Potential effect dietary supplementation of calcium tetraborate in quails exposed to cadmium: Its impact on productive performance, oxidative stress, cecal microflora, and histopathological changes.

Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, and Cd exposure harms human health, agriculture, and animal husbandry. The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effect of dietary supplementation of calcium tetraborate (CTB) on productive performance, oxidative stress, cecal microflora, and histopathological changes in quail exposed to Cd. A total of one hundred twenty, 6-week-old Japanese quail (four females and two males/replicate) were divided into four groups (30 quails/group): the control group (feeding basic diet), CTB group (basic diet containing 300 mg/kg CaB4O7, 22.14% elemental B/kg diet), the Cd group (basic diet containing 100 mg/kg cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (total Cd content of 92.1 mg/kg)) and the CTB + Cd group (basic diet containing 300 mg/kg CTB and 100 mg/kg CdCl2). The results showed that Cd exposure caused decreased performance, increased the proportion of broken and soft-shelled eggs, induced oxidative stress, affected cecal microflora, epicardial hemorrhages in the heart, focal necrosis in the liver, degeneration in the kidneys, and degenerated and necrotic seminiferous tubules in the testicles. CTB prevented Cd-induced oxidative stress in liver tissue by increasing total antioxidant status and reducing total oxidant status. In addition, CTB improved egg production and feed conversion ratio (FCR). CTB protected the cecal microflora by inhibiting Enterobacteriaceae and promoting Lactobacillus. CTB also reduced Cd-induced histopathological damage in the heart, liver, kidneys, and testicles. In conclusion, these findings suggest that CTB could be used in Cd-challenged quail, and this compound provides new insights into the toxicity of environmental Cd.

Detection and molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens, Paeniclostridium sordellii and Clostridium septicum from lambs and goat kids with hemorrhagic abomasitis in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenic Clostridia cause neurotoxic, histotoxic and enterotoxic infections in humans and animals. Several Clostridium species have been associated with abomasitis in ruminants. The present study aimed to investigate the frequency, and the presence of virulence genes, of Clostridium perfringens, Paeniclostridium sordellii and Clostridium septicum in lambs and goat kids with hemorrhagic abomasitis. RESULTS: A total of 38 abomasum samples, collected from lambs and goat kids of 1 week to 1 month of age in different farms located in eastern Turkey between 2021 and 2022, were evaluated by histopathology, culture and PCR. At necropsy, the abomasum of the animals was excessively filled with caseinized content and gas, and the abomasum mucosa was hemorrhagic in varying degrees. In histopathological evaluation, acute necrotizing hemorrhagic inflammation was noted in abomasum samples. The examination of swab samples by culture and PCR revealed that C. perfringens type A was the most frequently detected species (86.84%) either alone or in combination with other Clostridium species. P. sordellii, C. perfringens type F and C. septicum were also harboured in the samples, albeit at low rates. Beta2 toxin gene (cpb2) was found in three of C. perfringens type A positive samples. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that vaccination of pregnant animals with toxoid vaccines would be beneficial in terms of protecting newborn animals against Clostridial infections. This study investigated the presence of clostridial toxin genes in abomasal samples for the first time in Turkey.

Comparison of the effects of Aloe vera gel and coconut oil on the healing of open wounds in rats.

In this study, the effects of Aloe vera gel and coconut oil on wound healing were investigated and compared in rats. Forty-two Wistar albino rats were used during the experiment, in which they were operated on under general anaesthesia to create two full-thickness open skin wounds (created with a 0.5 cm diameter punch biopsy apparatus) on both back sides of the median line. A total of 42 rats were divided into three groups of 14 animals each to receive the topical application of Aloe vera gel (AV group - n = 14), coconut oil (CO group - n = 14) and cold cream (CONT group - n = 14). The medical applications were performed twice a day in all the groups. The wound borders were marked on a transparent sheet every day. Afterwards, this sheet was transferred to the millimetre graph paper. On days 0, 7, and 14, the unhealed wound area was measured in all the groups. On days 7 and 14, seven rats in each group were euthanised. Then, skin samples including the intact skin were taken from the wound sites for histopathological and biochemical evaluations. The topical application of Aloe vera gel showed a significant increase in the healing process of the open wounds in terms of the clinical evaluation, histopathological and biochemical data averages when compared with the coconut oil and cold cream groups of rats (P < 0.05). The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that Aloe vera gel may provide a good alternative for the treatment of open wounds.

