Pathogenic Potential of Eomesodermin-Expressing T-Helper Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Eomesodermin-expressing (Eomes+) T-helper (Th) cells show cytotoxic characteristics in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. We found that Eomes+ Th cell frequency was increased in the peripheral blood of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease patients. Furthermore, granzyme B production by Th cells from such patients was high compared with controls. A high frequency of Eomes+ Th cells was observed in the initial (acutely progressive) stage of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and a positive correlation between Eomes+ Th cell frequency and cognitive decline was observed in Alzheimer's disease patients. Therefore, Eomes+ Th cells may be involved in the pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:1093-1098.

Development of a fluorometric Cuboni test for the semi-quantitative measurement of urinary estrogen levels and pregnancy detection in mares.

The aim of the present study was to develop a semi-quantitative urine pregnancy test for mares based on the Cuboni reaction and to verify the reliability of this test. The urine specimens were hydrolyzed by heating in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The resulting free estrogens were extracted from the urine matrix using toluene. Sulfuric acid was added to the toluene extract and the mixture was heated again. The lower layer in the test tube containing sulfuric acid was used for fluorescence measurements with excitation at 355 nm and measurement at 535 nm. The fluorometric Cuboni test revealed that the fluorescence counts in urine samples collected after the second trimester of gestation were significantly higher than those obtained from barren mares. The levels of estrogens, including equilin, estrone and estardiol-17ß exhibited a dose-dependent increase in fluorescence counts, whereas other steroids, such as progesterone, testosterone, and cortisol, did not affect fluorescence. Heat treatment of urine samples with hydrochloric acid significantly increased the fluorescence counts in those collected after the second trimester of gestation compared to non-pregnant samples, implying the presence of large amounts of conjugated estrogens in pregnant mare urine. Fluorescence counts in urine samples obtained during pregnancy showed a positive relationship with estrone concentrations as measured by enzyme immunoassay. The results of the present study showed that the fluorometric Cuboni test facilitates urine fluorescence counts depending on the urinary estrogen content and is capable of discriminating between pregnancy and non-pregnancy states beyond the second trimester of gestation in mares.

Involvement of cytotoxic Eomes-expressing CD4+ T cells in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a putative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), commonly presents as relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), characterized by recurrent episodes of peripheral disabling symptoms resulting from inflammatory CNS damage. Many RRMS patients transition to a chronic disease course with progressive neurological dysfunctions (secondary progressive MS, SPMS), with the progression rate varying between patients and over time. SPMS pathogenesis is now linked to immune-cell-mediated processes, although the mechanisms driving SPMS transition and progression remain elusive, and SPMS lacks biomarkers and effective treatments. We report the crucial involvement of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells expressing Eomes (Eomes+ Th cells) in SPMS pathogenesis-a Th cell subset previously identified in a mouse model of late/chronic autoimmune CNS inflammation. Few Eomes+ Th cells circulate in RRMS patient peripheral blood (n = 44), primary progressive MS (PPMS) patients (n = 25), or healthy controls (n = 42), but Eomes+ Th cells were significantly increased in SPMS (n = 105, P < 0.0001). Strikingly, lymphocytes isolated from SPMS autopsy brain samples revealed CD4+ T cells infiltrating CNS that coexpressed Eomes and the cytotoxic molecule granzyme B. In particular, the Eomes+ Th cell levels were increased in SPMS patients in progressive disease phases versus SPMS patients without current disability increases (P < 0.0001). Moreover, Eomes level acted as a biomarker to predict SPMS patients at risk of disease worsening with over 80% accuracy (ROC-AUC = 0.8276). Overall, our results indicate that granzyme B-expressing Eomes+ T helper cells are involved in the pathogenesis of SPMS, with significant implications for SPMS biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Follicular dynamics during the pre-ovulatory and subsequent first follicular wave stages affect the pregnancy outcome in Japanese Black cows.

