Clinical Biomarkers of Acute Vaso-Occlusive Sickle Cell Crisis.

It is known that an inherited blood condition called sickle cell disease (SCD) is a result of one gene. A number of blood and urine biomarkers have been determined in association with lab and clinical history for SCD patients. SCD has numerous interacting pathways associated with it, which have been identified by biomarkers. These mechanisms consist of some examples, such as endothelial vasodilation response, hypercoagulability, hemolysis, inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and reperfusion injury among others. To effectively manage SCD, a comprehensive panel of validated blood and urine biomarkers must be established. Despite its monogenic inheritance, the complex nature of the SCD phenotype has impeded progress in its treatment. However, significant strides have been made in clinical biotechnology, paving the way for potential breakthroughs. In SCD, a panel of verified blood and urine biomarkers must be established, however. Despite monogenic inheritance, the great complexity of the SCD phenotype has hindered progress in its management. With few exceptions, clinical biomarkers of illness severity have been found through epidemiological investigations; nevertheless, systematic integration of these biomarkers into clinical treatment algorithms has not occurred. Furthermore, sickle cell crisis, the primary acute consequence of SCD, has been difficult to diagnose with the biomarkers now in use. Inadequate care and a lack of appropriate outcome measures for clinical research are the consequences of these diagnostic constraints. A new chapter in SCD customized treatment has begun with recent advancements in molecular and imaging diagnostics. Strategies in precision medicine are especially relevant now that molecular therapies are within reach. The significance of biochemical indicators linked to clinical manifestation and sub-phenotype identification in SCD is reviewed in this research.

Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder Presenting as Head Titubation: A Rare Case Report.

Functional neurological symptom disorder (FND), previously known as conversion disorder, is a condition identified by neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by neurological disease or other medical conditions. FND typically presents with speech disturbances, visual disturbances, paralysis, somatic symptoms like myalgia, and chronic fatigue. This case report describes a case of a 44-year-old female, who presented with dysmenorrhea and had undergone total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy and manifested as head titubation which was a conversion reaction. On evaluation, it was revealed that the patient had chronic depression and pain. This case report highlights a rare presentation of FND.

Navigating the Enigma: A Comprehensive Review of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

An unidentified source of increased intracranial pressure is a hallmark of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also referred to as pseudotumor cerebri. It mainly affects young, obese women, yet it can happen to anyone, regardless of age, gender, or weight. IIH presents with symptoms such as headaches, visual disturbances, and pulsatile tinnitus and can lead to severe complications, including vision loss, if left untreated. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, neuroimaging, and lumbar puncture, while management options include medical interventions and surgical procedures. This review provides a comprehensive overview of IIH, including its etiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, complications, management approaches, and challenges. Increased awareness among healthcare professionals, standardized diagnostic criteria, and further research efforts are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life for individuals with IIH.

Successful Surgical Intervention and Remarkable Recovery in a Child With Traumatic Spondyloptosis.

More than 100% of the traumatic subluxation of one vertebral body over another in the coronal or sagittal plane is known as traumatic spondyloptosis, which typically results in the contusion of the spinal cord. It is an uncommon yet severe spinal column injury. Here, we present traumatic lumbosacral spondyloptosis at the L5 and S1 levels with complete spinal cord compression with paraplegia and bowel and bladder involvement. The patient underwent posterior spinal fusion (delta fixation) and decompression. The patient improved his motor and sensory deficits at one-month follow-up. By the eighth-month follow-up, the patient had recovered entirely from his motor and sensory deficits and was stable for the entire year.

Platelet Indices as Novel Surrogate Markers for the Prognosis of COVID-19 Infection: An Observational Study.

Background  The new severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes severe acute respiratory illness accountable for causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness. Thrombotic issues, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and cytokine storm are significant contributors to morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Elevated D-dimer levels and prothrombin times are further indicators of abnormal coagulation parameters in COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to study the platelet indices as prognostic markers in COVID-19 infection. Methods In this prospective observational study, 150 real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-positive COVID-19 patients were enrolled between October 2020 and September 2021. All the subjects were screened and explained the study procedure in their native language. Following enrolment, a detailed history and physical examination were performed. Subsequently, laboratory investigations were performed, and patients were subjected to high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) examination to classify patients into mild, moderate, and severe according to the severity of the illness. The platelet indices taken into account were plateletcrit (PCT) in percentage, platelet count (PLT) in lakh per microlitre, mean platelet volume (MPV) in femtolitres, and platelet distribution width (PDW) in femtolitres. Results The mean PLT was significantly greater among survivors than non-survivors (2.03 ± 0.72 versus 1.76 ± 0.47; p-value = 0.018). The mean MPV (10.42 ± 0.53 versus 9.22 ± 0.64; p-value <0.0001) and PDW (17.99 ± 1.53 versus 16.54 ± 0.91 fl; p-value <0.0001) were significantly greater among non-survivors than survivors. However, the mean PCT was significantly greater among survivors than non-survivors (0.22 ± 0.03% versus 0.18 ± 0.33%; p-value <0.0001). At a cut-off of 0.213, the sensitivity and specificity of PCT in predicting death were found to be 79.2% and 74.5%, respectively. At a cut-off of 16.75, the sensitivity and specificity of PDW in predicting death were found to be 68.8% and 59.8%, respectively. The findings demonstrated a relationship between elevated MPV and PDW and mortality and severe COVID-19 infection. Increased PCT was connected to higher survival, with a specificity and sensitivity of 87.5% and 75.5%, respectively, and MPV >9.75 may predict death. PDW >16.75 exhibited a specificity and sensitivity of 68.8% and 59.8%, respectively, in predicting death. With comparable sensitivity and specificity of 79.2% and 74.5%, PCT >0.213 may predict death. Conclusion In severely sick COVID-19 patients, platelet indices should be routinely calculated and can be utilized as simple, low-cost prognostic indicators.