First report of Serotype-1 Marek's disease virus (MDV-1) with oncogenic form in backyard turkeys in Turkey: a molecular analysis study.

BACKGROUND: Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2, MDV-1), which primarily affects chickens. However, the virus is also able to induce tumors and polyneuritis in turkeys, albeit less frequently than in chickens. RESULTS: This is the first study in Turkey reporting the molecular characterization of a MDV-1 strain detected in a flock of backyard turkeys exhibiting visceral lymphoma. Here, MEQ, vIL-8, pp38 and 132-bp tandem repeat regions, which are frequently preferred in the pathotyping of MDV-1, were examined. It was determined that the MEQ gene of MDV-1/TR-21/turkey strain obtained in the present study encoded 339 amino acids (1020 nt) and had four proline-rich repeat regions (PPPP). Based on the nucleotide sequence of the MEQ gene of the MDV-1/TR-21/turkey strain, a phylogenetic tree was created using the MEGA-X software with the Maximum Likelihood Method (in 1000 replicates). Our strain was highly identical (> 99.8) to the Italian/Ck/625/16, Polish (Polen5) and some Turkish (Layer-GaHV-2-02-TR-2017, Tr/MDV-1/19) MDV-1 strains. Also, nt and aa sequences of the MEQ gene of our strain were 99.1 and 99.41% identical to another Turkish strain (MDV/Tur/2019) originated from chickens. Sequence analysis of pp38 and vIL-8 genes also supported the above finding. The identity ratios of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of vIL-8 and pp38 genes of MDV-1/TR-21/turkey strain were 99.64-100% and 99.79-100%, respectively, when compared with those of the Polish strain. According to 132-bp tandem repeat PCR results, the MDV-1/TR-21/turkey strain had five copies. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that the MDV-1/TR-21/turkey strain obtained from backyard turkeys can be either very virulent or very virulent plus pathotype, though experimental inoculation is required for precise pathotyping.

Mucolytic and Antioxidant Effects of Intranasal Acetylcysteine Use on Acute Rhinosinusitis in Rats with an Acute Rhinosinusitis Model.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is effective in the treatment murine model of acute rhinosinusitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve rats were included in the study. The left nasal cavity of all rats was infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Group 1 was the group in which NAC was administered into the left nasal cavity twice daily. Group 2 was selected as the control group. All rats were then sterilely sacrificed under anesthesia after intracardiac blood sampling. After sacrifice, sterile culture samples were collected from the posterior nasal cavity. RESULTS: Total oxidant status and oxidative stress index (OSI), interleukin 1ß, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α levels decreased significantly in the treatment group. Total antioxidant status was significantly increased. There was a statistically significant increase in total serum thiol levels and native thiol levels. Histopathologic evaluation showed a statistically significant decrease in submucosal gland hypertrophy in the treatment group. CONCLUSION: According to our study, intranasal application of NAC can decrease the inflammatory findings in murine acute rhinosinusitis.

Impact of Allergic Rhinitis on Voice in Children.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the present study was to determine the possible effect of allergic rhinitis (AR) on voice change in children with acoustic analysis and Turkish children's voice handicap index-10 (TR-CVHI-10). METHODS: This is a case-control study. Forty-one children with AR, and a positive skin prick test, as well as 39 children of controls who had produced a negative skin prick test and lacked a history of allergic disease, were selected for the study. Each assessment included recordings for the purposes of acoustic voice analysis (fundamental frequency [f0], jitter %, shimmer %, and harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR)), and aerodynamic analysis (maximum phonation time (MPT) and s/z ratio). All participants completed TR-CVHI-10. RESULTS: The mean TR-CVHI-10 score of the AR group was significantly higher than the control group (p = 0.013). No difference was observed between the AR and control groups in terms of jitter, shimmer, HNR, and MPT values and s/z ratio (p > 0.05). Conversely, the f0 value was more pronounced in controls (270.9 ± 60.3 Hz) than in the AR group (237.7 ± 54.3 Hz) (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: The study's results revealed that AR can have an effect on fundamental frequency and voice quality in children. The diagnostic process should include AR as a potential cause of voice disorders in children.

