High-efficiency ultrafast Tm-doped fiber amplifier based on resonant pumping.

We demonstrated a high-efficiency ultrafast Tm-doped fiber amplifier based on a resonant pumping technique. A continuous-wave fiber laser at 1940 nm was employed as the pump laser. The slope efficiency of the resonantly pumped pulsed Tm-doped fiber amplifier reached 87% with respect to the launched pump power. The maximum average output power reached 40 W when the launched pump power was 53 W. The repetition rate and the pulse duration of the output pulses from a fiber amplifier were 248 MHz and 129 ps, respectively. The corresponding peak power was 1.25 kW, and the pulse energy was 161.3 nJ. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a resonant pumping enabled high-power high-efficiency ultrafast fiber laser operating at a 2 µm band.

Random distributed feedback fiber laser at 2.1 µm.

We demonstrate a random distributed feedback fiber laser at 2.1 µm. A high-power pulsed Tm-doped fiber laser operating at 1.94 µm with a temporal duty ratio of 30% was employed as a pump laser to increase the equivalent incident pump power. A piece of 150 m highly GeO2-doped silica fiber that provides a strong Raman gain and random distributed feedbacks was used to act as the gain medium. The maximum output power reached 0.5 W with the optical efficiency of 9%, which could be further improved by more pump power and optimized fiber length. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of random distributed feedback fiber laser at 2 µm band based on Raman gain.

All-fiber high-average power nanosecond-pulsed master-oscillator power amplifier at 2 µm with mJ-level pulse energy.

We present a high-power nanosecond-pulsed Tm-doped fiber amplifier at 1.971 µm based on a master-oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration. When the repetition rate is 500 kHz and the pulse width is 63.3 ns, the average power reaches 238 W, the peak power reaches 7.06 kW, and the pulse energy is 0.477 mJ. When the pulse train's repetition rate is 300 kHz with a pulse width of 63.7 ns, the average power reaches 197 W, the peak power reaches 9.73 kW, and the pulse energy is 0.66 mJ. When the pulse train's repetition rate is 200 kHz with a pulse width of 58.2 ns, the average power reaches 150 W, the peak power reaches 12.1 kW, and the pulse energy is 0.749 mJ. The spectral linewidths of the pulse trains are 0.15, 0.14, and 0.10 nm for 500 kHz repetition rate, 300 kHz repetition rate, and 200 kHz repetition rate, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of high-power nanosecond-pulsed MOPA at 2 µm with the maximum average power reaching 238 W, the maximum peak power reaching 12.1 kW, and the maximum pulse energy reaching 0.749 mJ.

High power, widely tunable, narrowband superfluorescent source at 2 µm based on a monolithic Tm-doped fiber amplifier.

We present a widely tunable narrowband superfluorescent source near 2 µm employing a monolithic Tm-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA), and the output power exceeds 250 W. A broadband superfluorescent source with a narrowband tunable band pass filter was used as the seed source. The spectra of the seed source can be tuned in a range of ~1930-2030 nm with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of ~1.7 nm. The Tm-doped fiber amplifier scales up the power of the seed source to a level of more than 250 W with a tuning range of ~35 nm (1966-2001 nm) and a FWHM of ~1.5-2.0 nm, and the slope efficiency is about 0.50. The output power is limited by the available pump power, and the tuning range is limited by the amplifier spontaneous emission at other wavelengths. Higher output power can be achieved if launching more pump power into the amplifier, and the tuning range can be further improved by optimizing the parameters of the TDFA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration on a widely tunable narrowband superfluorescent source at 2 µm with average output power exceeding 250 W.

