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Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most destructive stored-product pests that is resistant to a wide range of chemical insecticides. In the present study, we investigated whether a lectin extracted from Polygonum persicaria L. (PPA) can be used as a biorational agent to control such insect pests. Along with the lethal digestive assay, the sub-lethal insecticidal activities of PPA, including the effects on digestive, detoxifying, and antioxidant enzyme activities, were evaluated against S. oryzae adults. The effect of feeding a diet containing PPA and carob extract as a food attractant on the mortality of S. oryzae adults was also investigated. Feeding on the diet containing PPA resulted in a significant mortality of S. oryzae adults with a LC50 (Lethal Concentration to kill 50% of insects) of 3.68% (w/w). The activity of digestive enzymes, including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, TAG-lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxy- and aminopeptidase, were decreased by the sub-lethal concentration of PPA. Detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes, including esterase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, ascorbate peroxidase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and malondialdehyde, were activated in adults affected by PPA. These findings indicated that PPA, in addition to causing digestive disorders, leads to oxidative stress in S. oryzae. The presence of carob extract had no effect on the PPA-induced mortality of the insect. According to the results of the present study, PPA has promising insecticidal efficiency against S. oryzae. In addition, the usage of PPA with a food attractant carob extract in bait traps can be recommended as a new biorational formulation in S. oryzae management.
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Insecticidas/farmacología , Lectinas/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Polygonum/química , Gorgojos/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/aislamiento & purificación , Lectinas/aislamiento & purificación , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Plant-based repellents have been applied for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection approach against different species of Anopheles. Knowledge of traditional repellent plants is a significant resource for the development of new natural products as an alternative to chemical repellents. Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors worldwide. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of plant-based repellents against Anopheles mosquitoes. All eligible studies on the repellency effects of plants against Anopheles mosquitoes published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar databases. Outcomes measures were percentage repellency and protection time. A total of 62 trials met the inclusion criteria. The highest repellency effect was identified from Ligusticum sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and Rhizophora mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5 h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and Curcuma longa also showed good repellency with 8 h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles. Essential oils and extracts of some plants could be formulated for the development of eco-friendly repellents against Anopheles species. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world.
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Anopheles , Repelentes de Insectos , Control de Mosquitos , Aceites Volátiles , Extractos Vegetales , Animales , Control de Mosquitos/métodosRESUMEN
The insecticidal activity and effects of sublethal combinations of the fungus, Beauveria bassiana-IRAN441C and commercial diatomaceous earth (DE) were assessed on adult coleopterans, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Chrysomelidae), and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Silvanidae). Dry conidia and DE were applied singly or in combination. The agents produced acceptable mortality, however, results were not affected by species of host plant seeds fed to the beetles. F1 progeny reduction was notably increased in both beetle species when mixtures of the fungus and DE were each at the LC50 level. In addition to avoidance behavior, different combinations of fungus/DE dosages induced winged morphs (non-reproductive phase) in the C. maculatus population after 50 d exposure. Our results demonstrated that a combination of B. bassiana and DE resulted in high mortality of both beetle species and co-application of B. bassiana and DE is feasible in a stored product pest management program.
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Beauveria/patogenicidad , Escarabajos/microbiología , Tierra de Diatomeas/farmacología , Animales , Escarabajos/efectos de los fármacos , Composición de Medicamentos , Fertilidad , Microbiología de Alimentos , Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Insecticidas/química , Insecticidas/farmacología , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Mortalidad , Control Biológico de Vectores/métodos , Esporas Fúngicas/patogenicidadRESUMEN
The use of Attractive Toxic Baits (ATBs) is considered to be a low-risk practical method for controlling cockroaches. This study evaluates the attractiveness of a lab-made, fipronil-containing bait, and its effect on the food consumption and mortality of the German cockroach Blattella germanica, under field and laboratory conditions. Different developmental stages of the cockroach were used to determine their preferred carbohydrate/protein rich foods and examine the effectiveness of lab-made baits. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's Test was determined using SAS 9.1 and GraphPad Prism software programs. The significance level was considered at p<0.05. The most-consumed foods were carbohydrate-rich foods (biscuit and banana powder) and food consumption rate was highest in non-gravid females. The most attractive bait ingredients were 20% roasted peanut butter, 50% biscuit and 30% banana powder. The highest lethality was recorded from the baits containing 0.02% fipronil under laboratory conditions, while infested houses baited with the lab-made bait showed 76.5% and 100% decline, respectively, in cockroach numbers in the first- and fourth-week post-baiting. In conclusion, palatable foods with a pleasant odour, like biscuit powder, banana powder and peanut butter were the most effective ingredients for the ATBs. The ATBs impregnated with 0.02% fipronil provide a promising approach for control of the German cockroach. However, there is a need to evaluate the potentials of the lab-made baits, under laboratory and field conditions, in the control of other health-important cockroaches.