Detection and molecular characterization of a highly oncogenic Marek's disease virus from vaccinated hens in Turkey.

Marek's disease (MD) is a highly contagious neoplastic disease of chickens associated with economic losses, often due to visceral lymphomas. The etiological agent is MD virus serotype 1 (MDV-1), also called Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2). Despite intensive vaccination, MDV is constantly evolving and maintaining its presence in the world. The aim of this study was to genetically analyze a highly oncogenic MDV/Tur/2019 strain obtained from a poultry farm in Turkey's Elazig province in 2019. Genes associated with viral pathogenicity and oncogenicity Marek's EcoRI-Q-encoded protein (MEQ), phosphoprotein-38 (pp38), and viral interleukin 8 (vIL-8) were selected for this purpose. The vIL-8 nucleotide sequence showed high similarity (100% identity) to some European (EU-1, Polen 5) and Asian (03 India, GADVASU-M2) MDV strains. The pp38 nucleotide sequence showed high similarity (100% identity) to some American (CU-2, JM/102W, RB1B) and European (MD70/13, ATE2539) MDV strains. There were no disrupted four-proline molecules (PPPP) within the transactivation domain of the MEQ. However, according to phylogenetic results, the MDV/Tur/2019 strain was included in cluster 2a alongside European MDV strains (Polish, Hungarian, Italian) with very virulent and very virulent plus pathotypes. In conclusion, we believe that the MDV/Tur/2019 strain obtained from turkey herpesvirus (HVT)-vaccinated chickens has a very virulent or very virulent plus pathotype. Although this result provides some clues regarding the virulence of this strain, in vivo studies are needed to achieve exact pathotyping. Further, combination of HVT with the CVI988 strain should be used for vaccination to provide the best protection, as highly pathogenic MDV strains can break sterile immunity against the HVT vaccine. Keywords: GaHV-2; Marek's disease; oncogenes; Turkey.

Lifecycle cost assessment of high strength carbon and stainless steel girder bridges.

This paper addresses the lifecycle cost assessment of a steel girder bridge considering the material costs and maintenance activities along the bridge's lifecycle. A reference highway bridge case study is chosen. It was initially designed using carbon steel S355. Two more steel grades are included in the comparison: high strength carbon steel S460 and duplex stainless steel EN 1.4162. For each design option, fatigue appears to be the driving design criterion for the following critical welded details: transversal stiffeners, cope holes and full penetration butt welds in the flanges. In addition to ultimate limit state verifications, specific attention is therefore given to fatigue through the use of different verification methods: the well-known nominal stress method and the hot spot stress method. It is concluded that the net present value of the lifecycle cost of the stainless steel option is attractive compared to painted the carbon steel options.

Supraclavicular Flap Reconstruction in Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery.

Free flaps have been considered as the gold standard for reconstruction of head and neck region after ablative oncologic surgery. However, the reconstructive surgeon's armamentarium should also involve pedicled flaps for certain situations such as patients having comorbid diseases necessiating shorter duration of surgical procedure. The supraclavicular flap is a pedicled thin fasciacutaneous flap used to reconstruct the defects in head and neck area. The flap has advantages of wide rotation of arc, easy matching with skin color of recipient area and relatively shorter flap harvesting time. Its bloods supply depends on supraclavicular artery which is a branch of transverse cervical artery. Between August 2016 and September 2019, the pedicled supraclavicular flap was used to reconstruct 17 head and neck cancers patients after ablative oncologic surgery. In 15 patients this flap was primary choice and in 2 patients it was used as a salvage reconstructive tool. Two of 17 flaps had very distal partial necrosis. There was no total loss of any flap. Flap harvesting time was always less than 1 hour. Mean duration for drainage tube removal at the donor side was 5 days. Functional outcomes were perfect. In our suggestion pedicled supraclavicular flap is a very good alternative option to free flap reconstruction especially for skin and oral cavity defects.