105 W ultra-narrowband nanosecond pulsed laser at 2 µm based on monolithic Tm-doped fiber MOPA.

We present a high power ultra-narrowband pulsed fiber amplifier at 2 µm. A single frequency fiber laser was modulated by a phase modulator and an intensity modulator to serve as the ultra-narrowband pulsed seed laser with a bandwidth of 307 MHz. The pulsed seed laser was amplified by a monolithic Tm-doped fiber master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA). The average output power reaches 105 W with a slope efficiency of 0.41. The output pulse train has a repetition rate of 1 MHz and a pulse width of 66 ns. The output power is limited by the onset of stimulated Brillouin scattering. Higher output power can be achieved by further broadening the linewidth or narrowing the pulse width to several nanoseconds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration on a monolithic ultra-narrowband nanosecond pulsed MOPA at 2 µm with an average power exceeding 100 W.

Tunable multiwavelength mode-locked Tm/Ho-doped fiber laser based on a nonlinear amplified loop mirror.

We propose and demonstrate a tunable multiwavelength mode-locked Tm/Ho-doped fiber laser based on a nonlinear amplified loop mirror (NALM). Without using polarization-maintaining fiber, only passive fibers with low birefringence were inserted into the NALM to help overcome mode competition and realize mode-locking. The spacing between adjacent channels was measured to be ∼6 nm. By adjusting the polarization controllers (PCs) to an appropriate position, self-started mode-locking was achieved, which further overcame the mode competition in the fiber laser. A multiwavelength mode-locked fiber laser with at least three available channels were tunable in the widest range of 30 nm (from 1935 to 1965 nm) with a 3 dB channel bandwidth of ∼1.6 nm. This multiwavelength mode-locked fiber laser is quite stable with the maximum peak fluctuation within 0.47 dB in long-term observations.

High-power Ho-doped all-fiber superfluorescent source pumped by a 1150 nm Raman fiber laser.

A broadband superfluorescent source based on 2 m long Ho-doped fiber and a 1150 nm high-power Raman fiber laser is reported. The optical spectrum of the superfluorescent source spans the range from 1930 to 2110 nm. The maximum output power is 1.5 W, and the spectral full width at half-maximum is about 30 nm. Two peaks are generated in an optical spectrum when output power of the Ho-doped superfluorescent source is beyond ∼200 mW.

Rare co-occurrence of tonsillar follicular dendritic cell sarcoma and schizophrenia: A comprehensive study.

This study investigated the infrequent occurrence of tonsillar follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) co-existing with schizophrenia, presenting a comprehensive examination of clinical, pathological, and literature aspects. A systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on articles related to "schizophrenia" and "sarcoma," with in-depth analysis of included case reports. Clinical data, pathological findings, and patient follow-up information were collected and synthesized. The study detailed a rare case of FDCS in the tonsil concurrent with schizophrenia, providing insights into diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. A literature review of combined FDCS in the tonsil and schizophrenia cases highlighted their clinical and pathological characteristics. Eight case reports encompassing 11 patients diagnosed with sarcoma and schizophrenia were included. Surgical resection was the preferred primary treatment, while chemotherapy was suggested for recurrences. Instances of co-occurring FDCS and schizophrenia were exceptionally limited, with tonsillar FDCS being particularly uncommon. The coexistence of tonsillar FDCS and schizophrenia was an exceptionally rare condition, posing diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This study contributed valuable insights into clinical and pathological practice through a systematic review, underscoring the significance of early diagnosis and comprehensive management.

Oxidation-Resistant Black Phosphorus Enable Highly Ambient-Stable Ultrafast Pulse Generation at a 2 µm Tm/Ho-Doped Fiber Laser.

Black phosphorus (BP) ranks among the most promising saturable absorber materials for ultrafast pulse generations at 2 µm. However, the easy-to-degrade characteristic of BP seriously limits the long-term operation of ultrafast fiber lasers and hence becomes a bottleneck for its relevant practical applications. In this paper, a modified electrochemical delamination exfoliation process was explored to produce high-performance, large-size, and oxidation-resistant BP nanosheets, where BP nanosheets in high yield with evenly coated tetra-n-butyl-ammonium organics by precisely controlling the intercalation chemistry can be obtained. A mode-locked Tm/Ho co-doped fiber laser with high temporal stability and long-term operation capability was demonstrated based on the innovatively fabricated BP saturable absorber. The self-starting mode-locking operation featuring a high signal-to-noise ratio of 58 dB and long-term stability has been verified for at least 3 weeks, which indicates the successful passivation of the employed synthesis method. These results fully indicated that passivated BP is an efficient candidate in a 2 µm range ultrafast photonic field, which will promote the ultrafast optical application of BP and also other infrared photonic and photoelectronic devices.

