Interfacial Defects Change the Correlation between Photoluminescence, Ideality Factor, and Open-Circuit Voltage in Perovskite Solar Cells.

The ideality factor (nid ) and photoluminescence (PL) analyses assess charge recombination characteristics in perovskite solar cells (PeSCs). However, their correlations with open-circuit voltage (Voc ) are often found to be complicated depending on the recombination types in the devices. Herein, the correlation of nid , PL characteristics and Voc is elucidated depending on the interfacial crystal quality in triple-cation mixed-halide perovskite, Cs0.05 (MA0.17 FA0.83 )0.95 Pb(I0.83 Br0.17 )3 , deposited on different hole transport layers (HTLs). In the devices with low quality interfacial crystals, Voc increases together with nid , which originates from the light intensity-dependence of majority carrier at the interface. Meanwhile, a negative correlation between Voc and nid is observed for devices with high quality interfacial crystals. The authors discuss the cases that PL enhancement by the improvement of overall crystal quality can fail to correlate with a Voc increase if interfacial crystal quality becomes worse. The study highlights that interfacial crystal quality evaluation can help to understand charge recombination via nid and PL measurements, and more importantly provide information of which defect engineering between at the interface and in the bulk would be more effective for device optimization.

The influence of various resistance loads on the ratio of activity of the external rotator muscles of the shoulder and the anterior gliding of the humeral head during external rotation exercise.

[Purpose] To quantify the ratio of activation of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles and the anterior gliding motion of the humeral head during external rotation (ER) motions of the shoulder performed in prone position against different external resistance loads. [Subjects] Twenty healthy women between the ages of 20 and 30 years. [Methods] Activity ratio was quantified as the difference in the root mean square of the smoothed electromyography signal (EMG) of the posterior deltoid to the infraspinatus muscle, and anterior gliding pressure of the humeral head using a pressure biofeedback unit (PBU), for three resistance loads: 0, 1 and 2 kg. [Results] There was a significant correlation among all three variables (load, ratio, and pressure). Anterior gliding pressure correlated with the activity ratio, with activity of the posterior deltoid increasing with the magnitude of the resistance load. [Conclusion] There was a positive association between the magnitude of resistance load, activity of the posterior deltoid and anterior gliding pressure of the humeral head. The PBU could be used to facilitate the recruitment of the infraspinatus muscle at higher loads to improve glenohumeral joint stability during ER exercise against higher resistance.

The effects of eye coordination during deep cervical flexor training on the thickness of the cervical flexors.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the thicknesses of the cervical flexors according to eye coordination during deep cervical flexor training. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty normal adults were randomly selected, and during their deep cervical flexor training and eye tracking, the thicknesses of the longus colli and the sternocleidomastoid were measured using ultrasonic waves. [Results] The thickness of the longus colli statistically significantly increased when deep cervical flexor training and eye coordination were performed simultaneously. However, the thickness of the sternocleidomastoid did not show statistically significant differences according to eye coordination. [Conclusion] Eye coordination during deep cervical flexor training is likely to increase the thickness of the longus colli selectively.

Comparison of selective electromyographic activity of the superficial lumbar multifidus between prone trunk extension and four-point kneeling arm and leg lift exercises.

[Purpose] This study examined the selective electromyographic activity of the lumbar paraspinal muscles in healthy male and female subjects in the prone trunk extension (PTE) and four-point kneeling arm and leg lift (FPKAL) exercises to determine the most beneficial exercise for selective activation of the lumbar multifidus (LM). [Subjects and Methods] Twenty healthy male and female subjects participated in this study. Surface electromyographic data were collected from the left-side lumbar erector spinae (LES) and LM muscles during PTE and FPKAL exercises. [Results] The LM/LES ratio related to selective activation of the lumbar paraspinal muscles during the FPKAL exercise was higher than that during PTE. [Conclusion] FPKAL exercise is safe and effective for the selective activation of the LM muscle.

Changes in Shoulder External Rotator Muscle Activity during Shoulder External Rotation in Various Arm Positions in the Sagittal Plane.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate changes in electromyographic (EMG) activity of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles during shoulder external rotation under different shoulder flexion angles. [Subjects] Thirteen participants were included in this study. [Methods] The participants performed isometric shoulder external rotation at 45°, 90°, and 135° of shoulder flexion. A surface EMG system recorded the EMG activity of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles during shoulder external rotation. The changes in the muscle activity of infraspinatus and posterior deltoid and ratio of infraspinatus to posterior deltoid muscle activity were analyzed using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni's correction. [Results] The posterior deltoid activity was significantly decreased, while the ratio of the infraspinatus to posterior deltoid activity was significantly increased at 45° of shoulder flexion compared with 90° and 135° of shoulder flexion (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the EMG activity of the infraspinatus among the three conditions (p > 0.05). [Conclusion] These findings indicate that shoulder external rotation at 45° of shoulder flexion effectively reduced the contribution of the posterior deltoid activation to shoulder external rotation.