Case report: systemic tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a cat.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of previous cases of feline tuberculosis in Turkey has been made based solely on pathological changes without isolation of the causative agent. This case report details the first case of feline tuberculosis in Turkey for which the causative agent (Mycobacterium bovis) was confirmed with microbiological isolation, morphological evaluation, molecular (PCR) characterization and antibiotic sensitivity. CASE PRESENTATION: Systemic tuberculosis was diagnosed via postmortem examination of a 5-year-old stray male cat. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from the lungs, bronchial and gastrointestinal lymph nodes, kidney and liver. The isolate was defined as M. bovis using the Genotype MTBC assay (Hain Lifescience, Germany), which allows differentiation of species within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex with an easy-to-perform reverse hybridization assay. Pathological changes were characterized by multifocal to coalescing granulomatous inflammation in the lungs, liver, lymph nodes and kidneys. Further pathological changes included severe, diffuse, hepatocytic atrophy, periportal fibrosis with lymphohistiocytic infiltration, multifocal lymphohistiocytic interstitial nephritis, mild focal pulmonary anthracosis and mild renal and hepatic amyloidosis. Infection by immunosuppressive viral pathogens including feline herpes virus-1, feline immunodeficiency virus and feline parvovirus virus were ruled out by polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR). The isolated mycobacteria were susceptible to isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampicin or streptomycin. CONCLUSION: Disseminated M. bovis is a rare infection in cats. Involvement of submandibular lymph nodes suggested that primary transmission might have been the oral route in the present case.

A Life Threatening Subglottic and Mediastinal Hemangioma in an Infant.

Subglottic and mediastinal hemangioma are rare benign vascular tumors of childhood. They cause potentially life threatening condition which requires intervention. Several therapeutic options have been described in the literature with varying degrees of success and complications. We report a case of a stridulous 2-month old female infant with mediastinal and subglottic hemangioma. The child was treated with propranolol without the need for tracheostomy or any other surgical intervention, and with no reported side effects. Propranolol is an effective, non-invasive treatment for life threatening infantile hemangiomas compressing the airway, should be used as a firstline treatment for subglottic hemangiomas when intervention is required.

Anatomical and functional long-term results of endoscopic butterfly inlay myringoplasty.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term anatomical (graft success) and functional (audiological) results of endoscopic butterfly inlay myringoplasty. METHODS: The files of 56 patients (29 female, 27 male) who were diagnosed with noncomplicated chronic otitis media and underwent endoscopic butterfly inlay myringoplasty in 2014-2016 at a tertiary referral center were reviewed. Age, gender, follow-up time, perforation location (anterior, posterior and central), perforation size (small, medium), pre- and postoperative pure tone audiometry (PTA) thresholds, pre- and postoperative air-bone gaps (ABG) and complications were noted. RESULTS: Graft success rate was 98.2% in postoperative 12th month and 94.6% in postoperative 24th month. In all patients, mean PTA for air conduction was 35.2 ± 3.9 dB preoperatively and 27.5 ± 4.3 dB in postoperative 6th month, 25.1 ± 3.5 dB in postoperative 12th month and 20.4 ± 3.2 in postoperative 24th month. Preoperative mean ABG was 24.2 ± 3.8 dB, whereas 19.5 ± 4.3 dB 6 months after surgery, 17.1 ± 3.5 dB 12 months after surgery and 12.4 ± 3.1 dB 24 months after surgery. There was significant difference between pre- and postoperative PTA and ABG in all 6th, 12th, 24th month follow-up (p = 0.001 for all measurements). Three patients (5%) had myringitis after surgery. Two patients (3%) had total graft resorption. CONCLUSION: We suggested that endoscopic butterfly inlay myringoplasty is a safe surgical method with high graft success and effective hearing reconstruction. Follow-up is necessary for at least 2 years for precise anatomical and functional evaluation of the surgery.

Impact of Nasal Septal Surgery on Sleep Quality and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of nasal septal surgery on quality of life. METHODS: A total of 49 patients who underwent septoplasty and/or inferior turbinate radiofrequency operations for nasal septal deviation and inferior turbinate hypertrophy were prospectively enrolled in the study. All patients completed the adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder scale (ADHD scale) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) before and after septoplasty. Acoustic rhinometric measurements were also recorded. RESULTS: Acoustic rhinometric measurements and PSQI showed statistically significant improvement after nasal surgery (P < 0.05), but no statistically significant difference was present between pre- and postoperative ADHD scores (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Besides the functional improvement of septoplasty, a long-lasting improvement in the quality of life is observed in patients with that undergo this surgery.

Systemic nocardiosis in a dog caused by Nocardia cyriacigeorgica.