Ultra-stable pulse generation in ytterbium-doped fiber laser based on black phosphorus.

We demonstrated a high-quality black phosphorus (BP) crystal fabricated via a modified electrochemical delamination exfoliation process. Employing the nonlinear transmittance method and Z-scan technique, the nonlinear optical properties of BP were characterized. Based on the saturable absorber (SA) of BP, we designed a passively Q-switched ytterbium (Yb)-doped fiber laser operating at 1.06 µm. Additionally, the pulse laser could operate stably for at least 69 days. These experimental results indicate that the modified BP is an ultra-stable and promising optical modulation material for ultrashort pulse generation in Yb-doped fiber lasers.

Overexpression of retinoblastoma­binding protein 4 contributes to the radiosensitivity of AGS gastric cancer cells via phosphoinositide3­kinase/protein kinase B pathway suppression.

In the present study, the effects and underlying mechanism of RbAp48 on the radiosensitivity of AGS gastric cancer cells was investigated. Cell proliferation was determined with an MTT assay. Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the cell cycle and apoptosis. Reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to detect mRNA and protein expression, respectively, including RbAp48, phosphoinositide 3­kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt). The results revealed that radiation enhanced the expression level of RbAp48 in AGS cells, and that RbAp48 combined with radiation reduced AGS cell proliferation. In addition, RbAp48 combined with radiation resulted in G2 phase arrest and induced apoptosis via regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that overexpression of RbAp48 enhanced the radiosensitivity of AGS gastric cancer cells via suppression of PI3K/Akt pathway activity, suggesting that RbAp48 may hold potential as a gene therapeutic strategy in the future, aiding in the treatment of gastric cancer.

High-power dual-wavelength Ho-doped fiber laser at >2 µm tandem pumped by a 1.15 µm fiber laser.

We demonstrated a high-power continuous-wave (CW) dual-wavelength Ho-doped fiber laser (HDFL) at 2049 nm and 2153 nm with a simple coupled-cavity configuration. A ~100 W laser diode-pumped fiber laser at 1150 nm served as the pump source. The maximum output power reached ~22.3 W and the slope efficiency was 23%. By altering the incident pump power, the power ratio of two signal wavelengths could be tuned in a large range due to gain competition. As far as we know, this is the first CW dual-wavelength HDFL with the power exceeding ten-watt-level, and the first dual-wavelength HDFL with the central wavelengths exceeding 2.0 µm and 2.15 µm respectively.

High-power ultralong-wavelength Tm-doped silica fiber laser cladding-pumped with a random distributed feedback fiber laser.

We demonstrated a high-power ultralong-wavelength Tm-doped silica fiber laser operating at 2153 nm with the output power exceeding 18 W and the slope efficiency of 25.5%. A random distributed feedback fiber laser with the center wavelength of 1173 nm was employed as pump source of Tm-doped fiber laser for the first time. No amplified spontaneous emissions or parasitic oscillations were observed when the maximum output power reached, which indicates that employing 1173 nm random distributed feedback fiber laser as pump laser is a feasible and promising scheme to achieve high-power emission of long-wavelength Tm-doped fiber laser. The output power of this Tm-doped fiber laser could be further improved by optimizing the length of active fiber, reflectivity of FBGs, increasing optical efficiency of pump laser and using better temperature management. We also compared the operation of 2153 nm Tm-doped fiber lasers pumped with 793 nm laser diodes, and the maximum output powers were limited to ~2 W by strong amplified spontaneous emission and parasitic oscillation in the range of 1900-2000 nm.