The diameters of the pre-ovulatory follicles (PF) and the largest follicle during the subsequent first follicular wave (W1LF), and plasma estradiol-17ß (E2) concentrations were monitored on Days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 (ovulation = Day 1). Pregnancy was diagnosed on Day 30. Cows were classified into two groups according to the location of the dominant follicle ipsilateral (IG) or contralateral (CG) to the corpus luteum on Day 7. From Days 3 to 7, some follicles that had been determined as the subordinate in the previous examination exceeded the W1LF located in the opposite ovary in terms of the diameter. These were defined as switching (SW), whereas others were defined as non-switching (NSW). The diameter of PF was significantly smaller in pregnant (P) animals than in non-pregnant (NP) animals. The plasma E2 concentration on Day 0 was significantly higher in P animals than in NP animals and tended to be higher in NSW than in SW. In addition, plasma E2 concentrations around Days 3 to 7 tended to be higher in P animals of NSW than in NP animals of SW. The conception rates did not differ between IG and CG but were significantly higher in NSW than in SW. In the IG group, the conception rate tended to be higher in NSW than in SW.

Administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on Day 5 increases luteal blood flow and improves pregnancy prediction accuracy on Day 14 in recipient Holstein cows.

This study assessed the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment on Day 5 (Day 0 = estrus) on luteal blood flow and accuracy of pregnancy prediction in recipient cows. On Day 5, 120 lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 63) or GnRH group treated with 100 µg of GnRH agonist (n = 57). On Days 3, 5, 7, and 14, each cow underwent ultrasound examination to measure the blood flow area (BFA) and time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV) at the spiral arteries at the base of the corpus luteum using color Doppler ultrasonography. Cows with a corpus luteum diameter ≥ 20 mm (n = 120) received embryo transfers on Day 7. The BFA values in the GnRH group were significantly higher than those in the control group on Days 7 and 14. TAMV did not differ between these groups. According to receiver operating characteristic analyses to predict pregnancy, a BFA cutoff of 0.52 cm2 yielded the highest sensitivity (83.3%) and specificity (90.5%) on Day 7, and BFA and TAMV values of 0.94 cm2 and 44.93 cm/s, respectively, yielded the highest sensitivity (97.1%) and specificity (100%) on Day 14 in the GnRH group. The areas under the curve for the paired BFA and TAMV in the GnRH group were 0.058 higher than those in the control group (0.996 and 0.938, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, GnRH treatment on Day 5 increased the luteal BFA in recipient cows on Days 7 and 14, and improved the accuracy of pregnancy prediction on Day 14.

Potential of Circulating miRNA Biomarkers and Exosomes for Early Pregnancy Diagnoses in Cattle.

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) were investigated as biomarkers for the diagnosis of early pregnancy in cattle. The levels of prospective miRNA biomarkers and the features of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the blood were evaluated. In Study 1, plasma samples from cows 21 days after artificial insemination (AI) were examined using RT-qPCR to determine the levels of seven circulating miRNAs. Only the levels of miR-126-3p were significantly lower in the pregnant group than in the non-pregnant group. In Study 2, among individuals not pregnant at the first AI, the miRNA levels were compared between the individuals pregnant at the second AI and those who remained non-pregnant. The miR-25 levels were significantly higher in the pregnant group at the second AI than in the pregnant group at the first AI; miR-19b, miR-27b, and miR-29a levels were also high. In the non-pregnant group, changes were absent in the miRNA levels in the same individual between the first and second AIs. In Study 3, Western blotting and RT-qPCR showed the presence of miRNAs in EVs and their levels were lower than in plasma. Thus, circulating miR-126-3p may serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis of early pregnancy in cattle. In addition, the expression of some miRNAs tended to be higher during pregnancy than during non-pregnancy in the same individual, suggesting their potential as an index to determine pregnancy and non-pregnancy rates using a comparative method.

Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Leucocytes as a Convenient Prediction Marker for Embryo Status in Embryo-Transferred Japanese Black Cows during the Peri-Implantation Period.

Pregnancy diagnosis during early gestation is important for cattle reproduction. The expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) was studied in embryo-transferred (ET) Japanese Black cattle. ISGs in PBLs-ISG15, MX1, MX2, and OAS1-were detected in multiple ovulation ET cattle using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed. Gestational status was predicted using the average ISG levels during the normal estrous cycle (AVE) and the Youden index from the ROC curve analysis as cutoff values. The ISG15, MX1, and MX2 levels were significantly higher in pregnant cattle (n = 10) than in non-pregnant cattle (n = 23) on gestation day 21, whereas the levels of all ISGs were similar between non-pregnant and non-pregnant cattle with late embryonic death (n = 7). ISG15, MX1, and MX2 appropriately predicted the gestational status of ET cows. The statistical evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy in ET cows on day 21 of gestation presented higher values of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive predictive values of ISG15, MX1, and MX2 using the Youden index than using the AVE. Therefore, ISG15, MX1, and MX2 are excellent biomarkers of gestational status during the peri-implantation period in ET cattle.

