RESUMEN
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is a multifunctional protein known for modulating mitogenic and metabolic actions of IGFs as well as exerting a variety of biological actions not involving IGFs. Here, we show that IGFBP-3 blocks specific physiological consequences of asthma in an IGF-independent manner in vitro and in vivo. IGFBP-3 treatment effectively reduced all physiological manifestations of asthma examined in vivo (airway hyper-responsiveness, cellular and pathological changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue, and expression of numerous proinflammatory molecules). These unique IGFBP-3 effects were further confirmed in IGFBP-3-transgenic mice, thus strengthening the notion of IGFBP-3 actions within the respiratory system. Using human epithelial cells, we demonstrated the following: 1) IGFBP-3 blocks TNF-α-induced expression of proinflammatory molecules; 2) IGFBP-3 attenuates the TNF-α-induced migratory response of eosinophils; and 3) IGFBP-3 negatively regulates TNF-α-induced expression of the key NF-κB regulatory molecules IκBα and p65-NF-κB at the post-translational level. We identified that IGFBP-3 degrades IκBα and p65-NF-κB proteins through IGFBP-3 receptor (IGFBP-3R)-mediated activation of caspases thereby inhibiting TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB signaling cascades. This unique IGFBP-3/IGFBP-3R action was further confirmed by demonstrating complete inhibition of IGFBP-3 action in the presence of caspase inhibitors as well as IGFBP-3R siRNAs. Non-IGF-binding IGFBP-3 mutants further proved the IGF-independent action of IGFBP-3. Our findings indicate that IGFBP-3 inhibits airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness via an IGF-independent mechanism that involves activation of IGFBP-3R signaling and cross-talk with NF-κB signaling. The IGFBP-3/IGFBP-3R system therefore plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of asthma and can serve as a newly identified potential therapeutic target for this debilitating disease.
Asunto(s)
Asma/metabolismo , Caspasas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Receptores de Superficie Celular/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/metabolismo , Animales , Asma/genética , Caspasas/genética , Línea Celular , Movimiento Celular , Activación Enzimática/genética , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Proteínas I-kappa B/genética , Proteínas I-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteína 3 de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Proteínas de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Mutación , Inhibidor NF-kappaB alfa , Receptores de Superficie Celular/genética , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/biosíntesis , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMEN
Early investigations into the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-independent actions of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 have implicated a large array of signaling proteins with links to cell cycle control and apoptosis. However, the actual mechanism of IGFBP-3 action is still unclear. In an effort to clearly understand the mechanism of IGF-independent IGFBP-3 actions, a proteomic approach to identify the actual proteins involved in interaction with IGFBP-3 from different cell compartments, the phosphorylation status of IGFBP-3 under different physiologic conditions and the proteins upregulated by IGFBP-3 are briefly reviewed. The IGF system is a well-recognized key player in diseases such as cancer, diabetes and malnutrition. It is only after the signaling pathways of the IGF-independent actions of IGFBP-3 are clearly understood that the system can be manipulated to affect these disorders.
Asunto(s)
Proteína 3 de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/fisiología , Proteómica/métodos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Bases de Datos de Proteínas , Humanos , Neoplasias/sangre , Fosforilación , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Transducción de Señal , Somatomedinas/fisiología , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de ElectrosprayRESUMEN
IGFBP-3 is a tumor suppressor whose expression is frequently suppressed in lung cancer. NNK, the most potent tobacco carcinogen, enhanced cell proliferation of BEAS-2B normal lung epithelial cells and concomitantly suppressed IGFBP-3 expression through DNA methylation. Decreased IGFBP-3 expression and elevated levels of phospho-Akt, phospho-p65-NF-κB, and cyclin D1 were detected in tobacco carcinogen-induced tumorigenic derivatives of BEAS-2B. Overexpression of IGFBP-3 in NNKA, one of the derivatives, suppressed NF-κB activity and induced apoptosis, which was hindered by knocking-down of endogenous IGFBP-3R, an IGFBP-3 specific receptor. These results suggest that NNK inhibits IGFBP-3 expression to abrogate anti-tumor actions of the IGFBP-3/IGFBP-3R system in smoking-induced lung cancer.
