Split of chiral degeneracy in mechanical and structural properties of oligopeptide-polysaccharide biomaterials.

Enantiomeric biomaterials which are mirror images of each other are characterized by chiral degeneracy--identical structural characteristics and bulk material properties. The addition of another chiral component, D-polysaccharide, has been shown to split such degeneracy and result in two distinct biomaterials. Dynamic oscillatory rheometry and small-angle X-ray scattering demonstrate that the natural biochirality combination of L-peptides and D-polysaccharides assembles faster, has higher elastic moduli (G'), and is structurally more beneficial as opposed to the alternative D-peptide and D-polysaccharide combination. Chemical modifications of the OH-groups in α-D-glucose units in D-polysaccharides weaken such splitting of chiral degeneracy. These findings form a basis to design novel biomaterials and provide additional insight on why proteins and polysaccharides have oppoiste chirality in the biological world.

Enhancing biocompatibility of D-oligopeptide hydrogels by negative charges.

Oligopeptide hydrogels are emerging as useful matrices for cell culture with commercial products on the market, but L-oligopeptides are labile to proteases. An obvious solution is to create D-oligopeptide hydrogels, which lack enzymatic recognition. However, D-oligopeptide matrices do not support cell growth as well as L-oligopeptide matrices. In addition to chiral interactions, many cellular activities are strongly governed by charge-charge interactions. In this work, the effects of chirality and charge on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) behavior were studied using hydrogels assembled from oppositely charged oligopeptides. It was found that negative charges significantly improved hMSC viability and proliferation in D-oligopeptide gels but had little effect on their interactions with L-oligopeptide gels. This result points to the possibility of using charge and other factors to engineer biomaterials whose chirality is distinct from that of natural biomaterials, but whose performance is close to that of natural biomaterials.

Using Small-Angle Scattering Techniques to Understand Mechanical Properties of Biopolymer-Based Biomaterials.

The design and engineering of innovative biopolymer-based biomaterials for a variety of biomedical applications should be based on the understanding of the relationship between their nanoscale structure and mechanical properties. Down the road, such understanding could be fundamental to tune the properties of engineered tissues, extracellular matrices for cell delivery and proliferation/differentiation, etc. In this tutorial review, we attempt to show in what way biomaterial structural data can help to understand the bulk material properties. We begin with some background on common types of biopolymers used in biomaterials research, discuss some typical mechanical testing techniques and then review how others in the field of biomaterials have utilized small-angle scattering for material characterization. Detailed examples are then used to show the full range of possible characterization techniques available for biopolymer-based biomaterials. Future developments in the area of material characterization by small-angle scattering will undoubtedly facilitate the use of structural data to control the kinetics of assembly and final properties of prospective biomaterials.

Avoiding steric congestion in dendrimer growth through proportionate branching: a twist on da Vinci's rule of tree branching.

Making defect-free macromolecules is a challenging issue in chemical synthesis. This challenge is especially pronounced in dendrimer synthesis where exponential growth quickly leads to steric congestion. To overcome this difficulty, proportionate branching in dendrimer growth is proposed. In proportionate branching, both the number and the length of branches increase exponentially but in opposite directions to mimic tree growth. The effectiveness of this strategy is demonstrated through the synthesis of a fluorocarbon dendron containing 243 chemically identical fluorine atoms with a MW of 9082 Da. Monodispersity is confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and small-angle X-ray scattering. Growing different parts proportionately, as nature does, could be a general strategy to achieve defect-free synthesis of macromolecules.

Expression and characterization of the soluble form of recombinant mature HSV-2 glycoprotein G for use in anti-HSV-2 IgG serodiagnostic immunoassay.

Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) specific glycoprotein G (gG-2) is widely used as the antigen of choice for serodiagnosis of HSV-2. In order to develop an ELISA for serodetection of HSV-2 IgG in patient sera, the soluble form of the mature gG-2 antigen (mgG-2), gG283-649, was expressed using a baculovirus expression system. gG283-649 contains the complete extracellular domain of mgG-2 including the C-terminal region, which despite homology to gG-1, does not cross-react with HSV-1 antibodies present in HSV-1 positive patient sera. gG283-649 had increased performance compared to a previously described gG-2 fragment and showed high sensitivity and specificity in a method comparison with HerpeSelect 1 & 2 Immunoblot IgG, a commercially available FDA-cleared assay for serodetection of HSV-1 and 2 antibodies. A total of 234 clinical samples consisting of 134 high risk samples, including 45 samples from pregnant subjects, and a panel of 100 mixed diagnosis samples, spanning the measurable range were tested in the method comparison. Clinical sensitivity and specificity were determined to be 94.2% and 100%, respectively. We conclude that this soluble form of mgG-2 is a novel antigen of choice for developing an ELISA for type-specific serodiagnosis of HSV-2.

