Gene- and age-informed screening for preclinical Alzheimer's disease trials.

INTRODUCTION: Elevated ß-amyloid is used to enroll individuals into preclinical Alzheimer's disease trials, but the screening process is inefficient and expensive. Novel enrichment methods are needed to improve efficiency of enrollment. METHODS: Alzheimer's disease incidence rates and a polygenic hazard score were used to create a gene- and age-defined ADAge. An ADAge cutpoint was chosen to optimally predict ß-amyloid positivity among clinically normal Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants and applied to an independent Alzheimer's Disease Research Center validation cohort. The impact of ADAge enrichment on screening costs was evaluated in the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease trial data. RESULTS: In the validation cohort, the ADAge-enriched sample had a higher proportion of individuals with elevated ß-amyloid (difference [95% CI] 0.19[0.07 to 0.33]) than the unenriched sample. ADAge enrichment lowered screening costs by $4.41 million (31.00%) in the real-world clinical trial scenario. DISCUSSION: ADAge enrichment provides for a more efficient and cost-effective means to enroll clinically normal individuals with elevated ß-amyloid in clinical trials.

Study factors influencing ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: a 20 year follow-up meta-analysis.

A meta-analysis was performed on studies employing the ventricular-brain ratio to compare schizophrenic subjects to that of normal controls. This was a follow-up to a similar meta-analysis published in 1992 in which study-, in addition to clinical-, factors were found to contribute significantly to the reported difference between patients with schizophrenia and controls. Seventy-two (N=72) total studies were identified from the peer reviewed literature, 39 from the original meta-analysis, and 33 additional studies published since which met strict criteria for inclusion and analysis - thus representing ~30 years of schizophrenia ventricular enlargement research. Sample characteristics from schizophrenics and controls were coded for use as predictor variables against within sample VBR values as well as for between sample VBR differences. Additionally, a number of factors concerning how the studies were conducted and reported were also coded. Obtained data was subjected to unweighted univariate as well as multiple regression analyses. In particular, results indicated significant differences between schizophrenics and controls in ventricular size but also the influence of the diagnostic criteria used to define schizophrenia on the magnitude of the reported VBR. This suggests that differing factors of the diagnostic criteria may be sensitive to ventricular enlargement and might be worthy of further examination. Interestingly, we observed an inverse relationship between VBR difference and the number of co-authors on the study. This latter finding suggests that larger research groups report smaller VBR differences and may be more conservative or exacting in their research methodology. Analyses weighted by sample size provided identical conclusions. The effects of study factors such as these are helpful for understanding the variation in the size of the reported differences in VBR between patients and controls as well as for understanding the evolution of research on complex clinical syndromes employing neuroimaging morphometrics.

Level of executive function influences verbal memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and predicts prefrontal and posterior cingulate thickness.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between executive function and verbal memory and to explore the underlying neuroanatomical correlates in 358 individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 222 healthy controls (HCs). The MCI participants were divided into 2 groups (high vs. low) based on executive function task performance. Results demonstrated that although both MCI groups were impaired on all memory measures relative to HCs, MCI individuals with higher executive function (HEF) demonstrated better verbal memory performance than those with lower executive function (LEF), particularly on measures of learning. The 2 MCI groups did not differ in mesial temporal morphometric measures, but the MCI LEF group showed significant thinning in dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortices bilaterally compared with the MCI HEF and HCs. Further, thickness in numerous regions of frontal cortex, and bilateral posterior cingulate, was significantly associated with memory performance in all MCI participants above and beyond the contribution of the mesial temporal regions known to be associated with episodic memory. Overall, these results demonstrate the importance of evaluating executive function in individuals with MCI to predict involvement of brain areas beyond the mesial temporal lobe.

Relative capability of MR imaging and FDG PET to depict changes associated with prodromal and early Alzheimer disease.

PURPOSE: To quantify the effect sizes of regional metabolic and morphometric measures in patients with preclinical and mild Alzheimer disease (AD) to aid in the identification of noninvasive biomarkers for the early detection of AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted with institutional review board approval and in compliance with HIPAA regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant or participant's legal guardian. Fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data were analyzed from 80 healthy control (HC) subjects, 68 individuals with AD, and 156 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 69 of whom had single-domain amnestic MCI. Regions of interest (ROIs) were derived after coregistering FDG PET and MR images by using high-throughput, subject-specific procedures. The Cohen d effect sizes were calculated for 42 predefined ROIs across the brain. Statistical comparison of the largest overall effect sizes for MR imaging and PET was performed. Metabolic effect sizes were determined with and without accounting for regional atrophy. Discriminative accuracy of ROIs showing the largest effect sizes were compared by calculating receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: For all disease groups, the hippocampus showed the largest morphometric effect size and the entorhinal cortex showed the largest metabolic effect size. In mild AD, the Cohen d effect size for hippocampal volume (1.92) was significantly larger (P < .05) than that for entorhinal metabolism (1.43). Regression of regional atrophy substantially reduced most metabolic effects. For all group comparisons, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were significantly larger for hippocampal volume than for entorhinal metabolism. CONCLUSION: The current results show no evidence that FDG PET is more sensitive than MR imaging to the degeneration occurring in preclinical and mild AD, suggesting that an MR imaging finding may be a more practical clinical biomarker for early detection of AD.

Assessment of genetic risk for improved clinical-neuropathological correlations.