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Background: Scabies is referred to the infestation of skin by an ectoparasite, Sarcoptes scabiei. Having considerable financial consequences, this disease is a public health concern in several countries. In this review, we aimed to determine the current status of scabies in different provinces of Iran. Methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Scientific Information Database (SID), Sci-explore, Civilica, Magiran, Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology and Elmnet databases were searched to find the related data in the time period within 2000-2022. To have a better insight into the status of prevalence of scabies in Iran, a meta-analysis and meta-regression was performed. Results: A total of 943 relevant studies were retrieved from the databases, and 62 eligible studies met all the needed criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. Scabies was investigated and reported in at least 22 and 21 provinces of Iran respectively. Most of the studies were conducted in Tehran, Razavi Khorasan, Hormozgan, Fars and Guilan Provinces. Positive samples of scabies belonged to humans, sheep, goats, dogs, rabbits, mice and gazelles. Meta-analysis showed that the overall estimated presence of scabies in Iran during 2000-2022 was 7% (95% CI 4.7-10.3%, P< 0.001). Conclusion: Infestations due to S. scabiei in Iran occur in different geographical locations and different climates. As a neglected tropical disease, the literature about the burden of scabies in Iran is inadequate. The present review highlights the importance of development of comprehensive strategies for the diagnosis and control of scabies, especially the provinces with high infestation rates.
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BACKGROUND: Anaplasmosis and Ehrlichiosis are the most important tick-borne diseases. This study was conducted in three cities of Kerman Province in Iran to investigate the circulation of the bacteria in ticks collected from sheep. METHODS: Ticks were collected from animals using Srkj forceps and transferred to the Entomology lab in cold chain. After specimen's identification, they kept at -70 °C. Tick DNA was extracted using Bioneers DNA extraction kits followed by Nested PCR technique to amplify ribosomal 16S rRNA gene to detect Anaplasma infection in ticks. RESULTS: 472 sheep were examined from which 349 ticks were collected and identified in laboratory using valid keys. Tick specimens belonged to two genera and four species; Hyalomma marginatum (62.47%) was the most frequent and Hylomma asiaticum (5.73%) showed the least abundance. The infestation rate to different tick species was different in three regions of Kerman Province. Observation revealed that 24 specimens (58.3%) were positive for Anaplasma. There is a significant difference between male and female infection rate. However, there is no significant difference between these variables in each of these cities. CONCLUSION: This study shows high infection rates to Anaplasma in hard ticks. It is essential for health and veterinary authorities and farmers to use appropriate strategies to control ticks to reduce the infestation.
