RESUMEN
Efficient and accurate methods to estimate insulin sensitivity (SI) and ß-cell function (BCF) are of great importance for studying the pathogenesis and treatment effectiveness of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Existing methods range in sensitivity, input data, and technical requirements. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) are preferred because they are simpler and more physiological than intravenous methods. However, current analytical methods for OGTT-derived SI and BCF also range in complexity; the oral minimal models require mathematical expertise for deconvolution and fitting differential equations, and simple algebraic surrogate indices (e.g., Matsuda index, insulinogenic index) may produce unphysiological values. We developed a new insulin secretion and sensitivity (ISS) model for clinical research that provides precise and accurate estimates of SI and BCF from a standard OGTT, focusing on effectiveness, ease of implementation, and pragmatism. This model was developed by fitting a pair of differential equations to glucose and insulin without need of deconvolution or C-peptide data. This model is derived from a published model for longitudinal simulation of T2D progression that represents glucose-insulin homeostasis, including postchallenge suppression of hepatic glucose production and first- and second-phase insulin secretion. The ISS model was evaluated in three diverse cohorts across the lifespan. The new model had a strong correlation with gold-standard estimates from intravenous glucose tolerance tests and insulin clamps. The ISS model has broad applicability among diverse populations because it balances performance, fidelity, and complexity to provide a reliable phenotype of T2D risk.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is determined by a balance between insulin sensitivity (SI) and ß-cell function (BCF), which can be determined by gold standard direct measurements or estimated by fitting differential equation models to oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). We propose and validate a new differential equation model that is simpler to use than current models and requires less data while maintaining good correlation and agreement with gold standards. Matlab and Python code is freely available.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Resistencia a la Insulina , Humanos , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Secreción de Insulina , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Glucemia , Insulina/metabolismo , Glucosa , Técnica de Clampeo de la GlucosaRESUMEN
Dry eye disease (DED) is caused by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, which results in visual disturbance, ocular surface inflammation and damage, and neurosensory abnormalities. Although it is prevalent in 5-50% of the global population, there are limited clinical options for its treatment. This study explored the potential use of human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and its enriched fractions of sialylation, sialylated IVIg (sIVIg), as a treatment for DED. Fifteen female New Zealand white rabbits were topically instilled with 0.2% benzalkonium chloride (BAC) twice daily for five consecutive days to induce experimental dry eye. Saline, 0.4% IVIg, or 0.04% sIVIg eye drops were instilled twice daily for 20 consecutive days. Clinical evaluations, such as non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT) and corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), were conducted. mRNA levels of mucin 4, mucin 16, TNF-α, IL-1ß, MMP9, IL-10, TGF-ß, and CD209 in rabbit conjunctival tissues were examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The relationships between CD209 family members in rabbits and various mammalian species were analyzed using a phylogenetic tree. IVIg or sIVIg treatment resulted in clinical improvements in the rabbit DED model. The inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1ß, were increased and mucin 4 and mucin 16, cell surface-associated mucins, were decreased in BAC-induced dry eye. Following IVIg or sIVIg treatment, inflammatory cytokines decreased, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, increased substantially. Moreover, a 10-fold lower sIVIg treatment dose resulted in prolonged IL-10 production, representing a significantly improved DED compared to IVIg. Furthermore, the expression of rabbit CD209 mRNA in the rabbit conjunctiva and its close relationship with primate homologs suggest that it may interact with IVIg or sIVIg to promote IL-10 expression, as previously described in humans. At a lower dosage, sIVIg showed a more efficient improvement in DED, making it a promising new candidate medication for DED.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas , Síndromes de Ojo Seco , Conejos , Humanos , Animales , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inmunoglobulinas Intravenosas/uso terapéutico , Inmunoglobulinas Intravenosas/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/efectos adversos , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Mucina 4/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Antígeno Ca-125 , Filogenia , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/metabolismo , Lágrimas/metabolismo , Compuestos de Benzalconio , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , MamíferosRESUMEN
