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1.
J Wound Care ; 26(1): 20-25, 2017 Jan 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28103163

RESUMEN

The presence of biofilms in chronic non-healing wounds, has been identified through in vitro model and in vivo animal data. However, human chronic wound studies are under-represented and generally report low sample sizes. For this reason we sought to ascertain the prevalence of biofilms in human chronic wounds by undertaking a systematic review and meta-analysis. Our initial search identified 554 studies from the literature databases (Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline). After removal of duplicates, and those not meeting the requirements of inclusion, nine studies involving 185 chronic wounds met the inclusion criteria. Prevalence of biofilms in chronic wounds was 78.2 % (confidence interval [CI 61.6-89, p<0.002]). The results of our meta-analysis support our clinical assumptions that biofilms are ubiquitous in human chronic non-healing wounds.


Asunto(s)
Biopelículas , Cicatrización de Heridas , Enfermedad Crónica/epidemiología , Humanos , Prevalencia
2.
Psychol Med ; 43(3): 507-18, 2013 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22781311

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Early life stress (ELS) is a significant risk factor for depression. The effects of ELS exposure on neural network organization have not been differentiated from the effect of depression. Furthermore, many individuals exposed to ELS do not develop depression, yet the network organization patterns differentiating resiliency versus susceptibility to the depressogenic effects of ELS are not clear. METHOD: Women aged 18-44 years with either a history of ELS and no history of depression (n = 7), a history of ELS and current or past depression (n = 19), or a history of neither ELS nor depression (n = 12) underwent a resting-state 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. An emotion regulation brain network consisting of 21 nodes was described using graph analyses and compared between groups. RESULTS: Group differences in network topology involved decreased global connectivity and hub-like properties for the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and decreased local network connectivity for the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) among resilient individuals. Decreased local connectivity and increased hub-like properties of the left amygdala, decreased hub-like properties of the dACC and decreased local connectivity of the left vlPFC were observed among susceptible individuals. Regression analyses suggested that the severity of ELS (measured by self-report) correlated negatively with global connectivity and hub-like qualities for the left dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC). CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest functional neural connectivity patterns specific to ELS exposure and resiliency versus susceptibility to the depressogenic effects of ELS exposure.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/fisiopatología , Inteligencia Emocional/fisiología , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Modelos Biológicos , Red Nerviosa/fisiopatología , Estrés Psicológico/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Adulto , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Conectoma , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Sistema Límbico/fisiopatología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Corteza Prefrontal/fisiopatología , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Análisis de Regresión , Resiliencia Psicológica , Descanso , Factores de Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Adulto Joven
3.
J Clin Med ; 12(20)2023 Oct 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37892729

RESUMEN

The use of electric scooters (e-scooters) is increasing in Australia and internationally. The increasing availability of e-scooters has led to a rise in the number of injuries, with most patients sustaining orthopaedic injuries. This retrospective case series describes the incidence, management, and hospital costs of the orthopaedic injuries, which presented to the emergency department (ED) of the major trauma center in Western Australia. Data on demographics, ED dispatch destination, management, follow-up clinics, and hospital costs were collected between 2017 and 2022. Since June 2020, there have been 61 e-scooter crashes, which resulted in orthopaedic injuries, with more than half of the crashes occurring after the introduction of regional e-scooter sharing schemes. Thirty-two patients (52%) were admitted to the hospital. The most common orthopaedic fracture was to the upper limb (44%), followed by the lower limb (41%) and the axial skeleton (15%). Fourteen (23%) patients sustained more than one fracture. Twenty-two patients (36%) required operative management. The median number of outpatient clinic attendances per patient was 3 (interquartile range (IQR): 1-5), with inpatients requiring twice the number of clinics as compared to those discharged from the ED. The median cost per presentation was AU$5880.60 (IQR: AU$1283.10-AU$21,150.90) with inpatient costs exceeding those discharged from the ED. The range of the total costs was AU$413.80 to AU$100,239.80. The rise in the accessibility of e-scooters in Western Australia has led to a rise in ED presentations with orthopaedic injuries. Considering the recent implementation of e-scooter sharing schemes in metropolitan areas, ongoing surveillance of e-scooter injuries by clinicians and policy makers is warranted to inform harm minimization strategies.