Differences in Muscle Activities of the Infraspinatus and Posterior Deltoid during Shoulder External Rotation in Open Kinetic Chain and Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises.

[Purpose] This study investigated the changes in electromyographic (EMG) activities of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles during shoulder external rotation under open kinetic chain (OKC) and closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercise conditions. [Subjects] In total, 15 healthy males participated in this study. [Methods] Subjects performed shoulder external rotations under CKC and OKC conditions while standing with and without weight support provided by a height-adjustable table. Pressure biofeedback was used to ensure a constant amount of weight support. The activities of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles during shoulder external rotation were measured using a wireless surface EMG system. The paired t-test was used to compare the EMG activities of the infraspinatus and the posterior deltoid muscles and the ratio of the infraspinatus to the posterior deltoid during shoulder external rotation under OKC and CKC conditions. [Results] The EMG activity of the infraspinatus and the ratio of the infraspinatus to the posterior deltoid activities were significantly increased, whereas the posterior deltoid activity was significantly decreased under the CKC condition compared to the OKC condition. [Conclusion] Clinicians should consider the CKC shoulder external rotation exercise when they wish to selectively strengthen the infraspinatus.

Effects of visual display terminal works on cervical movement pattern in patients with neck pain.

[Purpose] This study examined changes in the onset of neck movement in young adults with and without mild neck pain (MNP) during visual display terminal (VDT) work. [Subjects] Ten control subjects and 10 subjects with MNP who were VDT workers were recruited. The upper (UC) and lower cervical (LC) spine angles in the sagittal plane were collected using an ultrasound-based motion analysis system during VDT work for 5 min. [Results] The MNP group had faster movement initiation in the UC and LC compared with the control group during VDT work. [Conclusion] These findings suggest that young adults with MNP should be cautious when performing VDT work while sitting.

The effects of precise contraction of the pelvic floor muscle using visual feedback on the stabilization of the lumbar region.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to verify whether precise contraction of the pelvic floor muscle (PFM) using visual feedback actually affects the thickness of abdominal muscles. [Subjects] The subjects were 29 healthy adults in their 20s who consented to participate in this study. [Methods] This study provided visual feedback on PFM using one ultrasound device and identified changes in the transversus abdominis (TRA) using another ultrasound device. Abdominal muscle thicknesses were measured by ultrasound under three conditions (rest, PFM contraction, PFM contraction with visual feedback). [Results] There were no statistically significant differences in the external oblique (EO) and internal oblique (IO) muscles between the measurements taken at rest and during the contraction of the PFM, and between those taken at rest and during the contraction of the PFM with visual feedback. There were significant differences in the TRA. In particular, TRA thickness was highest in the order of PFM contraction, PFM contraction with visual feedback, and rest. [Conclusion] Hollowing with visual feedback is not an efficient stabilization exercise method for the PFM.

Effects of Shoulder Flexion Loaded by an Elastic Tubing Band on EMG Activity of the Gluteal Muscles during Squat Exercises.

[Purpose] We investigated the effects of shoulder flexion loaded by an elastic tubing band during squat exercises, by assessing electromyographic activities of the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius. [Subjects] In total, 17 healthy males were recruited. [Methods] Participants performed squat exercises with and without shoulder flexion loaded by a tubing band. Gluteal muscle activities during the downward and upward phases of the squat exercises were recorded using a surface electromyography (EMG) system. The mean electromyographic activities of the gluteal muscles during squat exercises with and without loaded shoulder flexion were compared using the paired t-test. [Results] Electromyographic activities of the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius were greater in both the upward and downward phases of the squat with loaded shoulder flexion. [Conclusions] The combination of squat and loaded shoulder flexion can be an effective exercise for increasing gluteal muscle activity.

Analysis of muscle fatigue of erect spinae caused by treatment table height in ultrasound therapy.

[Purpose] The objective of this study was to propose a work environment that could reduce musculoskeletal workload. Accordingly, spinal muscle fatigue caused by ultrasound therapy at various treatment table heights was examined and compared. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-five healthy subjects participated in this experiment. The table height was set to 100%, 125%, and 150% of the stool height (45 cm). The electromyographic signals of the erector spinae at the thoracic (T10, T12) and lumbar (L2, L4) levels were collected by an electromyography (EMG) system during the performance of ultrasound therapy. The median frequencies were then calculated and compared. [Results] The lower the table height was, the smaller the median frequencies of thoracic and lumbar erector spinae on both sides were. The T10 and T12 levels on both sides and the left L2 region showed significant differences among the table heights. At every spinal level, the median frequency of the left erector spinae was lower than that of the right: T10, T12, L2, and L4 at 100%, L4 at 125%, and T10, T12, L2, and L4 at 150% showed significant differences. [Conclusion] During ultrasound therapy muscle fatigue increased at higher table heights and the muscle fatigue of the left erector spinae was greater than that of the right side. To reduce muscle fatigue, we recommend the table height work is raised to an appropriate height, and that is shared between left and right arms.