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BACKGROUND: Aphasia diagnosis is particularly challenging due to the linguistic uncertainty and vagueness, inconsistencies in the definition of aphasic syndromes, large number of measurements with imprecision, natural diversity and subjectivity in test objects as well as in opinions of experts who diagnose the disease. METHODS: Fuzzy probability is proposed here as the basic framework for handling the uncertainties in medical diagnosis and particularly aphasia diagnosis. To efficiently construct this fuzzy probabilistic mapping, statistical analysis is performed that constructs input membership functions as well as determines an effective set of input features. RESULTS: Considering the high sensitivity of performance measures to different distribution of testing/training sets, a statistical t-test of significance is applied to compare fuzzy approach results with NN results as well as author's earlier work using fuzzy logic. The proposed fuzzy probability estimator approach clearly provides better diagnosis for both classes of data sets. Specifically, for the first and second type of fuzzy probability classifiers, i.e. spontaneous speech and comprehensive model, P-values are 2.24E-08 and 0.0059, respectively, strongly rejecting the null hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: THE TECHNIQUE IS APPLIED AND COMPARED ON BOTH COMPREHENSIVE AND SPONTANEOUS SPEECH TEST DATA FOR DIAGNOSIS OF FOUR APHASIA TYPES: Anomic, Broca, Global and Wernicke. Statistical analysis confirms that the proposed approach can significantly improve accuracy using fewer Aphasia features.
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BACKGROUND: Lack of information about the dispersal of vector species barricade surveillance and control. AIMS: Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the species diversity of Culex mosquito's larvae in the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf. METHODS: Mosquito larvae were collected from six places in three main environmental categories: urban (UA), rural (RA) and uninhabited areas (UNA), using dipping technique. Four dips were taken from each breeding site (350 ml each). Larval investigation was conducted two times a month during the study period. Diversity studies were conducted separately for each category by calculating classic diversity indices. RESULTS: In total, 1369 specimens belonging to 10 different species were collected and identified, as follows: Culex hortensis, Cx. laticinctus, Cx. mimeticus, Cx. perexiguus, Cx. pipiens, Cx. modestus, Cx. sinaiticus, Cx. theileri, Cx. torrentium and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. None of these mosquito species have been recorded previously in this region. Diversity analysis indicated higher species richness for RA (Margalef 1/26). The average diversity indices for the three environment types ranged from 1.50 to 1.64 for Shannon index and from 0.730 to 0.738 for Simpson index. CONCLUSIONS: Biodiversity analysis indicated that species diversity in rural, urban and uninhabited areas is somewhat similar. Therefore, attention to all areas in vector control programs is essential.
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Synanthropic flies are members of order Diptera and considered as medical and veterinary pests. In this study, parasitoid wasps were determined and their natural host preferences in order to select a suitable agent for biological control of flies. The pupae of three species of flies; Musca domestica, Lucilia sericata and Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis were used as hosts for natural parasitoids. For this issue, as much as 50 pupae of each fly species put in three separate dishes with covered top by a net. These dishes were placed in the field to attract parasitoid wasps. The most parasitic rate was related to N. vitripennis (%17.2). Host preferences of N. vitripennis on M. domestica pupae were higher than observed parasitism on L. sericata and S. haemorrhoidalis. The emerging rate of two parasitoids; P. vindemmiae and S. nigroaenea were one per host pupae. According to the result, N. vitripennis can be an appropriate candidate for use as natural enemy which expected to be effective in controlling various species of synanthropic flies. Therefore, S. nigroaenea was more suitable to biological control of housefly populations.
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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the main neglected vector-borne diseases in the Middle East, including Iran. This study aimed to map the spatial distribution and species composition of sand flies in Hormozgan Province and to predict the best ecological niches for main CL vectors in this area. A database that included all earlier studies on sand flies in Hormozgan Province was established. Sand flies were also collected from some localities across the province. Prediction maps for main vectors were developed using MaxEnt model. A total of 27 sand fly species were reported from the study area. Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli, Phlebotomus sergenti s.l. Parrot, Phlebotomus alexandri Sinton, Sergentomyia sintoni Pringle, Sergentomyia clydei Sinton, Sergentomyia tiberiadis Adler, and Sergentomyia baghdadis Adler (Diptera: Psychodidae) had the widest distribution range. The probability of their presence as the main vectors of CL was calculated to be 0.0003-0.9410 and 0.0031-0.8880 for P. papatasi and P. sergenti s.l., respectively. The best ecological niches for P. papatasi were found in the central south, southeast, and a narrow area in southwest, whereas central south to northern area had better niches for P. sergenti s.l. The endemic areas are in Bandar-e Jask, where transmission occurs, whereas in Bastak, the cases were imported from endemic foci of Fars province. In conclusion, proven and suspected vectors of CL and VL were recorded in this study. Due to the existence of endemic foci of CL, and favorite ecological niches for its vectors, there is potential risk of emerging CL in new areas.