The perovskite quantum dots (QDs) of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) exhibit exceptional photoluminescent properties, but their sensitivity to moisture and heat poses a challenge. This study presents a solvent-free synthesis approach for incorporating CsPbBr3 perovskite QDs into zeolite A. The introduction of [Cs8PbBr6]4+ perovskite QDs into the zeolite framework resulted in a highly stable configuration, maintaining its initial luminescence properties even after being underwater or exposed to heat. The structure is determined by 3-dimensional single-crystal crystallography. Each octahedral PbBr64- ion is surrounded by Cs+ ions and [Cs8PbBr6]4+ perovskite QDs being formed at the 32% of the center of a large cavity. Further, [Na12CsBr8]5+ QDs are formed at the very center of another 46% large cavities by combining Cs+, Na+, and Br- ions. The peak in the emission spectrum of Pb,Br,Cs,Na-A is similar to those of the CsPbBr3 nanocrystal, Cs4PbBr6 0-dimensional perovskite QDs, and Pb,Br,H,Cs,Na-FAU(X and Y). This work demonstrates that Pb,Br,Cs,Na-A can be produced using a simplified solvent-free synthesis procedure, which exhibits excellent stability against moisture and heat. Moreover, through a straightforward process, various quantum dots (QDs) can be incorporated into zeolite cavities to develop materials with variety photoluminescent properties.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare tear film (TF) osmolarity measured using TearLab® and I-PEN® osmometers in the same dogs without any ocular surface disease. ANIMAL STUDIED: Fifty-two dogs (98 eyes) of different breeds were evaluated. PROCEDURES: Tear film (TF) osmolarity was evaluated at 2-min intervals. The test was randomly determined, and single measurements were performed using each osmometer. Subsequently, complete ophthalmologic examinations were performed based on Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) analysis, tear film breakup time (TFBUT), and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. For each osmometer, the mean ± standard deviation of the TF osmolarity was calculated, and a paired Student's t-test was used to compare the values obtained. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the association between osmolarity and other values such as STT-1, TFBUT, and age. RESULTS: Tear film osmolarity determined using TearLab® (340.42 ± 15.87 mOsm/L) and I-PEN® (321.58 ± 17.39 mOsm/L) were significantly different (p < .001). However, statistical significance could not be confirmed between osmolarity and other values, such as STT-1, TFBUT, and age. CONCLUSIONS: In dogs, the TF osmolarity values obtained using TearLab® tend to be higher than those obtained using I-PEN®, contrary to that observed in humans. These findings can serve as a reference for establishing normal values for each osmometer for clinical use in measuring TF osmolarity in dogs.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Laceraciones , Animales , Perros , Ojo , Laceraciones/veterinaria , Concentración Osmolar , Osmometria/veterinaria , Microscopía con Lámpara de Hendidura , LágrimasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to track and evaluate the association between vitreous degeneration and the development of cataracts or retinal detachments in dogs over a long period. ANIMAL STUDIED: Data on vitreous degeneration, cataracts, and retinal detachment in 102 eyes were collected from 68 dogs who underwent ocular ultrasonography at least twice between March 2017 and November 2021 at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Konkuk University. The mean follow-up time was 515 ± 256 (mean ± standard deviation; range: 81-1196) days. PROCEDURE: Development of cataracts and retinal detachment, according to the severity of vitreous degeneration grade (VDG), was evaluated during long-term follow-up. RESULTS: In the cataract study (87 eyes, 61 dogs), the number of cataracts developed according to VDG (grade: 0-3) were as follows: VDG 0: 1 in 10 (10%) eyes, VDG 1: 15 in 35 (43%) eyes, VDG 2: 15 in 30 (50%) eyes, and VDG 3: 10 in 12 (83%) eyes. It was significantly different among grades (p = .026). In the retinal detachment study (95 eyes, 64 dogs), the number of retinal detachments developed according to each VDG were as follows: VDG 0: 0 in 11 (0%) eyes, VDG 1: 1 in 36 (3%) eyes, VDG 2: 5 in 35 (14%) eyes, and VDG 3: 4 in 13 (30%) eyes. It was also significantly different among grades (p = .019). CONCLUSIONS: During long-term follow-up, dogs with severe vitreous degeneration had an increased risk of cataract and retinal detachment development than those without or with mild vitreous degeneration.
Asunto(s)
Catarata , Enfermedades de los Perros , Desprendimiento de Retina , Perros , Animales , Desprendimiento de Retina/etiología , Desprendimiento de Retina/veterinaria , Ojo/diagnóstico por imagen , Catarata/complicaciones , Catarata/veterinaria , Agudeza Visual , Ultrasonografía , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiologíaRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.10.014.].