4.
J Appl Microbiol ; 112(5): 998-1006, 2012 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22353049

RESUMEN

AIMS: The goal of this investigation was to develop an in vitro, polymicrobial, wound biofilm capable of supporting the growth of bacteria with variable oxygen requirements. METHODS AND RESULTS: The strict anaerobe Clostridium perfringens was isolated by cultivating wound homogenates using the drip-flow reactor (DFR), and a three-species biofilm model was established using methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Cl. perfringens in the colony-drip-flow reactor model. Plate counts revealed that MRSA, Ps. aeruginosa and Cl. perfringens grew to 7·39 ± 0·45, 10·22 ± 0·22 and 7·13 ± 0·77 log CFU per membrane, respectively. The three-species model was employed to evaluate the efficacy of two antimicrobial dressings, Curity™ AMD and Acticoat™, compared to sterile gauze controls. Microbial growth on Curity™ AMD and gauze was not significantly different, for any species, whereas Acticoat™ was found to significantly reduce growth for all three species. CONCLUSIONS: Using the colony-DFR, a three-species biofilm was successfully grown, and the biofilms displayed a unique structure consisting of distinct layers that appeared to be inhabited exclusively or predominantly by a single species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The primary accomplishment of this study was the isolation and growth of an obligate anaerobe in an in vitro model without establishing an artificially anaerobic environment.


Asunto(s)
Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Vendajes/microbiología , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Clostridium perfringens/fisiología , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/fisiología , Modelos Biológicos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/fisiología , Heridas y Lesiones/microbiología , Antiinfecciosos/administración & dosificación , Clostridium perfringens/crecimiento & desarrollo , Humanos , Heridas y Lesiones/complicaciones
5.
J Clin Med ; 11(22)2022 Nov 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36431151

RESUMEN

This current concepts article reviews the literature pertaining to the use of robot-assisted systems in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The bulk of the literature is regarding the MAKO (currently the most used system worldwide) and the historic ROBODOC robotic systems. There is a paucity of literature available on other systems, with several still in pilot-phase development. Whilst the evidence shows improved radiological outcomes with robotic THA, functional outcomes are equivocal between conventional and robotic techniques. Acceptance of robotic THA worldwide is limited by its accessibility including cost, and by already exceptional results with the conventional technique. It is, however, a rapidly developing area of orthopaedic surgery. This article discusses the history of robotics in THA, current surgical techniques, functional and radiological outcomes, and ongoing avenues for development.

6.
J Appl Microbiol ; 111(5): 1275-82, 2011 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21883733

RESUMEN

AIMS: To develop an in vitro model (Colony/drip-flow reactor - C/DFR) for the growth and analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the C/DFR model, biofilms were grown on the top of polycarbonate filter membranes inoculated with a clinical isolate of MRSA, placed on absorbent pads in the DFR and harvested after 72 h. The biofilms varied from 256 to 308 µm in thickness with a repeatability standard deviation of 0·22. Testing of antimicrobial agents was also performed where C/DFR biofilms were grown in parallel with conventional colony biofilms. A saline solution (control), 1% silver sulfadiazine solution, and 0·25% Dakin's solution were used to treat the biofilms for 15 min. Microscopic evaluation of biofilm morphology and thickness was conducted. The Dakins solution in both models produced statistically significantly higher log reductions than silver sulfadiazine treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The C/DFR biofilms were thick and repeatable and exhibited higher resistance to Dakins solution than the treated colony biofilms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The C/DFR can be used as a tool for examining complex biofilm physiology as well as for performing comparative experiments that test wound care products and novel antimicrobials.


Asunto(s)
Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/crecimiento & desarrollo , Modelos Biológicos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Combinación de Medicamentos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Sulfadiazina de Plata/farmacología , Bicarbonato de Sodio/farmacología , Hipoclorito de Sodio/farmacología
7.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34263262