Recent Advances in the Management of Non-rheumatic Atrial Fibrillation: A Comprehensive Review.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac arrhythmia characterized by irregular atrial electrical activity, posing significant challenges to patient management and healthcare systems worldwide. Non-rheumatic AF, distinct from AF due to rheumatic heart disease, encompasses a spectrum of etiologies, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, and structural heart abnormalities. This review examines the latest advancements in managing non-rheumatic AF, encompassing diagnostic approaches, pharmacological therapies, and innovative non-pharmacological interventions. Diagnostic strategies ranging from traditional electrocardiography to advanced imaging modalities are explored alongside emerging biomarkers and wearable technologies facilitating early detection and management. Pharmacological management options, including novel anticoagulants and rhythm control agents, are evaluated in light of current guidelines and recent clinical trials. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as catheter ablation and device-based therapies, are discussed regarding their evolving techniques and outcomes. Special considerations for diverse patient populations, including elderly individuals and athletes, are addressed, emphasizing personalized approaches to optimize therapeutic outcomes. The review concludes with insights into future directions for AF management, highlighting promising avenues in gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and precision medicine approaches. By synthesizing recent research findings and clinical innovations, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the dynamic landscape of non-rheumatic AF management, offering insights for clinicians, researchers, and healthcare stakeholders.

Complex Closed Spinal Dysraphism Presenting As Cauda Equina Syndrome With Faun Tail Nevus.

A posterior midline cutaneous lesion known as a faun tail nevus or aberrant lumbar hypertrichosis is significant to doctors because it may serve as a cutaneous signal for an underlying spinal cord and spine abnormalities. We describe a 17-year-old child who, since infancy, has had excessive hair development over his lumbosacral area. The lower spinal cord was affected by a related spinal abnormality. Clinical evidence was used to make the diagnosis. The patient presented with complaints of asymmetric monoparesis which on clinical examination and radiological investigations was found to be cauda equina syndrome secondary to spina bifida occulta. This case is reported for its clinical importance as patients with spina bifida occulta may show late deterioration.

Superior Mesenteric Artery Stenosis Presenting as Chest Pain: Danger in Disguise.

Chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI), often known as abdominal angina, is a syndrome caused by a severe reduction in arterial flow to the digestive loops. It is an uncommon and underdiagnosed entity with potential severe adversities, such as acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI). Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are shown to also have mesenteric artery stenosis (MAS). By identifying risk variables, it may be possible to screen for mesenteric artery involvement in patients with CAD who exhibit an elevated risk. Here, we present a unique case of a person with severe retrosternal chest pain with postprandial angina, which turned out to be superior mesenteric artery (SMA) ostial stenosis.

Chronic Glomerulonephritis and Malignant Hypertension With PRES (Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome) Presenting As Status Epilepticus: A Case Report.

Hypertension risk is a common complication of chronic glomerulonephritis (GN), which includes focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and proliferative forms of GN such as IgA nephropathy. The clinical-radiological phenomenon known as posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is frequently linked to renal disorders, particularly chronic kidney disease and hypertension. PRES is an acute clinical condition characterized by multiple neurological symptoms such as seizures, impaired consciousness, headaches, visual abnormalities, nausea, and vomiting. In this case report, we discuss status epilepticus due to PRES in a 20-year-old girl who presented with nephrotic syndrome after renal biopsy chronic GN was confirmed. Repeated neuroimaging performed following proper blood pressure management revealed that the lesions had vanished, supporting the diagnosis of PRES. Presumably, PRES remained for 5-7 days in our case. Nephrologists must be familiar with the atypical characteristics of PRES as it is frequently associated with kidney disease. Prompt identification and care prevent irreparable consequences and pointless investigations.