Engineering of a miniaturized, robotic clinical laboratory.

The ability to perform laboratory testing near the patient and with smaller blood volumes would benefit patients and physicians alike. We describe our design of a miniaturized clinical laboratory system with three components: a hardware platform (ie, the miniLab) that performs preanalytical and analytical processing steps using miniaturized sample manipulation and detection modules, an assay-configurable cartridge that provides consumable materials and assay reagents, and a server that communicates bidirectionally with the miniLab to manage assay-specific protocols and analyze, store, and report results (i.e., the virtual analyzer). The miniLab can detect analytes in blood using multiple methods, including molecular diagnostics, immunoassays, clinical chemistry, and hematology. Analytical performance results show that our qualitative Zika virus assay has a limit of detection of 55 genomic copies/ml. For our anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 immunoglobulin G, lipid panel, and lymphocyte subset panel assays, the miniLab has low imprecision, and method comparison results agree well with those from the United States Food and Drug Administration-cleared devices. With its small footprint and versatility, the miniLab has the potential to provide testing of a range of analytes in decentralized locations.

Viscoelastic properties and nanoscale structures of composite oligopeptide-polysaccharide hydrogels.

Biocompatible and biodegradable peptide hydrogels are drawing increasing attention as prospective materials for human soft tissue repair and replacement. To improve the rather unfavorable mechanical properties of our pure peptide hydrogels, in this work we examined the possibility of creating a double hydrogel network. This network was created by means of the coassembly of mutually attractive, but self-repulsive oligopeptides within an already-existing fibrous network formed by the charged, biocompatible polysaccharides chitosan, alginate, and chondroitin. Using dynamic oscillatory rheology experiments, it was found that the coassembly of the peptides within the existing polysaccharide network resulted in a less stiff material as compared to the pure peptide networks (the elastic modulus G' decreased from 90 to 10 kPa). However, these composite oligopeptide-polysaccharide hydrogels were characterized by a greater resistance to deformation (the yield strain γ grew from 4 to 100%). Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to study the 2D cross-sectional shapes of the fibers, their dimensional characteristics, and the mesh sizes of the fibrous networks. Differences in material structures found with SANS experiments confirmed rheology data, showing that incorporation of the peptides dramatically changed the morphology of the polysaccharide network. The resulting fibers were structurally very similar to those forming the pure peptide networks, but formed less stiff gels because of their markedly greater mesh sizes. Together, these findings suggest an approach for the development of highly deformation-resistant biomaterials.

Chirality-Mediated Mechanical and Structural Properties of Oligopeptide Hydrogels.

The origin and the effects of homochirality in the biological world continuously stimulate numerous hypotheses and much debate. This work attempts to look at the biohomochirality issue from a different angle-the mechanical properties of the bulk biomaterial and their relation to nanoscale structures. Using a pair of oppositely charged peptides that co-assemble into hydrogels, we systematically investigated the effect of chirality on the mechanical properties of these hydrogels through different combinations of syndiotactic and isotactic peptides. It was found that homochirality confers mechanical advantage, resulting in higher elastic modulus and strain yield value. Yet, heterochirality confer kinetic advantage, resulting in faster gelation. Structurally, both homochiral and heterochiral hydrogels are made of fibers interconnected by lappet-like webs, but the homochiral peptide fibers are thicker and denser. The result highlights the possible role of biohomochirality in the evolution and/or natural selection of biomaterials.

Mutually reinforced multicomponent polysaccharide networks.

Networks made from chitosan and alginate have been utilized as prospective tissue engineering scaffolds due to material biocompatibility and degradability. Calcium (Ca(2+) ) is often added to these networks as a modifier for mechanical strength enhancement. In this work, we examined changes in the bulk material properties of different concentrations of chitosan/alginate mixtures (2, 3, or 5% w/w) upon adding another modifier, chondroitin. We further examined how material properties depend on the order the modifiers, Ca(2+) and chondroitin, were added. It was found that the addition of chondroitin significantly increased the mechanical strength of chitosan/alginate networks. Highest elastic moduli were obtained from samples made with mass fractions of 5% chitosan and alginate, modified by chondroitin first and then Ca(2+) . The elastic moduli in dry and hydrated states were (4.41 ± 0.52) MPa and (0.11 ± 0.01) MPa, respectively. Network porosity and density were slightly dependent on total polysaccharide concentration. Average pore size was slightly larger in samples modified by Ca(2+) first and then chondroitin and in samples made with 3% starting mass fractions. Here, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was utilized to examine mesh size of the fibrous networks, mass-fractal parameters and average dimensions of the fiber cross-sections prior to freeze-drying. These studies revealed that addition of Ca(2+) and chondroitin modifiers increased fiber compactness and thickness, respectively. Together these findings are consistent with improved network mechanical properties of the freeze-dried materials.