found between scarring at 3 or 6 months after-injury.