The discovery of a series of N-substituted 3-(4-piperidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazolinones and oxindoles as highly brain penetrant, selective muscarinic M1 agonists.

A series of N-substituted 3-(4-piperidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazolinones and oxindoles are reported which were found to be potent and selective muscarinic M1 agonists. By control of the physicochemical characteristics of the series, particularly the lipophilicity, compounds with good metabolic stability and excellent brain penetration were identified. An exemplar of the series was shown to be pro-cognitive in the novel object recognition rat model of temporal induced memory deficit.

Partial reduction of pyridinium salts as a versatile route to dihydropyridones.

[reaction: see text] The addition of two electrons to a pyridinium salt turns it into a nucleophile. The intermediate generated by the reduction of such salts can be reacted successfully with a range of different electrophiles (acids, alkyl halides, and carbonyl compounds) and the intermediate hydrolyzed in situ to provide a wide range of dihydropyridones. Each position on the dihydropyridone ring is then accessible using standard synthetic manipulations.

The ammonia-free partial reduction of substituted pyridinium salts.

This paper reports a study into the partial reduction of N-alkylpyridinium salts together with subsequent elaboration of the intermediates thus produced. Activation of a pyridinium salt by placing an ester group at C-2, allows the addition of two electrons to give a synthetically versatile enolate intermediate which can be trapped with a variety of electrophiles. Furthermore, the presence of a 4-methoxy substituent on the pyridine nucleus enhances the stability of the enolate reaction products, and hydrolysis in situ gives stable dihydropyridone derivatives in good yields. These versatile compounds are prepared in just three steps from picolinic acid and can be derivatised at any position on the ring, including nitrogen when a p-methoxybenzyl group is used as the N-activating group on the pyridinium salt. This publication describes our exploration of the optimum reducing conditions, the most appropriate N-alkyl protecting group, as well as the best position on the ring for the methoxy group. Electrochemical techniques which mimic the synthetic reducing conditions are utilised and they give clear support for our proposed mechanism of reduction in which there is a stepwise addition of two electrons to the heterocycle, mediated by di-tert-butylbiphenyl (DBB). Moreover, there is a correlation between the viability of reduction of a given heterocycle under synthetic conditions and its electrochemical response; this offers the potential for use of electrochemistry in predicting the outcome of such reactions.