Predictors of futile recanalization after endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular therapy (EVT) is the most successful treatment for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the anterior circulation. However, futile recanalization (FR) seriously affects the prognosis of these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of FR after EVT in patients with AIS. METHOD: Patients diagnosed with AIS due to anterior circulation LVO and receiving EVT between June 2020 and October 2022 were prospectively enrolled. FR after EVT was defined as a poor 90-day prognosis (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score ≥ 3) despite achieving successful reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction [mTICI] classification of 2b-3). All included patients were categorized into control group (mRS score < 3) and FR group (mRS score ≥ 3). Demographic characteristics, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, smoking, etc.), stroke-specific data (NIHSS score, ASPECT score and site of occlusion), procedure data (treatment type [direct thrombectomy vs. bridging thrombectomy], degree of vascular recanalization [mTICI], procedure duration time and onset-recanalization time), laboratory indicators (lymphocytes count, neutrophils count, monocytes count, C-reactive protein, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio [MHR], lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio [LMR], lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio [LCR], lymphocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio[LHR], total cholesterol and triglycerides.) were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore independent predictors of FR after EVT. RESULTS: A total of 196 patients were included in this study, among which 57 patients were included in the control group and 139 patients were included in the FR group. Age, proportion of patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, median NIHSS score, CRP level, procedure duration time, neutrophil count and NLR were higher in the FR group than in the control group. Lymphocyte count, LMR, and LCR were lower in the FR group than in the control group. There were no significant differences in platelet count, monocytes count, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, gender, smoking, atrial fibrillation, percentage of occluded sites, onset-recanalization time, ASPECT score and type of treatment between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that NLR was independently associated with FR after EVT (OR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.005-1.86, P = 0.046). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that high NLR was associated with a risk of FR in patients with AIS due to anterior circulation LVO. These findings may help clinicians determine which patients with AIS are at higher risk of FR after EVT. Our study can provide a theoretical basis for interventions in the aforementioned population.

Elongin B promotes breast cancer progression by ubiquitinating tumor suppressor p14/ARF.

Elongin B (ELOB), a pivotal element in the ELOB/c-Cullin2/5-SOCS-box E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, plays a significant role in catalyzing the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of a broad spectrum of target proteins. Notably, it is documented to facilitate these processes. However, the regulatory role of ELOB in breast cancer remains ambiguous. In this study, through bio-informatic analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas and Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center database, we demonstrated that ELOB was over-expressed in breast cancer tissues and was related to unfavorable prognosis. Additionally, pathway enrichment analysis illustrated that high expression of ELOB was associated with multiple cancer promoting pathways, like cell cycle, DNA replication, proteasome and PI3K - Akt signaling pathway, indicating ELOB as a potential anticancer target. Then, we confirmed that both in vivo and in vitro, the proliferation of breast cancer cells could be significantly suppressed by the down-regulation of ELOB. Mechanically, immunoprecipitation and in vivo ubiquitination assays prompted that, as the core element of Cullin2-RBX1-ELOB E3 ligase (CRL2) complex, ELOB regulated the ubiquitination and the subsequent degradation of oncoprotein p14/ARF. Moreover, the anticancer efficacy of erasing ELOB could be rescued by simultaneous knockdown of p14/ARF. Finally, through analyzing breast cancer tissue microarrays and western blot of patient samples, we demonstrated that the expression of ELOB in tumor tissues was elevated in compared to adjacent normal tissues. In conclusion, ELOB is identified to be a promising innovative target for the drug development of breast cancer by promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of oncoprotein p14/ARF.

Predictive role of pre-thrombolytic hs-CRP on the safety and efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke.