Early pregnancy diagnosis based on luteal morphology and blood flow on Days 17-21 post-artificial insemination in Japanese Black cattle.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of corpus luteum (CL) morphology and blood flow for early pregnancy diagnosis on Days 17-21 post-artificial insemination (AI) in Japanese Black (JB) cattle. Ultrasound examinations were performed on 230 inseminated JB cattle (202 cows and 28 heifers) to evaluate CL morphological characteristics [CL area, CL tissue area, presence/absence of a central cavity, and central cavity area (CCA)] and blood flow area (BFA) on Days 17 (n = 46), 18 (n = 45), 19 (n = 46), 20 (n = 47), and 21 (n = 46) (Day 0 = the day of AI). Pregnancy was confirmed using brightness-mode ultrasonography on Day 30. In pregnant group (n = 141), CL area and CL tissue area were greater (P < 0.001) than those in non-pregnant group (n = 89) on and after Day 19. Moreover, BFA was greater (P < 0.05) in pregnant group on and after Day 18. The overall central cavity incidence was lower (P < 0.001) and CCA was smaller (P < 0.001) in pregnant group. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the best single predictor for pregnancy diagnosis was BFA on Days 17-20 (sensitivity = 69%-100% and specificity = 65%-91%). On Day 21, CL area or CL tissue area was the most accurate predictor (cutoff value = 267.78 mm2, sensitivity = 100%, and specificity = 100%). The best set of predictors for pregnancy diagnosis was specified as the BFA and [CCA × BFA] pair. Setting BFA cutoff value in the cattle without central cavity at 55.26 mm2 yielded the highest sensitivity (97%) and specificity (88%) on Days 18-20. The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis using BFA or BFA and [CCA × BFA] pair on Day 17 was lower than those on and after Day 18. In conclusion, BFA and CCA are effective for early pregnancy diagnosis on Days 18-20 post-AI in JB cattle; however, it is inadequate on Day 17 owing to its low accuracy. Evaluating CL area or CL tissue area on Day 21 is the most accurate method of pregnancy diagnosis.

Effect of Oxidative Status on the Occurrence of Haemolactia in Dairy Cows after Calving.

Introduction: Dairy cows may infrequently give milk tinged with blood after calving, which is a condition termed haemolactia. Economic losses for dairy farmers are caused by cases of haemolactia because of the condemnation of such milk, potential contamination of good bulk tank milk with haemolactic milk, and need for veterinarian intervention. This study was performed to elucidate the oxidative status of dairy cows with haemolactia during the peripartum period. Material and Methods: Plasma glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase concentrations along with serum vitamin A, C and E concentrations were determined as indices of oxidative stress. The sampled dairy cows comprised two haemolactic (n = 11 and n = 6) and two non-haemolactic (n = 11 and n = 6) groups. Results: On the first day when haemolactia was identified in colostrum (at mean 2.1 days after parturition), a significantly increased concentration of plasma MDA was noted in the haemolactic group. During the prepartum period, low levels of serum vitamin E were continuously observed from prepartum week 4 to the parturition day but only in the haemolactic group. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that continuous low levels of serum vitamin E in the prepartum period may play a pivotal role as a requisite factor in the onset of haemolactia after calving.

Development of enzyme immunoassay for chromogranin A (CgA) and profiling of plasma CgA concentrations in the cow.

The objectives of this study were to establish and characterize a homologous immunoassay for bovine chromogranin A (bCgA) and to profile plasma bCgA concentrations during early pregnancies. We synthesized oligopeptide corresponding to the amino acid sequence 341-355 of bCgA for immunizing rabbits and peptide corresponding to the amino acid sequence 336-365 of bCgA for both a biotinylated tracer and reference standards. Recombinant bCgA protein was also generated in Escherichia coli lysate. Dose-dependent displacement curves were obtained from 1 to 1,000 nM of the reference standards. The displacement curves showed a good relationship between the reference standards of the synthetic peptide and the serially diluted plasma sample or recombinant bCgA protein generated in the present study. The assay sensitivity defined as the value of two standard deviations below the zero standard was calculated as 0.46 nM. The intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were 6.48% and 13.4%, respectively. Changes in the plasma bCgA concentrations in early pregnancies undulated in nonpregnant animals. The results of the present study suggest that assaying plasma bCgA concentrations could be utilized as measures to evaluate the physiological status of cattle.