Prevalence of Anxiety, Depression, and Perceived Stress Among Family Caregivers of Patients Diagnosed With Oral Cancer in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and objectives Oral cancer is a significant health issue in India, with one of the highest incidence rates globally. Family caregivers play a crucial role in the care of oral cancer patients, but their mental health often faces challenges. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress among family caregivers of oral cancer patients in a tertiary care hospital in central India and explore the associated psychosocial factors. Population and method The study was carried out between March 2023 and August 2023 in a tertiary care hospital in Wardha, Maharashtra. Family caregivers (N=82, mean age = 36.1 (SD 10.5) years) of patients with clinically diagnosed oral cancer were subjected first to structured psychiatric clinical interviews to screen for psychiatric diagnoses and then were given self-reporting questionnaires for socio-demographic data, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) for measuring the emotional, cognitive, and motivational symptoms of depression, Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) to assess the degree of anxiety and Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) to assess stress level. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Chi-square test and logistic regression analyses were conducted wherever appropriate in order to explore predictive factors of depressive, anxious, or stress symptoms. Result In the studied population, the majority experienced symptoms of depression (65.1%), anxiety (69.5%), and perceived stress (74.7%). Caregivers of patients with advanced oral cancer were found to have a higher likelihood of experiencing depression (χ2 (1) = 16.76, p < .001) and anxiety related to unemployment (χ2 (1) = 10.12, p = .001) or insufficient earnings (χ2 (1) = 28.63, p < .001). Additionally, participants with no or little formal education (χ2 (1) = 4.63, p = 0.031) and lower income (χ2 (1) = 28.63, p < .0001) were significantly more likely to experience distress compared to those with higher levels of education. Conclusion This study highlights the need for comprehensive support systems for family caregivers of oral cancer patients. Educational programs, financial assistance, and mental health services should be tailored to caregivers' specific needs. Early identification and intervention strategies can help mitigate the psychological impact of caregiving. Further research is essential to develop targeted interventions that enhance the well-being of caregivers and improve the quality of life for both patients and caregivers.

Thyroid Storm Masquerading as Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome: Catch Me if You Can.

A 65-year-old man presented to the emergency medicine department with altered sensorium, a high-grade fever, and shock. On routine workup, he was diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome with sepsis. Later, it was found that the patient had undetectable serum thyroid stimulating hormone and high triiodothyronine (T3) levels, which were diagnosed as a thyroid storm. This highlights the fact that a thyroid storm can present in any way and should be considered when determining the cause of septic shock that is not responding to standard treatment. A rare endocrine emergency, thyroid storm is a life-threatening endocrinological emergency with a considerable death rate of between 10% and 30% and multi-organ failure. It happens in thyrotoxic patients and manifests as the decompensation of several organs brought on by extreme stress. In addition to shock, the patient also had altered sensory perception, a cough, a fever, palpitations, and a sore throat. The patient was initially diagnosed with septic shock and was later treated with oral carbimazole, higher antibiotics, inotropes, and propranolol.

Acquired Parkinson's Disease in Alcoholic Cirrhosis: The Rarest Association.

Hepatic encephalopathy is the most common neurologic complication of liver cirrhosis, whereas acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD) is an underappreciated neurologic manifestation. Parkinsonism, ataxia, and neuropsychiatric symptoms are its defining characteristics. In individuals with chronic parenchymal liver disease with portosystemic shunting, it is an underrecognized etiology of psychomotor retardation. It has been hypothesized that the etiology of AHD is due to manganese buildup in the basal ganglia. This case report details a hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD) case in a patient with chronic parenchymal liver disease who improved after taking a dopamine agonist.

Case Report: Multiple atherosclerotic plaques at its extreme in synchrony.

Peripheral artery (PAD) disease in association with renal artery stenosis is an important association which predicts the severity of the disease. An increase in the number of vessels affected by peripheral artery disease increases the chances of renal artery stenosis. In our case, the patient had primarily presented with anginal chest pain with complaints of claudication which on further investigation was diagnosed to be a triple vessel coronary artery disease along with bilateral subclavian and bilateral renal stenosis. On detailed history taking, risk factors like hypertension and chronic smoking was found to be present in our case which predisposed to peripheral artery disease secondary to atherosclerosis which was diagnosed on further investigations. Although the association of renal artery stenosis is not very rare in cases of severe peripheral vascular diseases, the presence of a triple vessel coronary artery disease in synchrony is what makes it unique. Take away lesson from this case report is importance of early diagnosis of dyslipidemia causing atherosclerosis and its complications. Multiple atherosclerotic lesions in synchrony i.e, bilateral renal artery stenosis with bilateral subclavian artery stenosis with coronary artery triple vessel atherosclerotic disease like in our case and its severity should create awareness among health care individuals and early treatment measures including lifestyle modifications should be considered to avoid such drastic events.