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To examine how 1Hz and 10Hz rTMS temporarily influence ratings of tinnitus loudness, annoyance, and awareness. The thalamocortical dysrhythmia (TCD) model of tinnitus was tested by examining changes in spectral power and coherence of resting state EEGs from baseline to each phase of treatment and correlating these data with change in tinnitus. METHODS: Nineteen participants completed a double-blind, placebo (sham rTMS) controlled, within-subjects study with crossover between the two active rTMS treatment conditions. An imposed order effect, sham rTMS first, eliminated drift of active treatment into the placebo condition. The primary outcome measures were analogue ratings of tinnitus loudness, annoyance, and awareness, assessed repeatedly at baseline and during treatment, and 64 channel, resting state EEGs collected at baseline and the end of each treatment phase. Active rTMS consisted of 1800 pulses at 110% of motor threshold over temporal cortex delivered at 1Hz and 10Hz over four days. The research design also examined the effect of rTMS immediately following stimulation, regression to the mean in tinnitus ratings made over multiple days, and differences between treatment responders and non-responders. RESULTS: There was no immediate effect of rTMS on tinnitus during a single rTMS session. Regression to the mean in tinnitus ratings occurred over three days of baseline and four days of treatment (both sham and active rTMS). After accounting for regression to the mean in the statistical model, 1Hz rTMS led to a significant decrease in tinnitus awareness from baseline and 10Hz rTMS trended in the same direction, whereas sham rTMS showed little change from baseline other than regression to the mean. Changes from baseline in spectral power of the resting state EEG provided partial support for predictions based on TCD model of tinnitus for active 1 and 10Hz rTMS but not sham rTMS. However, only an increase in beta coherence correlated significantly with a decrease in tinnitus awareness. Changes in the EEG were robust in treatment responders but absent among non-responders and during sham rTMS. CONCLUSIONS: A positive response to rTMS for tinnitus is associated with an rTMS-induced change in beta coherence of the EEG. Increased beta coherence may be a biomarker of the rTMS effect; a "top-down" modulation of the EEG that promotes habituation to tinnitus. Participants whose tinnitus did not improve after rTMS did not show any changes in the EEG.

8.
Environ Pollut ; 264: 114590, 2020 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32388294

RESUMEN

Devon Great Consols (DGC) is a region in south west England where extensive mining for Cu, Sn and As took place in the nineteenth century. Because of its historical and geological significance, DGC has protected status and is part of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape UNESCO World Heritage Site. Recently, the region was opened up to the public with the construction or redevelopment of various trails, tracks and facilities for walking, cycling and field visits. We used portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry to measure, in situ, the concentrations of As in soils and dusts in areas that are accessible to the public. Concentrations ranged from about 140 to 75,000 µg g-1 (n = 98), and in all but one case exceeded a Category 4 Screening Level for park-type soil of 179 µg g-1. Samples returned to the laboratory and fractionated to <63 µm were subjected to an in vitro assessment of both oral and inhalable bioaccessibility, with concentrations ranging from <10 to 25,500 µg g-1 and dependent on the precise nature and origin of the sample and the physiological fluid applied. Concentrations of As in PM10 collected along various transects of the region averaged over 30 ng m-3 compared with a typical concentration in UK air of <1 ng m-3. Calculations using default EPA and CLEA estimates and that factor in for bioaccessibility suggest a 6-h visit to the region results in exposure to As well in excess of that of minimum risk. The overall risk is exacerbated for frequent visitors to the region and for workers employed at the site. Based on our observations, we recommend that the remodelling or repurposing of historical mine sites require more stringent management and mitigation measures.


Asunto(s)
Arsénico/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Inglaterra , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Humanos , Minería , UNESCO
9.
J Infect ; 80(3): 261-270, 2020 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31899281

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Clinicians have increasingly adopted the widespread use of topical agents to manage chronic wound infections, despite limited data on their effectiveness in vivo. This study sought to evaluate the evidence for commonly employed topical agents used in wounds for the purpose of treating chronic infections caused by biofilm. METHOD: We included in vitro, animal and human in vivo studies where topical agents were tested for their efficacy against biofilms, for use in wound care. For human studies, we only included those which utilised appropriate identification techniques for visualising and confirming the presence of biofilms. RESULT: A total of 640 articles were identified, with 43 included after meeting eligibility. In vitro testing accounted for 90% (n = 39) of all included studies, five studies using animal models and three human in vivo studies. Sixteen different laboratory models were utilised, with the most frequent being the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC™) / well plate assay (38%, n = 15 of 39). A total of 44 commercially available topical agents were grouped into twelve categories with the most commonly tested agents being silver, iodine and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). In vitro results on efficacy demonstrated iodine as having the highest mean log10 reductions of all agents (4.81, ±3.14). CONCLUSION: There is large disparity in the translation of laboratory studies to researchers undertaking human trials relating to the effectiveness of commercially available topical agents. There is insufficient human in vivo evidence to definitively recommend any commercially available topical agent over another for the treatment of chronic wound biofilms. The heterogeneity identified between study designs (in vitro to in vivo) further limits the generalisability of results.