RESUMEN
Background: With intensifying air pollutant levels and the COVID-19 pandemic, physical inactivity of South Korean children and adolescents may be threatened. Therefore, monitoring and surveillance of physical activity (PA) and relevant indicators are important for policy making pertaining to health promotion. Report Card is a third comprehensive evaluation of PA-related behaviors among and the sources of influence for South Korean children and adolescents. Purpose: To provide the outcome of the South Korea's 2022 Report Card on PA for children and adolescents. Methods: Based on a variety of sources including national surveys collected pre- and during-COVID-19 and information collected from government webpages, 11 indicators were graded by a committee of experts informed by the best available evidence. Data from during-COVID-19 were available for Overall PA, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep and considered together in generating the overall grades. Results: Grades were assigned to behavioral indicators (Overall PA: D-; Active Transportation: B+; Sedentary Behavior: D; Sleep: F) and sources of Influence (Family and Peers: C-; School: A; Community and Environment: B-; Government: A). Organized Sport and PA, Active Play, and Physical Fitness could not be graded due to the lack of data. The results largely indicated that children and adolescents show unfavorable behavioral grades even with favorable grades observed for the sources of influence indicators. Trivial differences were observed pre- and during-pandemic for Overall PA (≥60 min of MVPA for ≥4 d/wk: 20.8% vs 19.9%) and Sleep (met age-specific recommendation: 14.1% vs 15.0%); however, a marked increase in Sedentary Behavior was observed (≤2 h/d screen time: 28.8% vs 20.1%). A stark weekday vs weekend difference was observed in sleep duration. In terms of PA related sources of influence, high accessibility to PA facilities (81.1%) and high satisfaction of neighborhood public transit (74.6%) and safety (80.7%) were well reflected in our Active Transportation grade (B+). Nonetheless, perception of green environments including outdoor air quality (44.0%), noise (39.6%) and green space (56.5%) showed lower scores, suggesting that new barriers to active lifestyles are emerging for South Korean children and adolescents. Gender differences were also observed for overall PA (≥60 min of MVPA for ≥4 d/wk: 29.1% for boys vs 11.3% for girls) and sleep (met age-specific recommendations: 17.3% for boys vs 11.4% for girls), but not for sedentary behavior (≤2 h/d screen time: 26.4% for boys and 24.9% for girls). Conclusions: Government and school policies/programs and the built environment are, in general, conducive to physically active lifestyles for South Korean children and adolescents; however, behavioural indicators received poor grades except for Active Transportation. A thorough evaluation of policies/programs at government, local, and school levels is needed to ensure that the efforts to have PA-enhancing infrastructure and systems are actually being translated into the behavior of children and adolescents in South Korea. Furthermore, improving PA surveillance, monitoring, and advocacy to ultimately establish healthy lifestyle patterns among children and adolescents is a top priority.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess the efficacy of a biodegradable collagen matrix (ologen) in dogs with uncontrolled glaucoma receiving an Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implant. ANIMAL STUDIED: Five client-owned dogs with glaucoma (five eyes). PROCEDURES: Five eyes treated for uncontrolled glaucoma underwent AGV implantation with ologen. Ologen was placed on the AGV plate and tube with a scleral flap. Complete ophthalmological examinations were performed preoperatively and at 1 and 3 days, 1 and 2 weeks, and 1, 2, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Surgical outcomes were assessed based on the intraocular pressure (IOP), vision, frequency of anti-glaucoma eye drops, and bleb morphology; complications, if any, were recorded. The number of dogs with an IOP <20 mmHg with or without topical medications were tabulated and compared to those with an IOP ≥20 mmHg or those requiring surgery to maintain the IOP at <20 mmHg. RESULTS: The IOP significantly decreased from 47.00 ± 5.09 mmHg preoperatively to 17.00 ± 0.71 mmHg 6 months postoperatively (p = .008). IOP was controlled (<20 mmHg) in 5/5 dogs at 6 months postoperatively. Brief periods of elevated IOP (IOP ≥ 20 mmHg, IOP spike) occurred in one eye (case 5) at 1 month (35 mmHg) and 2 months (33 mmHg) postoperatively. The anti-glaucoma eye drop frequency decreased from 3.2 ± 0.44 preoperatively to 1.6 ± 0.90 at 6 months postoperatively (p = .007). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the potential safety of AGV implantation with ologen for canine glaucoma. This method effectively controlled the IOP, without any adverse effects.