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Distribución Animal , Insectos Vectores , Psychodidae , Animales , Biota , Irán , Leishmaniasis Cutánea/etiología , Modelos BiológicosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the fauna of a highly venomous marine species group, the cone snails (Family Conidae), in the shores of Qeshm Island, of evaluating the possibility of envenomation in the area and summarize recommendations for emergency first aid. METHODS: Shores surrounding Qeshm Island were surveyed to collect cone snails during cold (February and March) and warm (May and June) seasons of 2017. Collected snails were identified to the species level. Abundance and species richness were estimated in shores of different structures, including muddy and sandy-rocky shores. Also, the most updated medical literature was reviewed to summarize related emergency first aid. RESULTS: Three cone snail species were recorded from southern sandy-rocky shores of the Island, in decreasing order of abundance, included crowned cone (Conus coronatus) (65%), feathered cone (Conus pennaceus) (28%), and frigid cone (Conus frigidus) (7%). Abundance of these species were significantly higher in cold season compared to the warm season (P < 0.05). No cone snails were recorded along the northern muddy shores of the Island. CONCLUSIONS: Envenomation can cause various symptoms ranging from minor local pain to systemic paralysis and death due to respiratory failure. We recommend an awareness programme for the seashore visiting public.
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BACKGROUND: One of the best ways to control the malaria disease and to be protected human against Anopheles mosquito biting is the use of repellents. Throughout repellents, herbal ones may be an appropriate and safe source for protection. METHODS: Chemical constituents of Achillea vermiculata and Satoreja hortensis were determined by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Efficacy and the protection time of these plants were assessed on Anopheles stephensi under the laboratory condition. RESULTS: The mean assessed protection time and efficacy for A. vermiculata was 2.16 and 3.16 hours respectively and the obtained ED50 and ED90 for this plant was 5.67 and 63 µl/cm(2) respectively. The figured for S. hortensis was 4.16 and 5 hours respectively. ED50 and ED90 for this plant were 5.63 and 45.75µl/cm(2) respectively. CONCLUSION: Results of investigation showed that S. hortensis plant has an acceptable protection time, therefore, this plant could be considered as a good herbal repellent against anopheles mosquitoes.
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BACKGROUND: Passeromyia is a muscid genus previously known from the Old World Afrotropical and Oriental regions and eastwards from Australia and the West Pacific. The genus is known from nest-dwelling larvae which may be parasites of the nestlings. This study was aimed to identify of the Passeromyia species in the Iranian Persian Gulf Islands. METHODS: The flies were collected during April 2010 to March 2011 on the 4 Iranian Persian Gulf islands, Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb, Abu-Mousa and Qeshm with fly bottle trap and entomological net. RESULTS: During this sampling, 18 representatives of P. heterochaeta, a species with free-living haematophagous larvae, have been collected. The species is reported herein from Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb, Abu-Mousa and Qeshm islands. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first Palaearctic record of the species as well as the first report of the genus Passeromyia from the Palaearctic Region.
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OBJECTIVE: To study the stinging flying Hymenoptera (Apidae and Vespidae) fauna in four Iranian Islands, Qeshm, Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb and Abu-Musa on the Persian Gulf. METHODS: The flies were captured by used of Malaise trap, fly trap, bottle trap and insect net-hashing from March 2011 to July 2012. RESULTS: In this study, 11 species of stinging Hymenoptera were reported for the first time in Persian Gulf region. CONCLUSIONS: Some of this species such as Vespa orientalis and Polistes olivaceus are more common in the Persian Gulf islands and can cause clinical problem to islands resident and travelers.