Asunto(s)
Biopelículas , Infección de Heridas , Animales , Humanos , Infección de Heridas/tratamiento farmacológico
10.
Evolution ; 74(12): 2662-2680, 2020 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32886353

RESUMEN

Ecology and biomechanics play central roles in the generation of phenotypic diversity. When unrelated taxa invade a similar ecological niche, biomechanical demands can drive convergent morphological transformations. Thus, examining convergence helps to elucidate the key catalysts of phenotypic change. Gliding mammals are often presented as a classic case of convergent evolution because they independently evolved in numerous clades, each possessing patagia ("wing" membranes) that generate lift during gliding. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to test whether the skeletal morphologies of the six clades of extant gliding mammals demonstrate convergence. Our results indicate that glider skeletons are convergent, with glider groups consistently evolving proportionally longer, more gracile limbs than arborealists, likely to increase patagial surface area. Nonetheless, we interpret gliders to represent incomplete convergence because (1) evolutionary model-fitting analyses do not indicate strong selective pressures for glider trait optima, (2) the three marsupial glider groups diverge rather than converge, and (3) the gliding groups remain separated in morphospace (rather than converging on a single morphotype), which is reflected by an unexpectedly high level of morphological disparity. That glider skeletons are morphologically diverse is further demonstrated by fossil gliders from the Mesozoic Era, which possess unique skeletal characteristics that are absent in extant gliders. Glider morphologies may be strongly influenced by factors such as body size and attachment location of patagia on the forelimb, which can vary among clades. Thus, convergence in gliders appears to be driven by a simple lengthening of the limbs, whereas additional skeletal traits reflect nuances of the gliding apparatus that are distinct among different evolutionary lineages. Our unexpected results add to growing evidence that incomplete convergence is prevalent in vertebrate clades, even among classic cases of convergence, and they highlight the importance of examining form-function relationships in light of phylogeny, biomechanics, and the fossil record.


Asunto(s)
Adaptación Biológica , Evolución Biológica , Locomoción , Mamíferos/anatomía & histología , Esqueleto , Animales , Conducta Animal , Fósiles
11.
Brain Stimul ; 10(5): 934-943, 2017.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28629874

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Subjective idiopathic tinnitus is an intrusive, distracting, and potentially disabling disorder characterized by phantom perception of sounds. Although tinnitus has no approved pharmacologic treatment, recent evidence supports the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to alleviate tinnitus symptoms. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Repetitive TMS delivered over the middle superior temporal gyrus (STG) may alter ratings of tinnitus awareness and annoyance more than loudness due to change in attentional processing. STG has reciprocal connections to regions of the prefrontal cortex that mediate attention. To probe the hypothesized influence of STG stimulation on attention, a subset of patients with tinnitus enrolled in an rTMS clinical trial [n = 12, 9 male, mean (sd) age = 49 (15) years] underwent an attentional conflict task before and after rTMS treatment in a repeated-measures functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. METHODS: The Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT), a Stroop-based visual attentional conflict fMRI task, was used to map participants' neural processing of attentional conflict prior to rTMS intervention (Baseline) and after three rTMS intervention arms: Sham, 1 Hz, and 10 Hz (four sessions per arm, 1800 pulses per session, delivered @110% of the motor threshold over the posterior superior temporal gyrus). RESULTS: All measures of tinnitus severity (awareness, loudness, and annoyance) improved with 1 Hz rTMS intervention; however, the greatest and most robust changes were observed for ratings of tinnitus awareness (mean 16% reduction in severity from Baseline, p < 0.01). The MSIT elicited a similar pattern of neural activation among tinnitus participants at Baseline compared to an independent sample of 43 healthy comparison adults (r = 0.801, p = 0.001). Linear regression with bootstrap resampling showed that greater recruitment of bilateral prefrontal and bilateral parietal regions by MSIT at Baseline corresponded with poorer treatment response. Individual regions' activities explained 37-67% variance in participant treatment response, with left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex's MSIT activity at Baseline explaining the greatest reduction in tinnitus awareness following 1 Hz stimulation. Although left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity at Baseline also predicted reduction in tinnitus loudness and annoyance (∼50% variance explained), these symptoms were more strongly predicted by right middle occipital cortex (∼70% variance explained) - suggesting that the neural predictors of symptom-specific treatment outcomes may be dissociable. CONCLUSION: These candidate neural reactivity markers of treatment response have potential clinical value in identifying tinnitus sufferers who would or would not therapeutically benefit from rTMS intervention.