In the clinical diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies, distinction from Alzheimer's disease is suboptimal and complicated by shared genetic risk factors and frequent co-pathology. In the present study we tested the ability of polygenic scores for Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Parkinson's disease to differentiate individuals in a 2713-participant, pathologically defined sample. A dementia with Lewy bodies polygenic score that excluded apolipoprotein E due to its overlap with Alzheimer's disease risk was specifically associated with at least limbic (transitional) Lewy-related pathology and a pathological diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. An Alzheimer's disease polygenic score was associated with neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles but not Lewy-related pathology, and was most strongly associated with an Alzheimer's pathological diagnosis. Our results indicate that an assessment of genetic risk may be useful to clinically distinguish between Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Notably, we found no association with a Parkinson's disease polygenic score, which aligns with evidence that dementia with Lewy bodies has a distinct genetic signature that can be exploited to improve clinical diagnoses.

Combined Biomarker Prognosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment: An 11-Year Follow-Up Study in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers may soon be used to predict decline in older individuals. Extended follow-up studies are needed to determine the stability of such biomarker-based predictions. OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term performance of baseline cognitive, neuroimaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker-assisted prognosis in patients with mild cognitive impairment. METHODS: Established, biomarker-defined, cohorts of subjects with mild cognitive impairment were examined for progression to dementia. Subjects with a baseline volumetric MRI, lumbar puncture, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test were included. Dementia-free survival time in each biomarker-defined risk group was determined with Kaplan-Meier survival curves. The influence of each risk factor or combination of factors on dementia-free survival was examined with Cox proportional hazard analyses. RESULTS: 185 subjects were followed longitudinally for a mean (SD) 4.3 (2.8) years. 59% of participants converted within the follow-up period and the median dementia-free survival time was 2.8 years. Each individual risk factor predicted conversion to dementia (HR 1.9-3.7). The joint presence of any two risk factors increased risk for conversion (HR 7.1-11.0), with the presence of medial temporal atrophy and memory impairment showing the greatest risk for decline. Concordant atrophy, memory impairment, and abnormal CSF amyloid and tau was associated with the highest risk for conversion (HR 15.1). The presence of medial temporal atrophy was associated with the shortest dementia-free survival time, both alone and in combination with memory impairment, abnormal CSF amyloid and tau, or both. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that baseline biomarker-assisted predictions of decline to dementia are stable over the long term, and that combinations of complementary biomarkers can improve the accuracy of these predictions.

DTI tractography and white matter fiber tract characteristics in euthymic bipolar I patients and healthy control subjects.

With the introduction of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), structural differences in white matter (WM) architecture between psychiatric populations and healthy controls can be systematically observed and measured. In particular, DTI-tractography can be used to assess WM characteristics over the entire extent of WM tracts and aggregated fiber bundles. Using 64-direction DTI scanning in 27 participants with bipolar disorder (BD) and 26 age-and-gender-matched healthy control subjects, we compared relative length, density, and fractional anisotrophy (FA) of WM tracts involved in emotion regulation or theorized to be important neural components in BD neuropathology. We interactively isolated 22 known white matter tracts using region-of-interest placement (TrackVis software program) and then computed relative tract length, density, and integrity. BD subjects demonstrated significantly shorter WM tracts in the genu, body and splenium of the corpus callosum compared to healthy controls. Additionally, bipolar subjects exhibited reduced fiber density in the genu and body of the corpus callosum, and in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus bilaterally. In the left uncinate fasciculus, however, BD subjects exhibited significantly greater fiber density than healthy controls. There were no significant differences between groups in WM tract FA for those tracts that began and ended in the brain. The significance of differences in tract length and fiber density in BD is discussed.

Publication bias in neuroimaging research: implications for meta-analyses.

Neuroimaging and the neurosciences have made notable advances in sharing activation results through detailed databases, making meta-analysis of the published research faster and easier. However, the effect of publication bias in these fields has not been previously addressed or accounted for in the developed meta-analytic methods. In this article, we examine publication bias in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for tasks involving working memory in the frontal lobes (Brodmann Areas 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 37, 45, 46, and 47). Seventy-four studies were selected from the literature and the effect of publication bias was examined using a number of regression-based techniques. Pearson's r correlation coefficient and Cohen's d effect size estimates were computed for the activation in each study and compared to the study sample size using Egger's regression, Macaskill's regression, and the 'Trim and Fill' method. Evidence for publication bias was identified in this body of literature (p < 0.01 for each test), generally, though was neither task- nor sub-region-dependent. While we focused our analysis on this subgroup of brain mapping studies, we believe our findings generalize to the brain imaging literature as a whole and databases seeking to curate their collective results. While neuroimaging databases of summary effects are of enormous value to the community, the potential publication bias should be considered when performing meta-analyses based on database contents.

Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are severe psychiatric diseases with overlapping symptomatology. Widespread brain morphologic abnormalities, including cortical thinning and subcortical volume reductions, have been demonstrated in schizophrenia but it is unclear whether similar abnormalities are present in bipolar disorder. The purpose of this study was to compare cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, to assess differences and similarities in cortical and subcortical brain structure. METHODS: We analyzed magnetic resonance images from a sample of 173 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, 139 patients with bipolar disorder, and 207 healthy control subjects. Cortical thickness was compared between the groups in multiple locations across the continuous cortical surface. Subcortical volumes were compared on a structure-by-structure basis. RESULTS: There was widespread cortical thinning in schizophrenia compared with control subjects, in frontal, temporal, occipital, and smaller parietal regions. There was no cortical thinning in bipolar disorder compared with control subjects or in schizophrenia compared with bipolar disorder. However, the subgroup of patients with bipolar disorder Type 1 showed cortical thinning, primarily in the frontal lobes and superior temporal and temporoparietal regions. Both patient groups showed substantial subcortical volume reductions bilaterally in the hippocampus, the left thalamus, the right nucleus accumbens, the left cerebellar cortex, and the brainstem, along with substantial ventricular enlargements. CONCLUSIONS: We found substantial overlap in the underlying brain morphologic abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in subcortical structures, and between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder Type 1 in the cerebral cortex.