Cell shape-based chemical screening reveals an epigenetic network mediated by focal adhesions.

Adapter proteins CRK and CRKL participate in a variety of signaling pathways, including cell adhesion, and fate regulation of mammalian cells. However, the molecular functions of CRK/CRKL in epigenetic regulation remain largely unknown. Here, we developed a pipeline to evaluate cell morphology using high-content image analysis combined with chemical screening of kinase and epigenetic modulators. We found that CRK/CRKL modulates gene regulatory networks associated with cell morphology through epigenetic alteration in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Integrated epigenome and transcriptome analyses revealed that CRK/CRKL is involved in super-enhancer activity and upregulation of Cdt1, Rin1, and Spp1 expression for the regulation of cell morphology. Screening of a library of 80 epigenetic inhibitors showed that histone H3 modifiers, euchromatic histone methyltransferase 2 and mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1, may be important for CRK/CRKL-mediated morphological changes. Taken together, our results indicate that CRK/CRKL plays a critical role in gene regulatory networks through epigenetic modification. DATABASES: Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA sequencing data were deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan under DRA011080 and DRA011081 accession numbers, respectively.

Effects of short-term fasting on ruminal pH and volatile fatty acids in cattle fed high-roughage versus high-concentrate diets.

We evaluated whether the dietary roughage-to-concentrate ratio affects ruminal pH and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in response to a one-time morning fast. Four healthy rumen-cannulated Holstein steers 4-5 months old were used. Cattle were subjected to 2 weeks of adaptation (high-roughage or high-concentrate diet), and morning feed restriction was performed on the day after the adaptation period ended (Day 0). Thereafter, each diet was reintroduced on the evening of Day 0. Our results showed that the 1-hr mean ruminal pH from 0800 to 1900 on Day 0 was higher, and that from 1700 to 1900 on Day 1 was lower (P<0.05) than pH on 1 day before fasting (Day -1) in cattle fed both diets. On Day 0, total VFA levels decreased after morning fasting and were lower (P<0.05) than those on Day -1 irrespective of evening refeeding. Furthermore, blood non-esterified fatty acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid levels on Day 0 increased and decreased, respectively, compared to Day -1 in cattle fed both diets. These results indicate that even a one-time feed restriction can disrupt ruminal fermentation, and the changes can persist to the next day after fasting.

Development of the Timed Re-Insemination (TRI-synch) program re-inseminating 24 days after the initial service in dairy cows.

For the timed re-insemination at the minimal interbreeding interval, cows were treated with a progesterone (P4 )-releasing intravaginal device from Days 13-15 to 21 post-insemination (Day 0 = estrus), followed by plasma P4 assay on Day 23 and then subjected to the Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiment 1, of 18 cows, 6 cows were determined as luteolysis with low (<1 ng/ml) plasma P4 concentrations on Day 23 and ovulated on Days 24 (3 cows), 25 (1 cow), and 26 (1 cow) except a cow affected by ovarian quiescence. In Experiment 2, all cows were treated with GnRH on Day 23. Cows with low (<1 ng/ml) plasma P4 concentrations on Day 23 were diagnosed as non-pregnant and subjected to the re-insemination in the morning of Day 24 irrespective of estrous signs. Of 36 cows, 15 cows were diagnosed as being non-pregnant on Day 23. Fourteen cows of the non-pregnant animals were re-inseminated in the morning of Day 24 irrespective of estrous signs and the pregnancy rate of re-insemination was 36%. The conception rates of initial and re-inseminations were 50% (18/36) and 36% (5/14), respectively. The overall pregnancy rate by adding the rates of initial and re-inseminations was 64% (23/36).

Essential role of the Crk family-dosage in DiGeorge-like anomaly and metabolic homeostasis.

