Population perception of mandatory childhood vaccination programme before its implementation, France, 2017.

BackgroundVaccination policy in France was previously characterised by the coexistence of eight recommended and three mandatory vaccinations for children younger than 2 years old. These 11 vaccines are now mandatory for all children born after 1 January 2018.AimTo study the French population's opinion about this new policy and to assess factors associated with a positive opinion during this changing phase.MethodsA cross-sectional survey about vaccination was conducted from 16 November-19 December 2017 among the GrippeNet.fr cohort. Data were weighted for age, sex and education according to the French population. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with a favourable opinion on mandatory vaccines' extension and defined in the '3Cs' model by the World Health Organization Strategic Advisory Group of Experts working group on vaccine hesitancy.ResultsOf the 3,222 participants (response rate 50.5%) and after adjustment, 64.5% agreed with the extension of mandatory vaccines. It was considered a necessary step by 68.7% of the study population, while 33.8% considered it unsafe for children and 56.9% saw it as authoritarian. Factors associated with a positive opinion about the extension of mandatory vaccines were components of the confidence, complacency and convenience dimensions of the '3Cs' model.ConclusionsIn our sample, two thirds of the French population was in favour of the extension of mandatory vaccines for children. Perception of vaccine safety and benefits were major predictors for positive and negative opinions about this new policy.

Hepatitis B knowledge, perceptions and practices in the French general population: the room for improvement.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the knowledge, perceptions and prevention practices of the French general population with respect to Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This article describes this population's knowledge of HBV, their perceptions of the disease, and associated screening and vaccination practices. It compares these indicators with those observed in the same population for HIV, an infection with a chronic course and transmission modes resembling those of HBV. METHODS: A module on hepatitis B was added into the HIV KABP (Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Practices) survey which was carried out telephonically in 2010 among a random sample of 9,014 individuals aged between 18-69 and living in metropolitan France. RESULTS: Compared with HIV, the general population was less aware that needle exchange during intravenous drug use and sexual relationships are HBV transmission modes (HBV: 89.9% and 69.7%; HIV: 99.1% and 99.4%). The fear of both illnesses was similar at 20.3%. The individual perceived risk of infection was higher for HBV than for HIV with, respectively, 60.8% and 40.3% of respondents believing they had an equal or greater risk of being infected than the average person. However, the percentage of those reporting HBV screening during their lifetime (27.4%) was half that for HIV screening (61.4%). In multivariate analysis, HBV screening was reported more often by individuals born in areas with high HBV endemicity (OR = 2.1 [95% CI: 1.5-2.9]) than by those born in low HBV endemicity areas, and more often by those who reported they had taken drugs intravenously during their lifetime (OR = 2.2 [95% CI: 1.2-4.2]) than those who did not report such behavior. Almost one in two respondents (47%) reported HBV vaccination. The intermediate or high endemicity groups did not report vaccination more often than those born in low endemicity areas nor did those reporting intravenously drug use compared with those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights very contrasting levels of knowledge, perceptions and practices regarding HBV and HIV in the French general population. Our results demonstrate the need to improve the general and high-risk populations' knowledge of HBV, in particular concerning sexual transmission, in order to improve screening and vaccination practices.

How French physicians manage with a future change in the primary vaccination of infants against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis? A qualitative study with focus groups.

BACKGROUND: As in other European countries, the French vaccination schedule changes according to epidemiological and socio-economic situations. Further changes are planned for 2013, including the withdrawal of one dose for primary vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, polio, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae. A partnership between the French Technical Vaccination Committee and the French Institute for Health and Medical Research designed a study to assess primary care physicians' agreement about this modification. METHODS: Qualitative study with focus groups and semi-structured interviews in France. Four focus groups were conducted with physicians, supplemented by four individual interviews. RESULTS: The physicians of the survey had accepted the suggested vaccination schedule well. A few concerns had been underlined: fear of less follow-up care for infants resulting from the removal of one visit driven by the primary vaccination; fear of loss of vaccine efficacy; suspicion of the existence of financial arguments at the origin of this change; and adjustment to current vaccination schedule. Several suggestions were made: providing strong support from health authorities; developing stable and simple recommendations; providing effective tools for monitoring patient's vaccination status. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' opinions suggested a good acceptance of a possible change about primary vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, polio, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae. Physicians' suggestions resulted from this qualitative study on a new vaccination schedule. It showed how that their involvement was feasible for preparing the implementation of a new vaccination schedule.

The e-Bug project in France.

