Effect of Tilorone on the Dynamics of Viral Load and the Levels of Interferons and Interleukin-1ß in the Lung Tissue and Blood Serum of Mice with Experimental Influenza.

We studied the effect of tilorone on the dynamics of IFNα, IFNγ, and IL-1ß levels in the lung tissue and blood serum in relation to viral load in the lungs of BALB/c mice with pneumonia caused by influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2). Tilorone was administered per os in doses of 40, 150, and 540 µg per mouse 6, 30, and 78 h postinfection, which simulated the drug regimen used in the clinic for the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in Russia and post-Soviet countries. Tilorone reduced viral load with the maximum amplitude (2-3 lg) after 1-2 administrations. The results of studying the dynamics of the cytokine levels in the infected animals in general support the previous hypothesis that, in repeated dosing, tilorone enhances the IFN response (compensates for its deficiency) at the early stages of acute respiratory viral infections and suppresses (damps) excessive production of IFN and proinflammatory cytokines at the later stages.

The Mechanism of the Stimforte Effect on the Activation of Target Cell Defense against Viral Infection.

Stimforte in a wide range of concentrations (15-225 µg/mL) totally inhibits the cytopathic activity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the Vero-V cell culture. Interferons (IFN) play the most important role in the suppression of infection when the drug is introduced into the culture before the infection. When Stimforte is introduced after the infection, the mechanism of action seems to be different. The activators of IFN production are mainly (or exclusively) the ligands of receptor complexes TLR-4 and NOD-2 contained in the drug. The action of these substances is probably synergistic, similar to the action of LPS and MDP in Vero-V cells.

NSP Protein Encoded in Negative NS RNA Strand of Influenza A Virus Induces Cellular Immune Response in Infected Animals.

Infection of mice with influenza A viruses led to the formation of clones of lymphocytes that specifically recognizes viral domains in the central zone of the NSP protein (amino acid positions 83-119). Computer analysis of the primary structure of the NSP protein showed the presence of T-cell epitopes in the central part of the NSP molecule. The findings indicate that the viral NSP gene is expressed in the infected animals and verify the concept of the bipolar strategy (ambisense strategy) of the influenza A virus genome.

Different effects of the immunostimulatory drug Stimforte on infections of hepatitis C virus and herpes simplex virus type 1.

Stimforte, an immune response-stimulating preparation, is active with respect to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1). The effects of Stimforte in animals infected with either HCV or HSV-1 are fundamentally different. In mice with acute herpes virus infection, Stimforte administration leads to a higher activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes, and the amount of interferon (IFN) λ grows. In mice infected with HCV, Stimforte administration results in a significant increase in IFN-ß but not IFN-λ in blood and affected organs. Stimforte has been found to affect directly HCV reproduction that causes the infected cell death, but it does not affect HSV-1 reproduction in the Vero cells (V).

[New approaches to the treatment of the flavivirus infections].

Since spontaneous mutagenesis and quasi-species rearrangements of the RNA-containing viruses, as well as an absence of both viral and cellular RNA reparation systems, causes resistance to originally effective antiviral drugs, combination therapy with nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors of the viral enzymes in combination with immunomodulators is recommended. The use of specific immunoglobulins does not result in complete elimination of the flaviviruses but rather in possible antibody-dependent enhancement of the flavivirus infection by means of increased penetration of complexes of virions with specific antibodies into cells with receptors for Fc-fragments of immunoglobulins.

[[Antiviral activity of the interferon beta 1a].

The antiviral activity of the interferon beta Ia was studied using the example of the antiviral activity of the drugs interferon beta Ia Genfaxon and Rebif for the influenza and herpes. A pronounced antiviral effect of the drugs against influenza and herpes viruses was-shown far the first time.

[Comparative study of carbon nanotubes and polymer composites with silver as sorbents of the influenza A and B viruses].

The comparative examination of the interaction of the influenza A and B viruses and fragments of DNA with the carbon nanotubes--composites of polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes and granules containing Ag and without Ag was performed. The increased absorption of the allantois viruses and DNA was demonstrated in composites with Ag. The influence of temperature in the range of 4-36 degrees C was not found to be essential. The intensive absorption took place within the first 15 min of the contact with the sorbents. In total, the properties of the composites of PANI nanotubes + Ag 30% are the most promising for the influenza viruses and DNA absorption in water solutions.

[Interferon inductor activity and interferon production under the action of acridonacetic acid salts].

Peculiarities of the kinetics of accumulation and duration of circulation of three types of interferon under the action of acridonacetic acid salts have been studied. Optimum doses of meglumine salt of acridonacetic acid are established, which ensure efficient and consistent induction of three interferon types, ensuring their prolonged circulation in the blood.

[Induction of type 1, 2 and 3 interferons by acridone acetates].