PURPOSE: To investigate the predictive role of pre-thrombolytic high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) on the safety and efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS: Patients with AIS who underwent intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant plasminogen activator (rtPA) or urokinase without endovascular therapy from June 2019 to June 2022 were retrospectively analysed. All patients were grouped into two groups (high or low hs-CRP group) according to the median value of hs-CRP before intravenous thrombolysis. The baseline NIHSS, NIHSS changes before and after thrombolysis (ΔNIHSS), the rate of good thrombolysis response (NIHSS decreased ≥ 2 points from baseline), the rate of any intracranial hemorrhage, age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, uric acid and platelet count were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify possible prognostic factors for a good thrombolysis response. RESULTS: A total of 212 patients were included in the analysis, with a mean age of 66.3 ± 12.5 years. In total, 145 patients received rtPA, and 67 patients received urokinase. Patients were divided into a high hs-CRP group (> 1.60 mg/L) and a low hs-CRP group (≤ 1.60 mg/L) according to the median hs-CRP level (1.60 mg/L). The ΔNIHSS of the high hs-CRP group was significantly smaller than that of the low hs-CRP group (0 [-1 ~ 0] vs. -1 [-2 ~ 0], P < 0.05). The good rate of thrombolysis response in the high hs-CRP group was significantly lower than that in the low hs-CRP group (21.9% vs. 36.5%, P < 0.05). Similar results were shown in the rtPA subgroup between the high and low hs-CRP groups but not in the urokinase subgroup. Logistic regression analysis showed that hs-CRP > 1.60 mg/L was negatively correlated with a good thrombolysis response rate (OR = 0.496, 95% CI = 0.266-0.927, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: hs-CRP > 1.6 mg/L may serve as a poor prognosis predictive factor for patients with AIS receiving intravenous thrombolysis. However, due to the small sample size of this study, further studies are needed to verify our results.

Cycloastragenol induces apoptosis and protective autophagy through AMPK/ULK1/mTOR axis in human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines.

OBJECTIVE: Studies have demonstrated that cycloastragenol induces antitumor effects in prostate, colorectal and gastric cancers; however, its efficacy for inhibiting the proliferation of lung cancer cells is largely unexplored. This study explores the efficacy of cycloastragenol for inhibiting non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and elucidates the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: The effects of cycloastragenol on lung cancer cell proliferation were assessed using an adenosine triphosphate monitoring system based on firefly luciferase and clonogenic formation assays. Cycloastragenol-induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells was evaluated using dual staining flow cytometry with an annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide kit. To elucidate the role of cycloastragenol in the induction of apoptosis, apoptosis-related proteins were examined using Western blots. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used to determine whether cycloastragenol could induce autophagy in lung cancer cells. Genetic techniques, including small interfering RNA technology, were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. The effects against lung cancer and biosafety of cycloastragenol were evaluated using a mouse subcutaneous tumor model. RESULTS: Cycloastragenol triggered both autophagy and apoptosis. Specifically, cycloastragenol promoted apoptosis by facilitating the accumulation of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (NOXA), a critical apoptosis-related protein. Moreover, cycloastragenol induced a protective autophagy response through modulation of the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase (ULK1)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. CONCLUSION: Our study sheds new light on the antitumor efficacy and mechanism of action of cycloastragenol in NSCLC. This insight provides a scientific basis for exploring combination therapies that use cycloastragenol and inhibiting the AMPK/ULK1/mTOR pathway as a promising approach to combating lung cancer. Please cite this article as follows: Zhu LH, Liang YP, Yang L, Zhu F, Jia LJ, Li HG. Cycloastragenolinduces apoptosis and protective autophagy through AMPK/ULK1/mTOR axis in human non-small celllung cancer cell lines. J Integr Med. 2024: Epub ahead of print.

Predictive Role of Pre-Thrombolytic Neutrophil-Platelet Ratio on Hemorrhagic Transformation After Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

To investigate the predictive role of the neutrophil-platelet ratio (NPR) before intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) on hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). AIS patients treated with IVT without endovascular therapy between June 2019 and February 2023 were included. Patients were divided into high NPR (>35) and low NPR (≤35) groups according to the optimal threshold NPR value for identifying high-risk patients before IVT. The baseline data and the incidence of HT and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) were compared between the two groups. The predictive role of the NPR and other related factors on HT after IVT was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. A total of 247 patients were included, with an average age of 67.5 ± 12.4 years. Post-thrombolytic HT was observed in 18.6% of the patients, and post-thrombolytic sICH was observed in 1.2% of the patients. There were 69 patients in the high NPR group and 178 patients in the low NPR group. The incidence of HT in the high NPR group was significantly higher than that in the low NPR group (30.4% vs 16.3%, P < .05). The incidence of sICH was significantly higher in the high NPR group than in the low NPR group (14.5% vs 1.7%, P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NPR > 35 was positively correlated with HT (odds ratio (OR) = 3.236, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.481-7.068, P = .003) and sICH (OR = 13.644, 95% CI: 2.392-77.833, P = .003). A high NPR (>35) before IVT may be a predictor of HT in AIS patients. This finding may help clinicians make clinical decisions before IVT in AIS patients.