The high rates of antibiotic prescriptions and antimicrobial resistance in France motivated its participation in the European e-Bug school project concerning microbes, and infection transmission, prevention and treatment. The prospect of raising awareness among children, helping them to adopt suitable attitudes and behaviour towards infection transmission and treatment starting from childhood, generated enthusiastic support from relevant national educational and health institutions throughout the Project. France was actively involved in every stage: background research showed that the subject matter was best suited to the national science curricula of the fourth and fifth forms in junior schools, and the sixth and ninth forms in senior schools; a focus group study with junior and senior teachers elicited teachers' needs concerning teaching resources; and a qualitative and quantitative evaluation, after translation and pack review, enabled further adaptation of the packs. This evaluation showed an overall enthusiastic reception by teachers and their students in France, and reassured teachers on the ease of use of the Project's resources and students' progress. The e-Bug Project was launched through a national institutional implementation plan in September 2009 and orders for e-Bug tools increased rapidly. By the end of October, 57% of all senior science teachers and 16% of all junior school teachers had ordered the pack. France is one of the most frequent users of the e-Bug web site. The collaboration with both educational and health partners was particularly helpful to implementing the Project, and this was confirmed by the favourable reception and participation of teachers and students in the field.

Influence of information sources on vaccine hesitancy and practices.

INTRODUCTION: Many factors influence vaccination practices and attitudes. This study aimed to identify vaccine information sources used by parents of children aged 1-15 years to get a better understanding of the relation between vaccine information sources, practices for two vaccines (MMR, HBV), vaccine acceptance, and vaccine hesitancy. METHODS: A total of 3938 parents, drawn by random sampling, were interviewed by telephone as part of the "2016 health barometer" survey. Vaccine information sources were described and analyzed according to socio-demographic variables. Multivariate logistic regression models were then built to explain vaccine information sources usage, vaccination practices and attitudes. RESULTS: Healthcare professionals (HCP), the Internet, and relatives were the three main vaccine information sources. Vaccination practices and acceptance were better when parents were getting information from HCPs compared with parents getting information from the Internet or relatives. Besides, getting information from the three different types of sources was associated with the highest rate of vaccine hesitancy: 70.9% (OR=4.6; P<0.0001) versus 34.6% among parents getting information from HCPs only. CONCLUSION: Those results suggest an interest in providing quality information about vaccination on the Internet. The primary role of HCPs in vaccination decision is once again demonstrated.

Recent vaccine mandates in the United States, Europe and Australia: A comparative study.

BACKGROUND: In response to recent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases and concerns around vaccine refusal, several high-income countries have adopted or reformed vaccine mandate policies. While all make it more difficult for parents to refuse vaccines, the nature and scope of 'mandatory vaccination' is heterogeneous, and there has been no attempt to develop a detailed, comparative systematic account of the possible forms mandates can take. METHODS: We compare the construction, introduction/amendment, and operation of six new high profile vaccine mandates in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, California, and Washington. We rank these policies in order of their relative restrictiveness and analyze other differences between them. RESULTS: New mandate instruments differ in their effects on behavior, and with regard to their structure, exemptions, target populations, consequences and enforcement. We identify diverse means by which vaccine mandates can restrict behaviors, various degrees of severity, and different gradations of intensity in enforcement. CONCLUSION: We suggest that politico-cultural context and vaccine policy history are centrally important factors for vaccine mandate policymakers to consider. It matters whether citizens trust their governments to limit individual freedom in the name of public health, and whether citizens have previously been subjected to vaccine mandates. Furthermore, political communities must consider the diverse mechanisms by which they may construct vaccine mandate policies; whether through emergency decrees or ordinary statutes, and how (or whether) to involve various stakeholder groups in developing and implementing new vaccine mandate policies.

Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and condyloma in HIV-infected heterosexual men, homosexual men and women: prevalence and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of and factors associated with squamous intraepithelial lesions and condyloma [human papillomavirus (HPV)-related lesions) in HIV-infected patients. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary-care university hospital conducted in 516 consecutive outpatients. INTERVENTION: A systematic examination for macroscopic HPV-related lesions through anoscopy with histological confirmation, evaluation of dysplasia and HPV typing. Sexual behaviours were assessed using a semi-directive questionnaire. RESULTS: Of 473 patients examined, (200 homosexual men, 123 heterosexual men, 150 women), 108 (23%) had histologically confirmed anal HPV-related lesions (36, 15 and 11% of the respective populations), including 51 (47%) with only endoanal localization. Among these 108 patients, histological dysplasia of grades I or II and grade III were noted in 59 and two patients, respectively, invasive endoanal cancer in one; three patients also had high-risk oncogenicity HPV without dysplasia. Independent identified associated factors of HPV-related condyloma were the number of incidents of sexual intercourse per month [odds ratio (OR) 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.06], CD4 cell count below 200 x 10 cells/l (OR 3.22; 95% CI 1.37-7.60), history of anal HPV lesion (OR 4.57; 95% CI 2.13-9.81), and receptive anal intercourse (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.11-4.77). The two latter factors remained associated with histological dysplasia (OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.38-5.76 for history of anal condyloma, and OR 4.29; 95% CI 2.18-8.44 for receptive anal intercourse). CONCLUSION: The high rate of condyloma and histological dysplasia seen argues for a systematic screening for these lesions in HIV-infected individuals.