The induction profile of endogenous interferons of three types under the action of meglumine acridone acetate and sodium acridone acetate, as well as the characteristics of the kinetics of their accumulation and circulation in the blood of experimental animals are described. Meglumine acridone acetate provided balance in induction, production and circulation of the interferons in the blood vs. sodium aeridone acetate under the same conditions. The optimal dose of meglumine acridone acetate (2.0-3.5 mg/mouse) with effective, consecutive and overlapping induction-production of the interferons ensured their prolonged (for 72 hours) circulation in the blood after a single administration.

In Vitro Antiviral Activity of a New Indol-3-carboxylic Acid Derivative Against SARS-CoV-2.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought into sharp relief the threat posed by coronaviruses and laid the foundation for a fundamental analysis of this viral family, as well as a search for effective anti-COVID drugs. Work is underway to update existent vaccines against COVID-19, and screening for low-molecular-weight anti-COVID drug candidates for outpatient medicine continues. The opportunities and ways to accelerate the development of antiviral drugs against other pathogens are being discussed in the context of preparing for the next pandemic. In 2012-2015, Tsyshkova et al. synthesized a group of water-soluble low-molecular-weight compounds exhibiting an antiviral activity, whose chemical structure was similar to that of arbidol. Among those, there were a number of water-soluble compounds based on 5-methoxyindole-3-carboxylic acid aminoalkyl esters. Only one member of this rather extensive group of compounds, dihydrochloride of 6-bromo-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(1-piperidinomethyl)-3-(2-diethylaminoethoxy) carbonylindole, exhibited a reliable antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. At a concentration of 52.0 µM, this compound completely inhibited the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus with an infectious activity of 106 TCID50/mL. The concentration curves of the analyzed compound indicate the specificity of its action. Interferon-inducing activity, as well as suppression of syncytium formation induced by the spike protein (S-glycoprotein) of SARS-CoV-2 by 89%, were also revealed. In view of its synthetic accessibility - high activity (IC50 = 1.06 µg/mL) and high selectivity index (SI = 78.6) - this compound appears to meets the requirements for the development of antiviral drugs for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.

[Changes in the reproduction of tick-borne encephalitis virus in cell cultures].

The currently used tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccines are based on the inactivation of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) of Far Eastern or West European genetic types from the primary cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts. Since the WHO recommends that vaccines should be designed using continuous cell cultures rather than chick embryos as a substrate, this investigation has compared the infection of continuous monolayer SPEV, Vero E6, and vaccine line Vero (B) cell cultures with TBEV strains of the Siberian and Far Eastern genetic types dominating in the endemic regions of Russia. After cell infection with Far Eastern (Sofyin and 205 strains) or Siberian (Aina, 2530, 2689, and 2703 strains) TBEV genetic types, the viable TBEV titers reached 2.8 Ig CPD50 for Vero (B) cells, 5.5 Ig CPD50 for Vero E6 cells, and up to 9 Ig CPD50 for SPEV cells. The quantitative scores of TBEV E antigen in enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and genome equivalents by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by real-time PCR, permitted one to estimate as high as 108 virions in 1 ml of culture fluid, which corresponded to those of the microscopic observations of CPD for SPEV cells and substantially exceeded the values for Vero E6 cells, and for Vero (B) cells in particular. The data of TBEV strain titration, EIA, and realtime reverse-transcription PCR suggest that the Russian vaccine Vero (B) cell line defined as meeting the WHO requirements, as well as Vero E6 cells may be used to design tick-borne encephalitis vaccine.

[In vitro investigation of the antiviral activity of Ingavirin against human metapneumovirus].

The antiviral activity of Ingavirin against human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection was investigated in vitro. The investigation used the human cell line ChangConjunctiva, permissive for HMPV, clone 1-5C4, and the HMPV strain isolated at the D. I. Ivanovsky Research Institute of Virology. The experimental studies suggest that when added at a concentration of 50 to 500 microg/ml to a nutrient medium 24 hours after HMPV infection, Ingavirin suppressed effectively virus replication by 2.2-3.3 logs, respectively. When used at a concentration of 500 microg/ml 24 hours before cell infection, Ingavirin protected cells from HMPV infection.

[Reproduction of the metapneumovirus in different cell lines].

The reproduction of the metapneumovirus was comparatively studied in 19 human and animal cell lines. The most sensitive transplanted cell lines were found to be human Chang Conjunctiva (clone 1-5C4) and animal cell lines of feline kidney CRFK.

[Comparative immunogenicity studies of cultural and peptide influenza vaccines].

AIM: Comparative immunogenicity studies of experimental vaccines based onA/Aichi/2/68 neuraminidase peptide fragments (NA) and influenza virus A and B strains produced in MDCK cell culture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-hemagglutinin and virus neutralizing activity of mice sera was determined in MN and HI reactions in accordance with the WHO recommendations. RESULTS: Sera against peptides 136-147 and 154-164 from variable sites, as well as against peptide 314-328 from conservative region of the heavy chain of A/ Aichi/2/68 influenza virus NA showed distinct anti-hemagglutinin and neutralizing activity against homologous influenzavirus. Anti-(314-328) serum was also active in HI and MN reactions against other strains of the H3N2 subtype. Combined administration of peptide sample with an immunomodulator (Immunomax) increased the immunogenicity to the level of the cultural samples based on influenza A virus. CONCLUSION: The results show higher immunogenicity of cultural vaccines based on influenza virus in comparison to peptide samples. A possibility of peptide vaccine immunogenicity increase was demonstrated by combined administration with the immunomodulator.