Asunto(s)
Colágeno/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Implantes de Drenaje de Glaucoma/veterinaria , Glaucoma/veterinaria , Glicosaminoglicanos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Colágeno/efectos adversos , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Perros , Femenino , Glaucoma/cirugía , Glicosaminoglicanos/efectos adversos , Presión Intraocular/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
It has been shown that gintonin, isolated from Panax ginseng, can promote rapid corneal wound healing. We aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism and investigated whether gintonin affects the concentration of the extracellular matrix remodelling factor matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in tears during rabbit corneal wound healing in vivo. Twelve eyes (six rabbits) were divided equally into three groups. All eyes underwent corneal de-epithelialisation. The control group received Tearin Free sodium hyaluronate 0.1%, the solcoseryl group received solcoseryl-120 concentrate, and the gintonin group received 2.5 mg gintonin in sodium hyaluronate 0.1%. All preparations were administered for 5 days and the concentration of MMP-9 was measured in tears via ELISA on days 0, 1, and 5. MMP-9 concentrations in all groups were increased at day 1 and reduced at day 5. Of note, we found a significant change over the time frame for the gintonin group (P < 0.05) but not for the control or solcoseryl groups (P > 0.05) Moreover, increased MMP-9 levels between days 0 and 1, and their reduction between days 1 and 5, were significant in the gintonin group compared to those in the other groups (P < 0.05); however, and once more, these changes were not significant between the control and solcoseryl groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, gintonin increases the concentration of MMP-9 rapidly within a day of injury, and decreasing it thereafter.
Asunto(s)
Córnea , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz , Animales , Extractos Vegetales , Conejos , Lágrimas , Cicatrización de HeridasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In adults, the time-to-glucose-peak at or after 30 minutes during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) identifies physiologically distinct groups with differences in insulin sensitivity, ß-cell function and risk for type 2 diabetes. In obese non-diabetic adolescents, we investigated if the OGTT-time-to-glucose-peak also reflects incretin and free fatty acid (FFA) responses besides insulin sensitivity and ß-cell function, measured by the clamp. METHODS: Obese adolescents (n = 278) were categorized according to their OGTT-time-to-glucose-peak by Early-peak (at 30 minutes) vs Late-peak (>30 minutes) groups. Body composition, visceral adipose tissue, oral disposition index and OGTT-area under the curve (AUC) were examined. A subset of 102 participants had both hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic and hyperglycemic clamps to measure in vivo insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and ß-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: Compared with the Early-peak group, the Late-peak group had impaired ß-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity, lower glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide-AUC, and higher FFA-AUC despite higher insulin- and C-peptide-AUC. They also had lower hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity despite similar percent body fat and visceral adipose tissue, and had higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (all P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: In obese non-diabetic youth, those with a Late-peak vs an Early-peak glucose during an OGTT showed diminished ß-cell function, blunted incretin secretion, and lower insulin sensitivity of glucose and FFA metabolism. It remains to be determined if Late-peak glucose predicts the future development of type 2 diabetes in these high-risk youth.
Asunto(s)
Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/metabolismo , Incretinas/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Secreción de Insulina/fisiología , Células Secretoras de Insulina/fisiología , Obesidad/metabolismo , Adolescente , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Femenino , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad/complicaciones , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Youth type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) occurs decades earlier than adult T2DM and is characterized by high therapeutic failure rates and decreased response to insulin sensitizers suggesting a more severe disease process than in adults. To explain these observations, we hypothesized that insulin resistance is worse in obese youth than adults with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), a state of high-risk for T2DM. As proof-of-concept, we compared insulin sensitivity between BMI-, sex-, and race-matched obese youth vs adults with IGT. METHODS: This retrospective analysis of IGT youth and adults included 34 obese adolescents matched (2:1) for BMI, sex, and race to 17 adults. Hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity were measured by [6,6-2 H2 ]glucose and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Body composition (DEXA) and serum lipid profile were examined. RESULTS: Despite similar percent body fat, obese adolescents had 2-fold higher fasting insulin concentration, lower hepatic (~53%) and peripheral (~42%) insulin sensitivity and lower HDL compared with adults (all P < .01). Surrogate estimate of insulin sensitivity, 1/fasting insulin was lower and HOMA-IR was higher in adolescents vs adults. Adults had a more atherogenic lipid profile with higher total-, LDL-, and non-HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Obese youth and adults with IGT differ in that youth are more insulin resistant than adults in spite of similar adiposity. This could potentially explain the earlier onset of T2DM in youth through an early and amplified burden on a ß-cell destined to decompensate, and explicate their lower therapeutic response to insulin sensitizers.