BACKGROUND: Systemic nocardiosis due to Nocardia cyriacigeorgica has not been reported in dogs. CASE PRESENTATION: Light and electron microscopy, microbiological culture and molecular identification (PCR) were used to diagnose systemic nocardiosis caused by Nocardia cyriacigeorgica in a 3-month-old husky dog. The postmortem changes included multifocal to coalescing, sharply circumscribed pyogranulomatous inflammation and abscess formation in lungs, liver, myocardium, spleen, kidneys, brain, and hilar lymph nodes. The organism was isolated and sequencing of its 16S rRNA allowed its identification and speciation. Examination of the bacterial culture by scanning electron-microscope showed filamentous branching with fragmentation into widely bacillary and cocoid forms of the bacteria. There was no history of immunosupressive drug administration and infection by the immunosuppresive viral pathogens, canine distemper and parvovirus were excluded via PCR. CONCLUSION: N. cyriacigeorgica should be considered potential cause of systemic pyogranulomatous lesions in dogs. It is the first reported case of systemic nocardiosis due to N. cyriacigeorgica in a dog.

[Foreign body aspiration: an urgent airway condition]. / Yabanci cisim aspirasyonu: Acil bir havayolu durumu.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate demographic features, type and localization of foreign bodies, mean hospitalization duration, and peri- and postoperative complication ratios of patients with foreign body aspiration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy patients (23 males, 47 females; mean age 32±14.5 months; range 3 months to 10 years) who were diagnosed with foreign body aspiration in our clinic between January 2007 and August 2010, and performed rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia were included in this study. RESULTS: Main findings were cough, wheezing, and witnessed aspiration. No foreign body was detected in 14 patients (20%). Foreign bodies in 56 patients (80%) were successfully removed. Foreign bodies were located in the left bronchial tree in 23 patients (41%), right bronchial tree in 18 patients (32%), trachea in four patients (7%), bilateral bronchial tree in three patients (5%), carina in two patients (3%), subglottic region in two patients (3%), pyriform sinus in two patients (2%), laryngeal ventricle in one patient (1.7%), and right vocal cord in one patient (1.7%). Foreign bodies were hard-shelled nuts in 23 patients (41%), beans in 14 patients (25%), plastic materials in 11 patients (19%), and other bodies in eight patients (14%). CONCLUSION: Foreign body aspiration is a risky condition particularly for children under the age of four. Bronchoscopy is still the most commonly used and reliable diagnosis and treatment method. Foreign body aspiration should be kept in mind in children with persistent cough, wheezing, and unilateral pulmonary findings in radiologic imaging.

Astrovirus induced nonpurulent encephalomyelitis in sheep: First report from Türkiye by high-throughput sequencing.

BACKGROUND: This study presents the case of non-purulent encephalomyelitis associated with astrovirus infection in a sheep from Eastern Anatolia, Türkiye. METHODS: A necropsy was performed on a sheep showing nervous signs. Afterwards, brain tissue samples were taken and examined with histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular techniques. RESULTS: Neuropathologic changes included neuronal degeneration, diffuse gliosis, multifocal perivascular cuffing, neuronophagy and neuronal necrosis in the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the cervical spinal cord. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture, selective culture for Listeria monocytogenes, and PCR analysis for rabies virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Türkiye encephalitis virus, small ruminant lentiviruses and border disease virus were negative. However, the presence of astrovirus RNA in cerebral, cerebellar and spinal cord samples was demonstrated by a pan-astrovirus RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical examinations revealed astrovirus antigens within the neuronal cytoplasm. High-throughput sequencing techniques identified the causative agent as a member of the genotype species Mamastrovirus 13 but representing a distinct genetic lineage with similarity to ovine astrovirus 1 in the open-reading frames (ORF)1ab region and muskox astrovirus in the ORF2 region. CONCLUSION: This report provides evidence that astroviruses are potentially encephalitis-causing pathogens in ovine populations in Türkiye, featuring an astrovirus strain distinct from those previously identified in sheep.