Predictive role of neutrophil-to-platelet ratio in futile recanalization of patients after endovascular therapy.

Aim: To explore the association between the neutrophil-to-platelet ratio (NPR) and futile recanalization (FR) in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vascular occlusions after endovascular therapy (EVT). Methods: FR after EVT was defined as a poor 90-day prognosis (modified Rankin scale [mRS] score ≥3) despite successful reperfusion (modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction grade 2b-3). Patients were divided into high NPR (>35; n = 115) and low NPR (≤35; n = 81) groups. Results: The FR rate was significantly higher in the high NPR group than low NPR group (81.74 vs 55.56%; p = 0.000). NPR was independently associated with FR (odds ratio: 2.107; 95% CI: 1.017-4.364; p = 0.045). Conclusion: High NPR was associated with the risk of FR in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vascular occlusions.

Generation and immunity testing of a recombinant adenovirus expressing NcSRS2-NcGRA7 fusion protein of bovine Neospora caninum.

Neospora caninum is the etiologic agent of bovine neosporosis, which affects the reproductive performance of cattle worldwide. The transmembrane protein, NcSRS2, and dense-granule protein, NcGRA7, were identified as protective antigens based on their ability to induce significant protective immune responses in murine neosporosis models. In the current study, NcSRS2 and NcGRA7 genes were spliced by overlap-extension PCR in a recombinant adenovirus termed Ad5-NcSRS2-NcGRA 7, expressing the NcSRS2-NcGRA7 gene, and the efficacy was evaluated in mice. The results showed that the titer of the recombinant adenovirus was 10(9)TCID50/ml. Three weeks post-boost immunization (w.p.b.i.), the IgG antibody titer in sera was as high as 1:4,096. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were significantly different from the control group (P<0.01). This research established a solid foundation for the development of a recombinant adenovirus vaccine against bovine N. caninum.

Reproductive injury in male BALB/c mice infected with Neospora caninum.

BACKGROUND: Neospora caninum is one of the main causes of abortion in pregnant animals. However, N. caninum-induced reproductive injury in male mice is still unclear. METHODS: Male BALB/c mice were infected with a bovine isolate of N. caninum, and the organ coefficients of the testis and epididymis were measured. Lesions in the testis and epididymis were observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Expression of the spermatogenic cell apoptosis-related proteins p53 and caspase-3 was detected by western blot. The expression of spermatogenesis-related genes in the testis was detected by reverse transcription-PCR. Sperm morphology and motility were observed. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and antisperm antibody (AsAb) in the testicular homogenates and hormones in the serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The reproductive capacity of the male mice was detected using a reproduction test. RESULTS: The organ coefficients of the testis and epididymis of the experimental group were significantly downregulated. Light microscopy examination revealed that the spermatogenic cells of the testis were arranged in a disordered manner, and the number was reduced. The number of sperm in the epididymal lumen was significantly reduced, and the cytoplasm exhibited vacuolation and degeneration. Ultrastructural studies revealed that the cells of the testis and epididymis tissues showed varying degrees of disease. The level of p53 and caspase-3 expression in the testis was significantly upregulated. The expression of the testicular spermatogenesis-related genes Herc4, Ipo11 and Mrto4 were strongly downregulated. Observation of sperm by microscopic examination revealed significantly reduced sperm density and sperm motility, and the number of sperm deformities was significantly increased. The level of NO and AsAb was significantly increased. The levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone were significantly upregulated, whereas the levels of testosterone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone were significantly downregulated. After challenge, the infected male mice and healthy female mice were caged together: the subsequent fetal death rate was increased, and the conception rate, litter size, number of live births and the birth weight were significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Infection of male BALB/c mice with the bovine isolate of N. caninum induced varying degrees of injury to the testis, epididymis and sperm of the mice, destroyed spermatogenesis and affected the reproductive capacity.

Oral delivery of tumor-targeting Salmonella exhibits promising therapeutic efficacy and low toxicity.