Asunto(s)
Adiposidad , Envejecimiento , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiología , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Insulina , Obesidad/metabolismo , Obesidad Infantil/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Estudios de Cohortes , Comorbilidad , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Técnica de Clampeo de la Glucosa , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/epidemiología , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Pennsylvania/epidemiología , Prueba de Estudio Conceptual , Estudios Retrospectivos , Riesgo , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
An Ahmed valve implantation with an Ologen® Collagen Matrix (Ologen® CM, Aeon Astron, Leiden, the Netherlands) was performed for the treatment of uncontrolled glaucoma in a cat. This cat was a 5-year-old castrated Russian Blue male with a 12-week history of conjunctival hyperemia and mydriasis of the left eye. During the ophthalmic examination, the intraocular pressure (IOP) oculus sinister (OS) was 52 mmHg, and a narrow iridocorneal angle (ICA) was detected by gonioscopy. Medical treatment with Cosopt® (2% dorzolamide and 0.5% timolol) failed to decrease the IOP. The left eye still had vision, and an Ahmed valve implantation was performed. During the gonioimplantation, Ologen® CM was used to inhibit scar formation around the valve. Following the operation, the IOP was stable at an approximate average of 15 mmHg during the 7-month follow-up period, and vision in the left eye was retained without medication. An adequate subconjunctival filtering bleb was formed after 140 days. This is the first case report in which an Ahmed valve gonioimplant with an Ologen® CM has been used for the surgical treatment of glaucoma in a cat.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/cirugía , Colágeno , Implantes de Drenaje de Glaucoma/veterinaria , Glaucoma/cirugía , Glicosaminoglicanos , Animales , Gatos , Presión Intraocular , Masculino , Linaje , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
An aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, coccoid, creamish-white-coloured bacterium, designated strain R161T, was isolated from soil in Hwaseong, South Korea. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, aspartic acid, serine and lysine, and whole-cell sugars were galactose, rhamnose, glucose and ribose. Strain R161T showed antibacterial and enzyme inhibitory activities. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain R161T formed a lineage within the family Dermacoccaceae, and showed highest sequence similarity with type strains of Calidifontibacter indicus PC IW02T (97.71â% sequence similarity) and Yimella lutea YIM 45900T (97.58â%). The sequence similarity of strain R161T with type strains of members of the genus Dermacoccus was less than 96.5â%. The major menaquinone was MK-8(H4). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C16â:â0, anteiso-C17â:â0, iso-C16â:â1 H, anteiso-C17â:â1ω9c, summed feature 9 (iso-C17â:â1ω9c and/or C16â:â0 10-methyl) and iso-C15â:â0. The DNA G+C content of strain R161T was 73.9 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain R161T and C. indicus JCM 16038T was 52.1â%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analysis, strain R161T represents a novel species of genus Calidifontibacter, for which the name Calidifontibacter terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Calidifontibacter terrae sp. nov. is R161T (=KEMB 9005-404T=KACC 18906T=JCM 31558T).
Asunto(s)
Actinomycetales/clasificación , Filogenia , Microbiología del Suelo , Actinomycetales/genética , Actinomycetales/aislamiento & purificación , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Composición de Base , Pared Celular/química , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Ácidos Grasos/química , Hibridación de Ácido Nucleico , Peptidoglicano/química , Fosfolípidos/química , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , República de Corea , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Vitamina K 2/análogos & derivados , Vitamina K 2/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although the effect of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene on adiposity is well established, there is a lack of evidence whether physical activity (PA) modifies the effect of FTO variants on obesity in Latino populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine PA influences and interactive effects between FTO variants and PA on measures of adiposity in Latinos. RESULTS: After controlling for age and sex, participants who did not engage in regular PA exhibited higher BMI, fat mass, HC, and WC with statistical significance (P < 0.001). Although significant associations between the three FTO genotypes and adiposity measures were found, none of the FTO genotype by PA interaction assessments revealed nominally significant associations. However, several of such interactive influences exhibited considerable trend towards association. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that adiposity measures are associated with PA and FTO variants in Latinos, but the impact of their interactive influences on these obesity measures appear to be minimal. Future studies with large sample sizes may help to determine whether individuals with specific FTO variants exhibit differential responses to PA interventions.