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BACKGROUND: Scorpions stings are a health problem in many parts of the world. Mesobuthus eupeus (Buthidae) is the most prevalent species in the Middle East and Central Asia. Definition of toxicogenic and immunogenic characteristics of the venom is necessary to produce antidote. In this study, the noted properties of M. eupeus venom were evaluated. METHODS: Venom was obtained by milking M. eupeus scorpions for lyophilization. Toxicity was determined after injecting the venom to albino mice and calculating LD50. Polyclonal antibodies against M. eupeus venom were obtained from immunized rabbits. The CH-Sepharose 4B column was used for isolating the specific antibodies. 10 mg of the affinity-purified antibodies were conjugated with a CH-Sepharose 4B column and M. eupeus venom was applied to the column. The bound fragments were eluted using hydrogen chloride (pH: 2.5). Crude venom and affinity-purified fractions of the venom were analyzed by SDS-PAGE technique. RESULTS: Lethal dose (LD) was 8.75, 11.5 and 4.5 mg/kg for IP, SC and IV respectively. The LD50 of M. eupeus venom was 6.95 mg/kg. The crude venom had 12 detectable bands with molecular weights of 140, 70, 50, 33, 30, 27, 22, 18, 14, 10 kDa and two bands less than 5 kDa. The affinity-purified venom presented eight bands. The 27 kDa band was clearly sharper than other bands but 70, 18, 10 and one of the less than 5 kDa bands were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to popular belief, which know scorpion venom as non-immunogenic composition, the current study was shown that the most fractions of the M. eupeus are immunogenic.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the amount of azinphos methyl and diazinon residues in two river fishes, Liza aurata and Cyprinus carpio, in the north of Iran. METHODS: This study was done during 2006-2007. In this survey, 152 water and fish samples from Gorgan and Qarasu rivers, north of Iran, were investigated. Sampling was done in three predetermined stations along each river. Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) were extracted from the fishes and the water of rivers. After extraction, purification and concentration processes, the amount and type of insecticides in water and fish samples were determined by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the residue of the insecticides in the water and fish samples between summer and other seasons in the two rivers. The highest amount of insecticides residue was seen during summer. In both rivers, the amount of diazinon and azinphos methyl residues in the two fishes was more than 2â 000 mg/L in summer. There was no significant difference in insecticides residue between the fishes in two rivers. The diazinon residue was higher than the standard limits in both rivers during the spring and the summer, but the residual amount of azinphos methyl was higher than the standard limits only during the summer and only in Qarasu River. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the amount of OPs in the water and the two fishes, Liza aurata and Cyprinus carpio, is higher than the permitted levels.
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Azinfosmetilo/análisis , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/análisis , Diazinón/análisis , Peces , Organofosfatos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Agua/química , Animales , Azinfosmetilo/aislamiento & purificación , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/aislamiento & purificación , Diazinón/aislamiento & purificación , Irán , Organofosfatos/aislamiento & purificación , Ríos , Estaciones del Año , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate simultaneous detection and differentiates of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) and Brucella melitensis (B. melitensis) through the combinatorial PCR method. METHODS: This study was designed using three primers that could simultaneously identify and differentiate two major species of pathogenic Brucella in humans and animals. Identification and differentiation of each species using the size of the PCR product were determined. To determine the specificity of the method, bacteria close to the genus Brucella were used. Finally, to confirm PCR products, In addition to the products sequence, RFLP was performed on PCR products using restriction enzymes. RESULTS: The method of optimized combinatorial PCR in this study could simultaneously detect and differentiate B. abortus and B. melitensis with high specificity and sensitivity in clinical samples. Differentiation of species is based on the resulting bands; therefore, the band 494 bp for B. abortus and 733 bp for B. melitensis were obtained. RFLP and sequencing results confirmed PCR results. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study shows that without routine diagnostic methods such as culture and serology tests, using the molecular method of combinatorial PCR, important species of Brucella can be simultaneously identified and differentiated in clinical samples.