Tumor-targeting bacteria have been developed as powerful anticancer agents. Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009, a representative tumor-targeting strain, has been systemically administered as a single-agent therapy at doses of 1 x 10(6) to 3 x 10(6) colony-forming unit (cfu)/mouse, or in combination with other antitumor agents at doses of 1 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(5) cfu/mouse. Recently, we reported that oral delivery of VNP20009 at the dose of 1 x 10(9) cfu/mouse induced significant anticancer effects comparable to that induced by systemic administration of this strain at 1 x 10(4) cfu/mouse. To further address the efficacy and safety of oral administration of bacteria, here we performed a systemically comparative analysis of anticancer efficacy and toxicity of VNP20009 administered: (i) orally at a dose of 1 x 10(9) cfu/mouse (VNP9-oral); (ii) intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 x 10(4) cfu/mouse (VNP4-i.p.); or (iii) intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 x 10(6) cfu/mouse in tumor-free and tumor-bearing murine models. The results showed that VNP9-oral, similar to VNP4-i.p., induced significant tumor growth inhibition whereas VNP6-i.p. induced better anticancer effect in the B16F10 melanoma model. Among three treatments, VNP9-oral induced the mildest and reversible toxicity whereas VNP6-i.p. resulted in the most serious and irreversible toxicities when compared to other two treatments. Moreover, the combination of VNP9-oral with a low dose of chemotherapeutics produced comparable antitumor effects but displayed significantly reduced toxicity when compared to VNP6-i.p. The findings demonstrated that oral administration, as a novel avenue in the application of bacteria, is highly safe and effective. Moreover, the present preclinical study should facilitate the optimization of bacterial therapies with improved anticancer efficacy and reduced adverse effects in future clinical trials.

Development of bacterial vectors for tumor-targeted gene therapy.

Gene therapy holds great promise for the treatment of cancer. The success of the strategy relies on effective gene transfer into tumor microenvironments. Although a variety of gene delivery vehicles, such as viral vectors, has been developed, most of them suffer from some limitations, including inadequate tumor targeting, inefficient gene transfer, and potential toxicity. This situation suggests that it is necessary to develop novel vectors for effective tumor-targeted gene transfer. The discovery of tumor-targeting bacteria has spurred interest in the use of these bacteria as gene transfer vectors. In this review, we focus on the current status of the development of bacterial vectors for cancer gene therapy and highlight some of the directions that the field may take.

Antagonistic potential against pathogenic microorganisms and hydrogen peroxide production of indigenous lactobacilli isolated from vagina of Chinese pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the indigenous lactobacilli from the vagina of pregnant women and to screen the isolates with antagonistic potential against pathogenic microorganisms. METHODS: The strains were isolated from pregnant women's vagina and identified using the API50CH system. The ability of the isolates to produce hydrogen peroxide was analyzed semi-quantitatively using the TMB-HRP-MRS agar. The antagonistic effects of the isolates on pathogenic microorganisms were determined with a double layer agar plate. RESULTS: One hundred and three lactobacilli strains were isolated from 60 samples of vaginal secretion from healthy pregnant women. Among them, 78 strains could produce hydrogen peroxide, in which 68%, 80%, 80%, and 88% had antagonistic effects against Candida albicans CMCC98001, Staphylococcus aureus CMCC26003, Escherichia coli CMCC44113, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa CMCC10110, respectively. CONCLUSION: The recovery of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli decreases with the increasing pregnant age and time. The most commonly isolated species from vagina of Chinese pregnant women are Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus crispatus. Most of L. acidophilus and L. crispatus produce a high H2O2 level.

Promoting tumorigenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NEDD8 serves as a potential theranostic target.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), is one of the most common human malignancies in south China, it has the highest recurrence rate and treatment resistance. The underlying molecular mechanisms of NPC relapse and treatment tolerance are not fully understood. In this study, the effects of NEDD8 and NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor (MLN4924) on NPC were studied both in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical staining of 197 NPC tissues revealed an elevated NEDD8 expression as an unfavorable independent factor in overall survival and disease-free survival rates. NEDD8 expression was positively correlated with a high risk of death and positivity of lymph node metastasis. Depleted NEDD8 expression by shRNA and inhibited by specific inhibitor MLN4924 dramatically suppressed cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, while ectopic NEDD8 exhibited opposing effects. NEDD8 affected cancer stem cell phenotypes of NPC as assessed in vitro using the cell number of side population (SP) by flow cytometry analysis, colony formation assay, sphere formation assay, and tumor initiation ability in vivo. Downregulation of NEDD8 enhanced the susceptibility of NPC cells to cisplatin and radiation. Moreover, we found that MLN4924 suppressed c-Jun degradation in human NPC cells. Taken together, this report revealed that NEDD8 may act as a novel prognostic marker and MLN4924 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for patients with NPC.

EZH2 mediates lidamycin-induced cellular senescence through regulating p21 expression in human colon cancer cells.