Asunto(s)
Ejercicio Físico , Obesidad/genética , Proteínas/genética , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adiposidad/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Alelos , Dioxigenasa FTO Dependiente de Alfa-Cetoglutarato , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Técnicas de Genotipaje , Hispánicos o Latinos/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Circunferencia de la Cintura , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Despite evidence to the contrary, exercise interventions for obese youth target weight loss as a means of improving health. Using Exercise is Medicine® as a framework, we present a conceptual model for the beneficial effects of exercise independent of weight loss in obese youth and highlight novel biomarkers of cardiometabolic health that could prove useful as interventional targets for this population.
Asunto(s)
Terapia por Ejercicio , Obesidad/terapia , Pérdida de Peso , Adolescente , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/metabolismo , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/complicaciones , Colesterol/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Humanos , Insulina/sangre , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Obesidad/complicaciones , Tamaño de la Partícula , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: One hour (1-hr) glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is an emerging biomarker for type 2 diabetes. We compared the predictive power of 1-hr glucose to traditional glycemic markers for prospectively identifying prediabetes in youth. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Obese normoglycemic Latino youth (N = 116) were assessed at baseline for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting, 1-hr, and 2-hr glucose during an OGTT and were followed for up to 8 yr for the development of prediabetes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used and a multivariable prediction model was developed. RESULTS: The area under the 1-hr glucose ROC curve was the most powerful predictor of prediabetes over time [0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64-0.83]. However, combining all indicators into a single model was superior to individual marker models (0.77, 95% CI = 0.690.86). CONCLUSIONS: These results further support the utility of 1-hr glucose during an OGTT as a prospective marker of diabetes risk in youth.
Asunto(s)
Obesidad/complicaciones , Estado Prediabético/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidad/etnología , Estado Prediabético/etnología , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The increased occurrence of type 2 diabetes and its clinical correlates is a global public health issue, and there are continued efforts to find its genetic determinant across ethnically diverse populations. The aims of this study were to determine the heritability of diabetes and metabolic syndrome phenotypes in the Arizona Insulin Resistance (AIR) registry and to perform an association analysis of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified by GWAS with these traits. All study participants were Mexican Americans from the AIR registry. METHODS: Metabolic, anthropometric, demographic and medical history information was obtained on the 667 individuals enrolled in the registry. RESULTS: The heritability estimates were moderate to high in magnitude and significant, indicating that the AIR registry is well suited for the identification of genetic factors contributing to diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. From the 30 GWAS genes selected (some genes were represented by multiple SNPs), 20 SNPs exhibited associations with one or more of the diabetes related traits with nominal significance (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, 25 SNPs were nominally significantly associated with one or more of the metabolic phenotypes tested (p ≤ 0.05). Most notably, 5 SNPs from 5 genes [body mass index (BMI), hip circumference: rs3751812/FTO; fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c: rs4607517/GCK; very-low-density lipoprotein: rs10830963/MTNR1B; BMI: rs13266634/SLC30A8, and total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein: rs7578597/THADA] were significantly associated with obesity, glycemic, and lipid phenotypes when using the multiple testing significance threshold of 0.0015. CONCLUSION: These findings extend previous work on Mexican Americans to suggest that metabolic disease is strongly influenced by genetic background in this high-risk population.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Estudios de Asociación Genética/métodos , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Síndrome Metabólico/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Adolescente , Adulto , Arizona , Glucemia/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea , Índice de Masa Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnología , Salud de la Familia , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Estudios de Asociación Genética/estadística & datos numéricos , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/etnología , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo/métodos , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo/estadística & datos numéricos , Genotipo , Humanos , Resistencia a la Insulina/genética , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/etnología , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Americanos Mexicanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sistema de Registros/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The tear clearance rate (TCR), determined using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images, and its correlation with ocular surface parameters, including blink rate, Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) and tear film breakup time (TFBUT), were evaluated. ANIMALS STUDIED: Left eyes of 20 client-owned dogs with no ocular disease symptoms. PROCEDURES: The tear meniscus height (TMH) was evaluated using AS-OCT images before the instillation of 5 µL saline (TMHbase ), immediately post-instillation (TMH0 ), 30-s post-instillation (TMH0.5 ) and at 1 min intervals for 5 min post-instillation (TMH1 , TMH2 , TMH3 , TMH4 and TMH5 ). The TCR was calculated using the formula [(TMH0 - TMH0.5 )/TMH0 ]×100 (%). The eyes were classified into two groups with the median: 'High TMHbase ' (n = 10) and 'Low TMHbase ' (n = 10). Eyes with STT-1 values ≥15 mm/min and TFBUT ≥ 12 s were assigned to the 'Satisfied' subgroup, whereas eyes not satisfying these criteria were assigned to the 'Not satisfied' subgroup. RESULTS: TMH0 was higher than TMH0.5 (p = 0.02), wherein TMH0.5 to TMH5 did not differ significantly. The TCR and blink rate were negatively correlated (p = 0.02). The 'Not satisfied' subgroup in the low TMHbase group had a lower TCR (p = 0.02) and higher blink rate (p = 0.04) than the 'Satisfied' subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: TCR can be evaluated using AS-OCT in dogs. Eyes with a lower TCR blink more frequently. TMH merits studying to understand ocular surface health.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Síndromes de Ojo Seco , Humanos , Perros , Animales , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica/veterinaria , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica/métodos , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/diagnóstico , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/veterinaria , Lágrimas , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos TRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Single Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE) index was recently introduced as a reliable indirect indicator of insulin resistance, applicable to large population-based research. Here, we aimed to 1) examine racial/ethnic differences in SPISE index among US adults, 2) compare predictive power of SPISE index for metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) by race/ethnicity, and 3) evaluate its predictive power for MetSyn against other well-known IR indices including Triglyceride/HDL-C, Triglyceride-glucose index, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and inverse fasting insulin. METHODS: A total of 2168 adults (814 white, 690 black, and 664 Hispanic) from NHANES 2017-March 2020 Pre-Pandemic Data was analyzed in this study. MetSyn was defined by the AHA/NHLBI criteria. SPISE index and insulin resistance indices were calculated by using physical and cardiometabolic parameters. RESULTS: SPISE index was lowest in Hispanic, followed by black and white, with no difference between white vs. black. The area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics of SPISE index for predicting MetSyn was highest in white (88 %), followed by Hispanic (86 %) and black (82 %) (P < 0.05 vs. black), with optimal cutoffs of 5.03, 4.84, and 4.89, respectively. In the total cohort, the predictive power of the SPISE index for MetSyn was 85 %, higher than the other insulin resistance indices (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SPISE index outperforms various insulin resistance indices for predicting MetSyn in US adults, signifying its potential in large-scale observational studies. Race/ethnicity should be stratified when using the SPISE index as its predictive power and cutoffs for predicting MetSyn vary by race/ethnicity.
RESUMEN
Introduction: Canine bacterial keratitis is a corneal infection that causes various symptoms, including visual impairment, and necessitates eye removal in severe cases. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a pathogen that causes significant bacterial keratitis in canine patients. Moreover, multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MDRSP) has been reported in both humans and animals. Regarding treatment failure against multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens with classic antibiotics, antimicrobial compounds derived from probiotics have been suggested as an alternative approach. Methods: Ligilactobacillus animalis SWLA-1 strain and its cell-free supernatant (CFS) have previously demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against various MDR pathogenic bacteria. Based on this finding, we evaluated the anti-staphylococcal activity of CFS derived from Ligilactobacillus animalis SWLA-1 against MDRSP in a newly established ex vivo canine corneal infection model using fresh canine corneoscleral rims. Additionally, an in vitro cytotoxicity test using human keratocytes was performed. Results and Discussion: CFS significantly inhibited the growth of MDRSP in the novel ex vivo model and did not exhibit any significant toxicity against keratocytes in vitro. Based on these results, the antimicrobial compounds in CFS show potential as a novel approach for MDR staphylococcal keratitis treatment.