[The relationship between operation type, adjuvant radiation therapy, spinal accessory nerve and quality of life in patients with laryngeal cancer]. / Larenks kanserli hastalarda ameliyat tipi, adjuvan radyoterapi ve spinal aksesuvar sinir ile yasam kalitesi arasindaki iliski.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of operation type, adjuvant radiation therapy (RT), and preserved spinal accessory nerve on the quality of life in patients with laryngeal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 191 consecutive patients (185 males, 6 females; mean age 59±10 years; range 42 to 79 years) who were operated due to laryngeal cancer were included. The quality of life scores were estimated using the Washington University Quality of Life Questionnaire, version IV. The patients were divided into six groups according to the operation type, the need for postoperative RT and preserved or operated spinal accessory nerve during the neck dissection. Group 1 consisted of patients with total or near total laryngectomy; group 2 consisted of those with partial laryngeal surgery; group 3 consisted of those with postoperative RT; group 4 consisted of those without postoperative RT; group 5 consisted of those with preserved 11th cranial nerve during the neck dissection, and group 6 consisted of those with non-preserved 11th cranial nerve during the neck dissection. The questionnaire scores were compared among the groups. RESULTS: The compact quality of life scores were 77.4±11.3 in group 1, 86.2±7.2 in group 2, 79.1±9.5 in group 3, 83.4±10.6 in group 4, 87.3±9.4 in group 5, and 79.4±10.8 in group 6. There was a statistically significant difference in the compact quality of life scores among the surgery groups, neck dissection groups and RT groups (p=0.018, p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). There was no effect of preserved 11th cranial nerve on daily activity, swallowing, chewing, appearance, recreation, salivation, taste, speech, mood, and anxiety parameters. This nerve was not preserved in 71.9% of the patients who were urged to change their job due to shoulder problems. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: According to our study results, we concluded that partial laryngectomy improved the quality of life, rather than total or near-total laryngectomy, while postoperative RT had an adverse effect on the quality of life and preserved spinal accessory nerve during the neck dissection had a positive impact on the quality of life in patients with laryngeal cancer.

Otolaryngology-Specific Symptoms May Be Highly Observed in Patients With a History of Covid-19 Infection After Inactivated Coronavirus Vaccination.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the otolaryngology-specific symptoms that occur after receiving the Covid-19 vaccine and its possible side effects in patients who had Covid-19 infection in the last 6 months before the vaccination. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 3383 health care workers who were vaccinated against Covid 19. After excluding, the study was conducted with 1710 (51%) participants who agreed to answer the study questions. The participants were divided into 2 groups according to the history of Covid-19 positivity in the last 6 months before vaccination. The presence of symptoms related to otolaryngology practice, including cough, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, hearing loss, dizziness, loss of smell, loss of taste, ear pressure, and facial paralysis was recorded. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 35.79 ± 10.2 (19-71) years and 1454 (85%) of the patients had a history of Covid-19 infection in the last 6 months. Regarding otolaryngology-related symptoms, the most common complaints were rhinorrhea (4.4%), sore throat (3.2%), and nasal congestion (2.9%). The presence of smell and taste loss, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, and hearing loss was significantly more common in patients with a history of Covid-19 infection. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with a history of Covid-19 disease might have otolaryngology-specific symptoms more commonly than those without a history of Covid-19 disease in the last 6 months before vaccination.

[Revision surgery in cochlear implantation]. / Koklear implantasyonda revizyon cerrahisi.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we evaluated the reasons and management approaches for revision cochlear implant surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients (20 males, 12 females; mean age 7.4 years; range 15 month to 54 years) who underwent revision cochlear implantation in our clinic were divided into two group, including reimplantation or non-reimplantation group. RESULTS: Of patients who underwent revision surgery, 22 had reimplantation, while remaining 10 were not required reimplantation. The mean time from the first surgery to revision surgery was 17.3±15.2 months (range 1-59 months). In patients who underwent primary surgery in our clinic, the revision and reimplantation rates were 5.2% and 3.4%, respectively. The reasons for revision surgery included software failure of the device (n=7), local flap problems (n=7), reference electrode problems (n=5), magnet displacement (n=2), electrode migration to vestibule (n=2), extracochlear insertion of electrode (n=2), broken electrode (n=2), device failure following head trauma (n=2), facial stimulation and paralysis (n=1), electrode exposition from the external ear canal (n=1), and electrode exposition to the middle ear (n=1). CONCLUSION: The most common reasons for the revision cochlear implant surgery are software failure of the device, local flap problems and electrode failures. In revision surgery, the problems should be solved without damaging the implant, if the implant is running.