Evaluation of a combined screening programme for breast, cervical and colorectal cancers in France.

A combined breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening programme was set up in 1990 in Isère, for women aged 50-69 years (target population 100,000) comprising an initial medical visit. The programme was evaluated in 1997. The evaluation covered uptake results, sensitivity, specificity, two opinion surveys among 1025 physicians and 400 women to measure the impact, and three surveys regarding radiologists', gastroenterologists' and pathologists' attitudes. Sensitivity and specificity rates were 74 and 87% for breast, 83 and 99% for cervical and 43 and 97% for colorectal screening. The number of cervical smears completed by women aged 60-69 years doubled with the programme. Acceptability of the faecal occult blood test was 88%. Eighty percent of physicians were in favour of the programme but 67% said that they often prescribed outside the programme. Overall, 71% of the interviewed women said they had had a breast screen, 69% a Pap smear and 53% a faecal occult blood test when only 25-35% of the target population was actually recorded in the programme. This programme increased the uptake of women not previously screened both within and outside the programme. It showed discrepancies between beliefs and practices of physicians. Protocol changes were implemented after this evaluation.

Vaccine Hesitancy Among General Practitioners and Its Determinants During Controversies: A National Cross-sectional Survey in France.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess: 1) vaccine hesitancy (VH) prevalence among French general practitioners (GPs) through the frequency of their vaccine recommendations, and 2) the determinants of these recommendations. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study in 2014 nested in a national panel of 1712 randomly selected GPs in private practice in France. We constructed a score of self-reported recommendation frequency for 6 specific vaccines to target populations. RESULTS: 16% to 43% of GPs sometimes or never recommended at least one specific vaccine to their target patients. Multivariable logistic regressions of the dichotomized score showed that GPs recommended vaccines frequently when they felt comfortable explaining their benefits and risks to patients (OR = 1.87; 1.35-2.59), or trusted official sources of information highly (OR = 1.40; 1.01-1.93). They recommended vaccines infrequently when they considered that adverse effects were likely (OR = 0.71; 0.52-0.96) or doubted the vaccine's utility (OR = 0.21; 0.15-0.29). INTERPRETATION: Our findings show that after repeated vaccine controversies in France, some VH exists among French GPs, whose recommendation behaviors depend on their trust in authorities, their perception of the utility and risks of vaccines, and their comfort in explaining them. Further research is needed to confirm these results among health care workers in other countries.

[Yield of colonoscopy by indication and consequences for colorectal polyp and cancer screening: a prospective survey in Isère, France]. / Résultats des coloscopies selon leurs indications et conséquences pour le dépistage des polypes et des cancers colorectaux.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine yields of colonoscopy by indication, especially after a positive Hemoccult test, in the Isère area in southeastern France where a mass screening campaign for colorectal cancer using the Hemoccult test was conducted in women aged 50 to 69 years. METHOD: This prospective survey was conducted with the participation of all gastroenterologists in the Isère department. Information about indications of all colonoscopies performed and their results were collected. RESULTS: The study involved 1,779 colonoscopies performed for: digestive symptoms (40%), surveillance of colon disease (22%), hematochezia (18%), a family history of colon cancer (10%), anemia, poor general condition or metastasis (4%), and a positive test for blood in the stool (3%). The presence of a pathological colonic condition was significantly related to age (11% of cancers or large polyps after 50 years compared to 3% before), sex (10% of the women with lesions and 15% of the men) and the reason for prescription: after the age 50 a cancer or a large polyp was found in 27% of the cases if the colonoscopy was performed for anemia, metastasis or poor general condition, 21% for hematochezia, 20% for a positive test, 8% for digestive symptoms, and 2% because of a family history. CONCLUSION: Positive Hemoccult tests represent only a small part of the indications for colonoscopies performed in the Isère department. However, the screening program should be extended to develop its use given its yield which is equivalent to that of hematochezia and much higher than that of digestive symptoms or family history.

Mandatory immunization: the point of view of the French general population and practitioners.

This survey studies the opinion of the French general population, general practitioners and pediatricians regarding mandatory immunization. Data were collected through standardized telephone questionnaires administered to representative samples of the French population (n=4112) and of French general practitioners and pediatricians (1285 general practitioners (GPs) and 742 pediatricians). 56.5% of the general population is in favor of mandatory vaccination. Being in favor of hepatitis B vaccination, agreeing that "it would be important to continue immunizing against diphtheria in case immunization was made optional" or saying that "if immunization against diphtheria was discontinued, the disease would spread again", are some of the main determinants of a favorable opinion regarding mandatory immunization. The percentage of GPs and pediatricians in favor of mandatory immunization is 42%. Female pediatricians and those who would "insist on families in the importance of continuing immunizing all children against diphtheria in case this vaccination was only recommended" more often declare themselves in favor of mandatory immunization. The adoption of the principle of mandatory immunization seems to stem from the adoption of immunization as an individual and collective prevention tool.