Asunto(s)
Proteína 3 de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Nitrosaminas/toxicidad , Receptores de Superficie Celular/metabolismo , Carcinógenos/farmacología , Carcinógenos/toxicidad , Línea Celular Tumoral , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Proteína 3 de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Nitrosaminas/farmacología , Receptores de Superficie Celular/genética , Fumar/efectos adversos , Nicotiana/toxicidadRESUMEN
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) is constitutively activated in a variety of human cancers including prostate cancer and involved in tumorigenesis, tumor progression and chemo-resistance. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is a potent tumor suppressor and is significantly suppressed in a variety of cancers. Diverse biological effects of IGFBP-3 have been reported to be both dependent and independent of the IGF/IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) axis. The precise underlying mechanisms of IGF/IGF-IR-independent, antiproliferative actions of IGFBP-3 are yet to be elucidated. We found an inverse correlation between NF-κB activity and IGFBP-3 expression during prostate cancer progression using an in vitro prostate cancer progression model. Restoration of IGFBP-3 resulted in significant inhibition of constitutively elevated NF-κB activity in prostate cancer cells. IGFBP-3 further inhibited the expression of NF-κB-regulated angiogenic factors such as VEGF and IL-8, and cell adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. This inhibitory action of IGFBP-3 was IGF/IGF-IR-independent since IGFBP-3 mutant devoid of IGF binding affinity had a similar inhibitory effect. We identified that IGFBP-3 degrades the key NF-κB regulatory molecules-IκBα and p65-NF-κB proteins through activation of caspase-8 and -3/-7, thereby inhibiting elevated NF-κB activity in prostate cancer. Finally intratumoral administration of IGFBP-3 resulted in significant tumor suppression as well as sensitization of antitumor effect of doxorubicin. Our findings indicate that IGFBP-3 exerts antitumor effects via IGF-independent mechanisms which involve activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis and cross-talk with NF-κB signaling. The use of IGFBP-3 as a cancer therapeutic with this distinctive suppression mechanism may offer alternate means to treat chemotherapy resistant tumors.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Caspasas/metabolismo , División Celular/fisiología , Proteínas de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/fisiología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Western Blotting , Línea Celular Tumoral , Cartilla de ADN , Activación Enzimática , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Proteína 3 de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Masculino , Ratones , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Procesamiento Postranscripcional del ARN , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
The IGF system plays critical roles in somatic growth in an endocrine fashion (somatomedin hypothesis) as well as proliferation and differentiation of normal and malignant cells in a paracrine/autocrine fashion. IGFBP-3 is known to modulate the actions of IGFs in circulation as well as the immediate extracellular environment. Interestingly, apart from the ability to inhibit or enhance IGF actions, IGFBP-3 also exhibits very clear, distinct biological effects independent of the IGF/IGF-I receptor axis. Over the past decade it has become widely appreciated that IGF/IGF-IR-independent actions of IGFBP-3 (antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects) contribute to improving the pathophysiology of a variety of human diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and malnutrition. Recent studies have implicated interaction of IGFBP-3 with a variety of proteins or signaling cascades critical to cell cycle control and apoptosis; however, the actual mechanism of IGFBP-3 action is still unclear. This review reinforces the concept in support of the IGF/IGF-IR axis-independent actions of IGFBP-3 and delineates potential underlying mechanisms involved and subsequent biological significance, focusing in particular on functional binding partners and the clinical significance of IGFBP-3 in the assessment of cancer risk.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/fisiología , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Somatomedinas/metabolismo , Transporte Activo de Núcleo Celular , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular , Secuencia Conservada , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Proteína 3 de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina , Proteínas de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/química , Proteínas de Unión a Factor de Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Unión Proteica , Receptor IGF Tipo 1/metabolismo , Receptores de Superficie Celular , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The dramatic effects of the anti-IgE mAb omalizumab to lower free IgE levels and Fc epsilonRI levels on basophils contrast with more modest clinical effects. Accordingly, whether IgE modulates Fc epsilonRI levels and Fc epsilonRI-dependent mediator release in vitro on human skin mast cells (MC(TC) type) that had matured in vivo is of interest. IgE reversibly enhanced Fc epsilonRI levels on MC(TC) cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner (up-regulation t(1/2) of 4-5 days with 1-3 microg/ml IgE), without affecting cell proliferation. A molar ratio of omalizumab to IgE of 0.9 at baseline prevented receptor up-regulation by 50%, whereas adding omalizumab to MC(TC) cells already with IgE-enhanced Fc epsilonRI levels at molar ratios of 5, 12.5, and 31 reduced Fc epsilonRI levels to baseline with respective t(1/2) values of 8.7, 6.3, and 4.8 days. MC(TC) cells with IgE-enhanced Fc epsilonRI levels were more sensitive to stimulation with a low dose of anti-Fc epsilonRI mAb in terms of degranulation and production of PGD(2), GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-13, and TNF-alpha. Reducing up-regulated Fc epsilonRI levels with omalizumab also reduced mediator release to a low dose of anti-Fc epsilonRI mAb to baseline by 3-4 wk. Thus, reducing free IgE should decrease the hypersensitivity of allergic individuals to low naturally occurring concentrations of allergens.
Asunto(s)
Antialérgicos/farmacología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Mastocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de IgE/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antiidiotipos , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Degranulación de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Degranulación de la Célula/inmunología , Células Cultivadas , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipersensibilidad/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina E/efectos de los fármacos , Mastocitos/inmunología , Omalizumab , Fenotipo , Piel/citología , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Alpha and beta-tryptase levels in serum are clinical tools for the evaluation of systemic anaphylaxis and systemic mastocytosis. Basophils and mast cells are known to produce these proteins. OBJECTIVE: The current study examines the effect of the alpha,beta-tryptase genotype on basophil tryptase levels and the type of tryptase stored in these cells. METHODS: Tryptase extracted from purified peripheral blood basophils from 20 subjects was examined by using ELISAs measuring mature and total tryptase and by using an enzymatic assay with tosyl-Gly-Pro-Lys-p-nitroanilide. Tryptase genotypes (4:0, 3:1, and 2:2 beta/alpha ratios) were assessed by using a hot-stop PCR technique with alpha,beta-tryptase-specific primers. Total alpha,beta-tryptase mRNA was measured by means of competitive RT-PCR, and ratios of alpha to beta-tryptase mRNA were measured by means of hot-stop RT-PCR. RESULTS: Tryptase in all but one of the basophil preparations was mature and enzymatically active. Tryptase quantities in basophils were less than 1% of those in tissue mast cells. Tryptase genotypes (beta/alpha) among the 20 donors were 4:0 in 7, 3:1 in 7, and 2:2 in 6. Tryptase protein and mRNA levels per basophil were not affected by the tryptase genotype. CONCLUSION: Basophils from healthy subjects contain modest amounts of mature and enzymatically active tryptase unaffected by the tryptase genotype.