Asunto(s)
Atención/fisiología , Percepción/fisiología , Acúfeno/fisiopatología , Acúfeno/terapia , Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal/tendencias , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios Cruzados , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Lóbulo Parietal/fisiopatología , Proyectos Piloto , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Corteza Prefrontal/fisiopatología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Lóbulo Temporal/fisiopatología , Acúfeno/diagnóstico , Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal/métodos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto Joven
12.
Front Hum Neurosci ; 10: 650, 2016.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28082882

RESUMEN

Balance of motor network activity between the two brain hemispheres after stroke is crucial for functional recovery. Several studies have extensively studied the role of the affected brain hemisphere to better understand changes in motor network activity following stroke. Very few studies have examined the role of the unaffected brain hemisphere and confirmed the test-retest reliability of connectivity measures on unaffected hemisphere. We recorded blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals from nine stroke survivors with hemiparesis of the left or right hand. Participants performed a motor execution task with affected hand, unaffected hand, and both hands simultaneously. Participants returned for a repeat fMRI scan 1 week later. Using dynamic causal modeling (DCM), we evaluated effective connectivity among three motor areas: the primary motor area (M1), the premotor cortex (PMC) and the supplementary motor area for the affected and unaffected hemispheres separately. Five participants' manual motor ability was assessed by Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment scores and root-mean square error of participants' tracking ability during a robot-assisted game. We found (i) that the task performance with the affected hand resulted in strengthening of the connectivity pattern for unaffected hemisphere, (ii) an identical network of the unaffected hemisphere when participants performed the task with their unaffected hand, and (iii) the pattern of directional connectivity observed in the affected hemisphere was identical for tasks using the affected hand only or both hands. Furthermore, paired t-test comparison found no significant differences in connectivity strength for any path when compared with one-week follow-up. Brain-behavior linear correlation analysis showed that the connectivity patterns in the unaffected hemisphere more accurately reflected the behavioral conditions than the connectivity patterns in the affected hemisphere. Above findings enrich our knowledge of unaffected brain hemisphere following stroke, which further strengthens our neurobiological understanding of stroke-affected brain and can help to effectively identify and apply stroke-treatments.

13.
Diabetes Technol Ther ; 3(4): 617-22, 2001.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11911174

RESUMEN

The field of neuroimaging has made great progress in the mapping of human brain function. In this article, we present a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study on the hypothalamic regulation of satiety and its relationship with obesity. The fMRI techniques have been proven invaluable for analyzing changes in brain activity that are associated with most sensorimotor and cognitive functions. However, few studies have been successful in the delineation of the interaction between the central nervous system and the endocrine system, due to the lack of suitable mapping methods which can pinpoint the onset of changes in neuronal activity (e.g., those following eating or drug intake). We have recently introduced a new fMRI method known as temporal clustering analysis (TCA) for dynamically tracking the time course of brain activation. Along with simultaneous blood sampling for the circulating hormone levels, the fMRI techniques with TCA may provide an integrated view of the nervous and endocrine systems in vivo, and thus greatly enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between neural events and hormonal signals.


Asunto(s)
Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Hormonas/sangre , Hipotálamo/fisiología , Obesidad/prevención & control , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Saciedad/fisiología , Análisis por Conglomerados , Humanos , Hipotálamo/fisiopatología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Obesidad/sangre
14.
J Am Dent Assoc ; 99(1): 17-9, 1979 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-287724

RESUMEN

Though state boards may be necessary, let them be less anachronistic in the expectations they have for current graduates. Let us hope that the state and regional boards will change and keep pace with the current literature. The boards can have an influence on upgrading dentistry but only if they are progressive, and if they do not hold back the profession by demanding antiquated means of looking at dental care for the patients.


Asunto(s)
Licencia en Odontología , Curriculum , Operatoria Dental , Educación en Odontología , Consejos de Especialidades , Estados Unidos
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