CRK and CRKL (CRK-like) encode adapter proteins with similar biochemical properties. Here, we show that a 50% reduction of the family-combined dosage generates developmental defects, including aspects of DiGeorge/del22q11 syndrome in mice. Like the mouse homologs of two 22q11.21 genes CRKL and TBX1, Crk and Tbx1 also genetically interact, thus suggesting that pathways shared by the three genes participate in organogenesis affected in the syndrome. We also show that Crk and Crkl are required during mesoderm development, and Crk/Crkl deficiency results in small cell size and abnormal mesenchyme behavior in primary embryonic fibroblasts. Our systems-wide analyses reveal impaired glycolysis, associated with low Hif1a protein levels as well as reduced histone H3K27 acetylation in several key glycolysis genes. Furthermore, Crk/Crkl deficiency sensitizes MEFs to 2-deoxy-D-glucose, a competitive inhibitor of glycolysis, to induce cell blebbing. Activated Rapgef1, a Crk/Crkl-downstream effector, rescues several aspects of the cell phenotype, including proliferation, cell size, focal adhesions, and phosphorylation of p70 S6k1 and ribosomal protein S6. Our investigations demonstrate that Crk/Crkl-shared pathways orchestrate metabolic homeostasis and cell behavior through widespread epigenetic controls.

Pregnancy prediction on the day of embryo transfer (Day 7) and Day 14 by measuring luteal blood flow in dairy cows.

This study aimed to assess the suitability of luteal blood flow analyses measured by color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS), to predict pregnancy at pre- and post-embryo transfer (ET) in dairy cows, and to compare with the established criterion like luteal size and plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 65) with spontaneous (n = 34) or synchronized estrus (n = 31) were examined. Cows with a CL greater than or equal to 20 mm in diameter (n = 58) received embryo transfer on Day 7 (Day 0 = estrus). Brightness mode images were captured for calculation of the CL area, luteal cavity area, and dominant follicle area on Days 3, 5, 7, and 14. Color Doppler ultrasonography examinations were conducted to determine the blood flow area (BFA) within the CL at the maximum diameter and the time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV) of the base of the spiral artery on the same days. Plasma P4 concentrations were determined from blood samples collected at each ultrasound examination. Pregnancy was diagnosed by an ultrasound on Day 30. There was no significant difference in the proportion of cows received embryo (91.2% vs. 87.1%, P = 0.70) and pregnancy rate (58.1% vs. 59.3%, P = 1.00) between the spontaneous estrus and synchronized groups. The BFA values of the pregnant group (n = 34) were approximately 1.42 and 1.54 times higher than those of the nonpregnant group (n = 24) on Days 7 (0.54 ± 0.04 cm(2) vs. 0.38 ± 0.02 cm(2); P < 0.01) and 14 (0.80 ± 0.23 cm(2) vs. 0.52 ± 0.22 cm(2); P < 0.01), respectively. The TAMV of the pregnant group was approximately 1.45 times higher than that of the nonpregnant group on Day 14 (57.8 ± 3.5 cm/s vs. 40.0 ± 3.3 cm/s; P < 0.01). However, no differences were found in the CL area, CL tissue area, dominant follicle area, and plasma P4 concentrations among these groups. In addition, the best logistic regression model to predict pregnancy included scores for BFA on Day 7, BFA and TAMV on Day 14. Setting the cutoff value of BFA at 0.43 cm(2) yielded the highest sensitivity (79.4%) and specificity (75.0%) on Day 7, indicating the effectiveness of using BFA data for predicting pregnancy on Day 7. Furthermore, setting the cutoff value at one obtained from a sample with BFA 0.63 cm(2) and TAMV 50.60 cm/s yielded the highest sensitivity (85.3%) and specificity (91.7%) on Day 14. In conclusion, the evaluations of BFA on Day 7, and paired BFA and TAMV on Day 14 represent reliable predictors of pregnancy in the cow.

Glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve palsies associated with influenza vaccination.

We herein report the first case of glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve palsies that appeared after an influenza vaccination. A 15-year-old boy developed dysphagia and dysarthria seven days after receiving an inoculation of the inactivated influenza vaccine. Massive intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment was applied, as the patient's symptoms were considered to be immunological adverse effects of the influenza vaccine. He responded well to IVIg, and the symptoms immediately diminished. The mechanisms underlying the development of neurologic symptoms following vaccination are difficult to determine; however, providing immediate immunological treatment, such as IVIg, is effective and beneficial in countering these symptoms.