Methylisogermabullone isolated from radish roots stimulates small bowel motility via activation of acetylcholinergic receptors.

We have previously reported that extract of radish roots exhibits an increase in gastrointestinal motility through the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. Based on the stimulatory activity-guided fractionation on rat ileal segments, this study isolated methylisogermabullone (MIGB, C23H31O5NS, MW 433) from methanol extracts of radish roots. MIGB caused a significant increase of the isolated rat ileal contraction in a concentration-dependent manner (23-693 microM), and the pattern of MIGB-induced ileal contraction was different in the time course to that produced by ACh. The EC50 value of MIGB, to produce 50% maximum ileal contraction, was estimated to be 45.5 microM. MIGB (230 microM)-induced ileal contractions were enhanced by pretreatment of segments with ACh (0.1 microM). Ileal contractions produced by MIGB (230 microM) or ACh (0.1 microM) at submaximal concentration were partially inhibited by pretreatment of hexamethonium (0.1 mM), a ganglionic blocker, whereas they were almost completely abolished by atropine (10 microM). Oral administration of MIGB to mice stimulated the small intestinal transit of charcoal in a dose-dependent manner (10-100 mg kg(-1)), and MIGB (100 mg kg(-1))-induced stimulation of small intestinal transit was significantly attenuated by co-administration of atropine (50 mg kg(-1)). Taken together, these results demonstrate that MIGB isolated from radish roots stimulates the small bowel motility through the activation of ACh receptors. These findings suggest that MIGB may become a potential regulatory agent for therapeutic intervention in dysfunction of gastrointestinal motility.

Ge-Jee-Bok-Ryung-Hwan induces apoptosis in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells--an endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway--.

Ge-Jee-Bok-Ryung-Hwan (GJBRH), a commonly used herb formulation in Korea, Japan and China, caused a decrease of viability in HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells. The treatment of GJBRH resulted in genomic DNA fragmentation as well as the increase of Sub-G1 portion in cell cycle analysis. In this study, GFP-Bax over-expression system showed that Bax, pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, was translocated to mitochondria by the presence of GJBRH. The treatment of BAPTA-AM, permeable endogenous calcium chelator, inhibited GJBRH-induced caspase-3 and -9 activations, the release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO into cytoplasm and the resultant cell death in HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells. The treatment of BAPTA-AM increased the expression of XIAP, which mediates binding to and inhibiting caspases and showed protective effect, in GJBRH-treated cells. GJBRH induced the expression of Glucose Response Protein 78 (GRP 78), a positive ER stress marker protein. However, BAPTA-AM did not interfere with the ER-stress response pathway that triggers the expression of GRP 78. This study showed that GJBRH induces cell death, which occurs downstream of or parallel to this point in the ER-stress pathway linked to apoptosis. In conclusion, GJBRH induces apoptosis in HeLa cells via ER stress-pathway associated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis mechansim.

Anti-angiogenic activities of Cnidium officinale Makino and Tabanus bovinus.

This study investigated the anti-angiogenic activities of Cnidium officinale Makino and Tabanus bovinus by using cultured glomerular capillary endothelial cells (GECs), chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and rat cornea. Treatment of GECs with several concentrations (5-50 microg/ml) of C. officinale Makino and T. bovinus extracts for 24 h inhibited angiotensin II (10(-8) M)-induced increases of [3H]thymidine uptake and cell numbers in a concentration-dependent manner. The extent of inhibitory rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation by C. officinale Makino and T. bovinus at 50 microg/ml was a similar to that by 10(-5) M of retinoic acid. Herbal extracts also conspicuously inhibited the neovascularization. In contrast to the normal branching of vascular vessels, blood vessel patterns in CAMs treated with extracts (50 microg per egg) of C. officinale Makino and T. bovinus were ran parallel to each other without much branching. Moreover, oral administration of herbal extracts (20 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks significantly inhibited the rat corneal neovascularization induced by suture, and the length of blood vessels in herbal medicine-treated rat cornea was conspicuously lower than that in control animals. A similar inhibitory effect to these was also observed in the rat cornea treated with thalidomide (200 mg/kg per day). These findings indicate that the anti-angiogenic properties of C. officinale Makino and T. bovinus may be one of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activities of herbal extracts tested in this study.

Taeyeumjoweetang Affects Body Weight and Obesity-related Genes in Mice.

Taeyeumjoweetang (TYJWT) is a herbal medication that was mentioned in Jema Lee's Donguisusebowon, which is a book about Sasang constitutional medicine. Tae-eumnis, one of the four constitutions, tend to suffer from metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. It is widely used to treat the digestive problems and obesity of Tae-eumins. We divided mice that were fed a normal diet for 48 days into control, TYJWT 250 mg kg(-1) and TYJWT 500 mg kg(-1) groups. After carrying out the experiments, the serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin and resistin were measured. The results showed that TYJWT significantly reduced the weights of mice that were fed a normal diet, and that this was due to a decrease in food intake. Also, the two TYJWT groups had lower serum levels of leptin compared to the control group, and the ghrelin levels were proportionately increased by the dosage of TYJWT given. These results show that TYJWT has obesity-suppressing effects similar to those previously reported using high fat diets. In addition, these results also provide evidence that TYJWT has anti-obesity effects.

Phytolacca americana inhibits the high glucose-induced mesangial proliferation via suppressing extracellular matrix accumulation and TGF-beta production.

This study describes a potential of Phytolaccaceae (Phytolacca americana var.) as an inhibitor of high glucose-stimulated production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and TGF-beta in cultured glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs). Raising the ambient glucose concentration for 24 hrs caused a dose-dependent increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation of GMCs, and the maximal response was achieved at 20 mM. Phytolaccaceae extracts (2.5-20 microg/ml) inhibited the high glucose-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner, and the concentrations tested here did not affect to the cell viability. Exposure of the GMCs to 20 mM glucose caused both ECM (collagen and fibronectin) accumulation and TGF-beta secretion, and these changes were significantly diminished by treatment of GMCs with Phytolaccaceae (10 microg/ml). Taken together, these results indicate that Phytolaccaceae inhibits the high glucose-induced GMCs proliferation partially through suppressing accumulation of ECM components and TGF-beta production, suggesting that Phytolaccaceae may be a promising agent for treating the development and progression of diabetic glomerulopathy.

alpha-Spinasterol isolated from the root of Phytolacca americana and its pharmacological property on diabetic nephropathy.

Based on an inhibitory activity-guided fractionation for the high glucose-induced proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs), chloroform extracts of the roots of Phytolacca americana were found to contain alpha-spinasterol (C (29)H (48)O), a delta (7)-sterol. This phytosterol proved to be a potent inhibitor (IC (50) = 3.9 x 10 (-12) g/mL, 9.5 pmol/L) of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation caused by high-ambient glucose (5.6 mM vs. 25 mM), and its inhibitory potency was about 1,000 times higher than that of simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used as a positive control. alpha-Spinasterol also significantly reduced the increases of serum triglycerides, renal weight and urinary protein excretion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and these were comparable to the results observed in insulin-treated diabetic mice. Therefore, the results obtained in this study suggest that alpha-spinasterol has a significant therapeutic potential to modulate the development and/or progression of diabetic nephropathy.