Lidamycin (LDM) is a novel member of the enediyne antibiotics identified in China with potent antitumor activity. However, it remains unclear whether LDM has potential molecular targets that may affect its antitumor activity. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) functions as a histone lysine methyltransferase and mediates trimethylation on histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3). High EZH2 level is found to be positively correlated with the aggressiveness, metastasis and poor prognosis of cancer. Here, we aim to study the role of EZH2 in LDM-induced senescence, as well as in the cytotoxicity of LDM in human colon cancer cells. LDM is found to be relatively more potent in inhibiting the colon cancer cells harboring high EZH2 level and induces irreversible cellular senescence at IC50 dose range, as evidenced by senescence-associated ß-galactosidase staining, cell cycle arrest and molecular changes of senescence regulators including p21 in HCT116 and SW620 cells. More importantly, LDM is found to markedly inhibit EZH2 expression at both protein and mRNA levels upon the induction of p21 and cellular senescence. LDM also selectively inhibits EZH2 expression as compared with other histone lysine methyltransferases. Knockdown of p21 with siRNAs abolishes LDM-induced senescence, whereas EZH2 knockdown markedly increases p21 expression and causes senescent phenotype. Enrichment of both EZH2 and H3K27me3 levels in the p21 promoter region is reduced by LDM. Moreover, EZH2 overexpression reduces cellular senescence, p21 expression and DNA damage response upon LDM exposure. LDM also demonstrates potent antitumor efficacy in xenografted animal models. Collectively, our work provides first demonstration that EZH2 may mediate, at least partially, the senescence-inducing effects of LDM by regulating p21 expression and DNA damage effect. Thus, EZH2 may serve as a potential target and biomarker to indicate the clinical efficacy of the potent enediyne antitumor drug.

Enhanced therapeutic effect by combination of tumor-targeting Salmonella and endostatin in murine melanoma model.

The growth of tumor is angiogenesis-dependent and it often contains hypoxia and necrotic areas. Salmonella VNP20009 could target and replicate in hypoxia and necrotic areas within tumor and induce antitumor effect. Angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin could reduce tumor angiogenesis and inhibit its growth. However, in the phase I trials of VNP20009 and endostatin at the maximum-tolerated dose, no antitumor effects for bacteria therapy and minor therapeutic effects for endostatin treatment were seen. The ineffectiveness of these agents in clinical trials suggests that the combination of these agents with synergic modalities might be necessary. Here we described antitumor effects mediated by the combination of VNP20009 with recombinant human endostatin in B16F10 murine melanoma model with the aim to exploit tumor-targeting of bacteria and anti-angiogenesis strategy to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Combination therapy of these agents significantly enhanced antitumor effects by inducing greater tumor growth inhibition, more severe tumor tissue necrosis as well as less blood vessel density than those induced by either of treatments. The findings suggest that the combination of tumor-targeting bacteria with angiogenesis inhibitor might be of value for the treatment of solid tumors.

[Construction of minigenome of Newcastle disease virus of goose origin and its preliminary application].

On the base of obtaining the full length genome sequence of a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from goose, the minigenome was constructed by replacing all the encoding region with the reporter gene of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), except the virus regulating sequences relating to replication, transcription and packing of virus genome. The reporter gene could be expressed after it was transfected into the HEp-2 cells infected with helper virus of NDV. This result indicated that the minigenome could be translated by the NDV NP, P and L proteins provided by helper virus. Furthermore, the support plasmids expressing NDV NP, P and L protein were constructed respectively and the function of these plasmids was identified using the minigenome. Additionally, the virus rescue system was optimized by changing the infection dose of the recombinant vaccinia virus expressing T7 RNA polymerase. The work mentioned above will accelerate greatly the rescue of NDV and other relative research.

