PERIPHERAL ISCHEMIC RETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION IN ADDITION TO INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB VERSUS INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB ALONE FOR THE TREATMENT OF MACULAR EDEMA SECONDARY TO CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION: A Randomized Double-Masked Controlled Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of peripheral ischemic retinal photocoagulation in addition to intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) in the treatment of macular edema due to ischemic central retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: Forty-eight eyes of 48 treatment-naive patients were randomly selected and divided into 2 groups. Group A comprised 24 eyes that were treated with three consecutive monthly injections of IVB, and Group B comprised 24 eyes that were treated with IVB plus photocoagulation of the peripheral nonperfused retina. Further IVB injections were administered as needed in both groups. Monthly follow-up was conducted for 9 months after the first injection. RESULTS: The data of 46 patients were analyzed. Best-corrected visual acuity changes from the fourth to eighth month follow-up in comparison with the baseline were significantly higher in Group B (P = 0.002-0.044-0.002-0.002-0.012). In addition, significant differences were observed in central macular thickness in Group B throughout the study period (all P < 0.001). Group B required less frequent IVB injections during the 9-month study period. CONCLUSION: Photocoagulation of the retinal nonperfused area in patients with macular edema because of central retinal vein occlusion might amplify the beneficial effects of IVB on best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness and reduce the frequency of IVB injection.

Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity and utility of the national screening criteria in a tertiary center in Iran.

AIM: To determine the incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and the sensitivity of current screening criteria in a tertiary eye center in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: In a cross-sectional observational study, neonates weighing ≤2000 grams at birth or born <34wk gestational age (GA) and all other infants at risk of ROP admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) or referred to our ROP clinic were investigated. The incidence of ROP and severe ROP (i.e. patients needing treatment) were determined. The associations between risk factors and the development and severity of ROP were assessed. We also examined the sensitivity of the current national screening guideline in Iran. RESULTS: Among 207 infants, the incidence of ROP and severe ROP was 33.3% and 11.1%, respectively. Mean GA and birth weight (BW) were significantly lower in ROP vs non-ROP infants (29±2wk vs 33±3wk, P<0.001; 1274±489 g vs 1916±550 g, P<0.001, respectively). Univariate analysis displayed significant association between ROP incidence and GA, BW, NICU admission period, blood transfusion, surfactant usage, sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus (P<0.05 for all). BW [relative risk (RR): 0.857 (0.711-0.873), P<0.001], GA [RR: 0.788 (0.711-0.873), P<0.001] and blood transfusion [RR: 1.888 (0.995-3.583), P=0.052] were independent ROP risk factors. The sensitivity of country-specific screening guidelines was 95.7% and 100% for overall and severe ROP detection, respectively. CONCLUSION: ROP incidence is relatively high in Iran. Identifying ROP risk factors results in more accurate screening and reduces the risk of irreversible vision loss. The ROP screening criteria utilized in Iran are efficient at the present time.

Acute Transient Sixth Nerve Palsy in Chediak-Higashi Syndrome.

Neurologic disorders in Chediak-Higashi syndrome are usually late presentations and also may manifest long after bone marrow stem cell transplantation. To the authors' knowledge, transient neurological deficit has not been reported yet. They describe a 6-year-old boy with Chediak-Higashi syndrome in the accelerated phase who presented with transient sixth nerve palsy. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2018;55:e22-e25].

Toward the Art of Robotic-assisted Vitreoretinal Surgery.

New technological progress in robotics has brought many beneficial clinical applications. Currently, computer integrated robotic surgery has gained clinical acceptance for several surgical procedures. Robotically assisted eye surgery is envisaged as a promising solution to overcome the shortcomings inherent to conventional surgical procedures as in vitreoretinal surgeries. Robotics by its high precision and fine mechanical control can improve dexterity, cancel tremor, and allow highly precise remote surgical capability, delicate vitreoretinal manipulation capabilities. Combined with magnified three-dimensional imaging of the surgical site, it can enhance surgical precision. Tele-manipulation can provide the ability for tele-surgery or haptic feedback of forces generated by the manipulation of intraocular tissues. It presents new solutions for some sight-threatening conditions such as retinal vein cannulation where, due to physiological limitations of the surgeon's hand, the procedure cannot be adequately performed. In this paper, we provide an overview of the research and advances in robotically assisted vitreoretinal eye surgery. Additionally the barriers to the integration of this method in the field of ocular surgery are summarized. Finally, we discuss the possible applications of the method in the area of vitreoretinal surgery.