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Brucella abortus/aislamiento & purificación , Brucella melitensis/aislamiento & purificación , Brucelosis/diagnóstico , Brucelosis/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Brucella abortus/genética , Brucella melitensis/genética , Cartilla de ADN , ADN Bacteriano/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the faunal diversity of Muscidae and Fanniidae flies in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: A net-capturing by direct observing method and fly trap were used to capture adult flies. To determine the fauna of flies in different habitats, 4 biotopes including corpse (human, birds, livestock), garbage and decaying organic matters, animal carcasses and human indoor habitat were selected. Big hashing nets (95 cm in diameter) have been used for adult flies capture in these biotopes. RESULTS: In this study, totally 2 418 adult flies from 8 families including Muscidae, Fanniidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae, Syrphidae, Anthomyiidae and Conopidae were captured. Among these, 1 279 belong to Muscidae and Fanniidae families. Four genera and 5 medically important species captured from two above mentioned families. CONCLUSIONS: Based on scientific documentation, 2 species of Muscina stabulans (M. stabulans) and Fannia scalaris (F. scalaris) are reported for the first time in Iran. However M. stabulans is a cosmopolitan species and its presence in Iran was probable.
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Biodiversidad , Dípteros/clasificación , Dípteros/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ecosistema , Animales , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Irán , MasculinoRESUMEN
In the present study we determined the Protection Time (PT) and Failure Time (FT) of the DMP lotion, which is synthesized and formulated in Iran and it was compared with other products such as MIP60 and Dimp31.7 lotions (commercial and current formulations of dimethyl phthalate) and trench pomade (a popular local repellent in Iran) against Anopheles stephensi Liston (main malaria vector in south of Iran) in laboratory condition. In this research which is an interventional and experimental study, the screen cage method was used to estimate PT and FT of repellents against An. stephensi. The following commercial formulations of chemical repellents were tested: Iranian DMP lotion (DMP60) (contains 60% dimethyl phthalate, 25% isopropyl alcohol, 5% twine 80 and 10% water), MIP60 and Dimp31.7 lotions contains 60 and 31.7% active ingredient of dimethyl phthalate and trench pomade (a combination of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and DMP). Test was done on human volunteers. In this test some defined amount of repellents applied on human volunteer's forearm and then was inserted in cage against mosquitoes biting to determine PT and FT. According to the results of this research, the PT of Iranian DMP60 lotion against An. stephensi was determined about 274 min (SE = ++/-.04), which didn't have any significant difference with MIP60 and trench pomade, but it was significantly more than Dimp31.7. Furthermore the FT of DMP60 against An. stephensi was determined about 327 min (SE = +/-10.47), that in this case it had a significant deference with MIP60 lotion and trench pomade. The failure time of DMP60 was less than another two repellents. The Iranian DMP60 lotion can potentially compete with MIP60 and Dimp31.7, but to increase the FT rate, its formulation need to be improved.
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Anopheles/efectos de los fármacos , Repelentes de Insectos/farmacología , Animales , DEET/administración & dosificación , DEET/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Humanos , Repelentes de Insectos/administración & dosificación , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéutico , Irán , Malaria/prevención & control , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
In this study, the amount and origin of the pollution of Karaj river and Amir-Kabir dam, which is the most important supply of Tehrans (capital of Iran) drinking water with malathion and diazinon, have been assessed by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) technique. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. After initial assessments, four stations were selected for water sampling. In all stations, sampling was done in one day, one week, two weeks, one month, two months and three months after insecticide spraying. Extraction and separating of organophosphorus insecticides from water samples was done by acetone and methylen chloride solvents, using decanter. Then, the residue of malathion and diazinon insecticides was determined using HPTLC technique. The residue of malathion and diazinon in water decreases with increasing the distance and time of spraying. The residues of malathion and diazinon insecticides at station 1 and 2, which were close to spraying places, 1-2 months after spraying was more than allowed limits. But at the ending stations (3 and 4), malathion and diazinon were detectable just in the 1 day and 1 month after spraying, respectively. It is unlikely that Tehran's drinking water be polluted with these two insecticides and the most adverse effect can be seen in the area of spraying. Therefore not only the environment, but also the people in area of Karaj river are at risk of chronic toxicity with malathion and diazinon through consuming polluted water and agriculture products.