Isolation, Identification, and Pathogenicity of Neospora caninum China Yanbian strain.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to provide a point of reference to study the Neospora caninum infections in China. METHODS: Genome DNA was extracted from the brains of aborted fetuses and specific PCR was performed with N. caninum Nc5-targeted specific primers. Fetal bovine brain tissues were homogenized and continuously cultured in Vero cells with double antibodies. The medium was replaced at 2-d intervals and the state of cells was observed. RESULTS: A 608 bp Nc5 gene band was detected by PCR amplification. After sequencing, the sequence of the sample shared 99.5% homology with GenBank (AF061249). Brain homogenates were continuously cultured in Vero cells for 34 d and N. caninum was found. The results of IFAT and Nc5 gene-based PCR detection were N. caninum-positive, and the parasite was tentatively named N. caninum China Yanbian strain. BABL/c mice were inoculated with the separated parasites and showed clinical symptoms of ataxia and limb paralysis after 12 d. Only 3 mice survived. The blood of dying mice and the hearts, livers, spleens, lungs, kidneys, and brains of dead mice were collected aseptically. The Nc5 gene-based PCR showed that N. caninum may exist in brains, livers, and spleen. Based on immunohistochemical observations, we showed that N. caninum tachyzoites existed in the brains and livers. CONCLUSION: We have successfully isolated bovine-specific N. caninum strain from brain tissues of aborted cattle in the China Yanbian region. This isolated strain has a strong infectious ability towards BABL/c mice.

Neddylation pathway is up-regulated in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and serves as a potential therapeutic target.

Therapeutic intervention in neddylation pathway is an emerging area for cancer treatment. Herein, we evaluated the clinical relevance and therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Immunohistochemistry of neddylation pathway components in a cohort of 322 cases showed that E1 (NAE1 and UBA3) and E2 (UBC12) enzymes, as well as global NEDD8 conjugation, were upregulated in over 2/3 of human ICC. Notably, NAE1 was identified as an independent prognosticator for postoperative recurrence (P=0.009) and a combination of NEDD8 and NAE1 provided a better power for predicting patient clinical outcomes. In vitro treatment with MLN4924, a small-molecule NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor, led to a dose-dependent decrease of viability in both established and primary cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Additionally, MLN4924 exhibited at least additive effect when combined with cisplatin. By blocking cullins neddylation, MLN4924 inactivated Cullin-Ring ligase (CRL) and caused the accumulation of CRL substrates that triggered cell cycle arrest, senescence or apoptosis. Meanwhile, MLN4924 was well-tolerated and significantly inhibited tumor growth in xenograft model of cholangiocarcinoma. Taken together, our findings indicated that upregulated neddylation pathway was involved in ICC progression and interference in this pathway could be a promising target for ICC therapy.

Oral delivery of tumor-targeting Salmonella for cancer therapy in murine tumor models.

Tumor-targeting bacteria have been investigated intensively in recent years as anticancer agents. To ensure the reliability of infection, bacteria have conventionally been injected intravenously or intraperitoneally into animals or humans. However, systemic infection of bacteria is rather inconvenient and carries the risk of obvious toxicity. Here we tested whether Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009, a tumor-targeting strain, could be administrated orally for tumor therapy. Tumor-targeting potential, antitumor effects, as well as toxicity of orally administrated VNP20009 were investigated in this study. Oral delivery of VNP20009 not only exhibited high tumor-targeting potential, but also led to a significant anticancer effect by delaying tumor growth and prolonging survival in murine tumor models. As part of combination therapy, orally administrated bacteria notably improved the antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that VNP20009 significantly induced tumor cell apoptosis. No obvious toxicity was observed during the treatments with oral inoculation of VNP20009. Comparative analysis of toxicity in tumor-bearing and tumor-free mice further revealed that orally administrated Salmonella had high safety compared to conventional systemic infection of bacteria. The findings indicated that oral administration of tumor-targeting bacteria is effective and safe. This approach provides a novel avenue in the application of bacteria as a potential antitumor agent.

Tumor-targeting Salmonella typhimurium improves cyclophosphamide chemotherapy at maximum tolerated dose and low-dose metronomic regimens in a murine melanoma model.

Chemotherapy for cancer is partly limited by the inability of drugs to act on poorly vascularized or avascularized areas of tumors. Tumor-targeting bacteria are capable of preferentially replicating in these poorly perfused regions. Some strains have been combined with chemotherapeutic agents and the results have been promising. However, no systematic work has been carried out to test the effect of bacteria on clinical modes of chemotherapy, such as standard maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and novel low-dose metronomic (LDM) chemotherapy. Here Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 was combined with cyclophosphamide (CTX) at both MTD and LDM schedules in a murine melanoma model. The results showed that VNP20009 significantly improved the effects of all forms of CTX treatments. The combination of VNP20009 and CTX led to a more significant decrease in tumor microvessel density and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level, compared with either treatment alone. Furthermore, combination therapy remarkably increased the number of bacteria within tumors when compared with bacteria treatment alone. These findings suggest that tumor-targeting bacteria, in conjunction with CTX at standard MTD and LDM regimens, might be of clinical value for the treatment of melanoma.