[Influenza virus reproduction in the MDCK cells adapted to growth in serum-free Hybris-2 medium].

Whether the MDCK cell line might adapt to grow in serum-free Hybris-2 medium and influenza viruses might be reproduced in the adapted cells was studied. Seventeen passages using the Hybris-2 medium yielded cells adapted to growth in this medium (MDCK-BS). The reproduction of influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B viruses versus the cells cultured in Eagle's medium was studied. The laboratory strain of influenza A/Aichi/1/68 (H3N2) and the strain B/Ohio/01/05 of influenza B in equal titers were shown to be reproduced in both control cells on Eagle's medium and MDCK-BS cells adapted to growth in the Hybris-2 medium. The reproduction of the strains A/Brisbane/10/07 (H3N2) and A/Solomon Islands/3/06 (H1N1) was less active in the MDCK cells. Each strain of influenza viruses displayed varying infective activities. The developed serum-free Hybris-2 medium may be used for cultivation of monolayer continuous MDCK cells and for their reproduction of influenza A and B viruses.

[Human bocavirus].

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly identified parvovirus associated with acute respiratory infections in young children in different parts of the world. It is not inconceivable that this virus is also capable of causing acute gastroenteritis and asymptomatically persisting in infected children. HBoV is the third widespread human respiratory virus after respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus. Polymerase chain reaction remains the most reliable of HBoV detection in clinical samples. Phylogenetic analysis shows the presence of at least 2 circulating variants (genotypes) of HBoV.

[Effect of Stimforte in combination with Virazole on infection induced by hepatitis C virus in mice].

Twenty-four hours after intramuscular injection of Stimforte in a dose of 25 microg in mice weighing 18-20 g, chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), viral infection was shown to be at the most suppressed viral replication, as suggested by the data of the infectious and antigenic activities of HCV. Following 72 hours of its administration, the quantity of viral antigen and the infectious activity restored. Readministration of the agent considerably suppressed HCV replication. When given in a dose of 12.5 microg/kg, the agent reduced HCV titers by 2.0-2.5 log10 TCID50; when used in a dose of 25 microg/kg, it diminished the infectious activity of HCV by 3.2 log. The similar data were obtained in the study of the antigenic activity of HCV in infected animals. The effect of Virazole in combination with Stimforte in reducing the replication of infectious HCV and the accumulation of antigens in HCV-infected mice was additive or synergic, suggesting that it is expedient to use them concurrently.

[Effect of Stimforte on infection induced by hepatitis C virus, genotype 1b].

When given at two concentrations of 12.5 and 25 microg/kg to mice weighing 18-20 g in chronic Infection, the novel immunomodulator Stimforte was tested for effects on replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV), 1b strain. The efficacy of the agent was evaluated from the decrease in virus titers in the liver, serum, brain, and spleen and from the reduction of antigen titers in the same organs. When administered at a concentration of 12.5 microg/kg, the agent was ineffective and did not decrease significantly the examined indices in any of the organs. When used at a concentration of 25 microg/kg, Stimforte significantly lowered the number of virus antigen in the study organs, rather than in the serum, the liver showing a 15-fold antigen reduction as compared with the controls. HCV replication decreased by 2.4 log10 in the serum and 1.7-1.9 log10 in the organs of the animals given the agent. A Stimforte-induced decrease in HCV replication correlated well with the increased concentration of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 beta , which might be one of the mechanisms responsible for the antiviral activity of the agent in hepatitis C.

[Efficacy of ingavirin in adults with influenza].

AIM: To compare therapeutic efficacy and safety of ingavirin and arbidol in patients with influenza. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The trial included 105 patients with a verified diagnosis of influenza, definite clinical symptoms, body temperature at least 38 degrees C and duration of the disease 36 hours maximum. Ingavirin efficacy was analysed basing on the evidence for 100 patients with uncomplicated influenza. The patients were randomized into three groups: taking ingavirin in a single daily dose 90 mg (n = 33), placebo (n = 36) or arbidol (200 mg 4 times a day). The duration of the treatment was 5 days. RESULTS: Intake of ingavirin in initial 24-36 hours of the disease significantly reduced fever compared to placebo and arbidol (34.5, 72.0 and 48.4 hours, respectively). Ingavirin was less toxic and had no side effects. CONCLUSION: Ingavirin is safe and effective in the treatment of influenza. By some criteria it is more effective than arbidol.

[Viferon efficacy in influenza in adult patients].

The therapeutic efficacy of Viferon (suppositories of human recombinant interferon alfa-2) was investigated in a double-blind controlled study with the use of Arbidol as a reference drug in the treatment of patients with influenza. Viferon and Arbidol lowered the signs of the fever, intoxication, catarrh and the disease as the whole.