Humiliated fury is not universal: the co-occurrence of anger and shame in the United States and Japan.

It has been widely believed that individuals transform high-intensity shame into anger because shame is unbearably painful. This phenomenon was first coined "humiliated fury," and it has since received empirical support. The current research tests the novel hypothesis that shame-related anger is not universal, yet hinges on the cultural meanings of anger and shame. Two studies compared the occurrence of shame-related anger in North American cultural contexts (where shame is devalued and anger is valued) to its occurrence in Japanese contexts (where shame is valued and anger is devalued). In a daily-diary study, participants rated anger and shame feelings during shame situations that occurred over one week. In a vignette study, participants rated anger and shame in response to standardised shame vignettes that were generated in previous research by either U.S. or Japanese respondents. Across the two studies, and in line with previous research on humiliated fury, shame predicted anger for U.S. PARTICIPANTS: Yet, neither in the daily diary study nor for the Japanese-origin vignettes, did we find shame-related anger in Japanese participants. Only when presented with U.S.-origin vignettes, did Japanese respondents in the vignette study report shame-related anger. The findings suggest that shame-related anger is a culture-specific phenomenon.

Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion of Water Atomized Iron and Powder Blends.

In the present state of the art, highly spherical alloy powders are employed as feedstock in powder bed fusion processes. These powders are characterized by high flowability and apparent density. Their elaborate fabrication process is reflected in high powder price, adding a significant fraction to the cost of additively manufactured parts. Thus, the use of non-spherical powders, such as water atomized material, can lower costs significantly. Here, the electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB) of standard water atomized iron powder used for press-and-sinter is studied. Despite raking problems, using the coating mechanism in standard configuration samples with densities exceeding 99% were fabricated. In a further step, the addition of alloying elements by powder blending is explored. Important powder properties of feedstock blended from irregular and spherical powders are characterized. The PBF-EB processing of two alloys is presented. The first represents a low carbon steel. Samples were characterized by metallographic cross-section, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, and mechanical testing. The second alloy system is a FeCrAl. After PBF-EB processing of the powder mixture, chemical homogeneity was achieved. Besides the low cost, this approach of using water atomized powder mixed with master alloy offers the advantage of high flexibility for potential application.

PBF-EB of Fe-Cr-V Alloy for Wear Applications.

Due to the small variety of materials, the areas of application of additive manufacturing in the toolmaking industry are currently still limited. In order to overcome these material restrictions, AM material development for high carbon-containing iron-based materials, which are characterized by high strength, hardness, and wear resistance, must be intensified. However, these materials are often susceptible to crack formation or lack of fusion defects during processing. Therefore, these materials are preferentially suited for electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB). In this paper, an Fe-Cr-V alloy with 10% vanadium is presented. Investigations were carried out on the PBF-EB system Arcam A2X. Specimens and demonstrators are characterized by a three-phase microstructure with an Fe-rich matrix and VC and M7C3 reinforcements. The resulting microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Furthermore, mechanical and physical properties were measured. A final field test was conducted to evaluate durability in use.

Protection from cytomegalovirus after transplantation is correlated with immediate early 1-specific CD8 T cells.

T cells are crucial for the control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in infected individuals. Although CMV-specific T cells can be quantified by various methods, clear correlates of protection from CMV disease have not been defined. However, responses to the pp65 protein are believed to play an important role. Here, the proportions of interferon gamma-producing T cells following ex vivo activation with pools of overlapping peptides representing the pp65 and immediate early (IE)-1 proteins were determined at multiple time points and related to the development of CMV disease in 27 heart and lung transplant recipients. Frequencies of IE-1-specific CD8 T cells above 0.2 and 0.4% at day 0 and 2 wk, respectively, or 0.4% at any time during the first months discriminated patients who did not develop CMV disease from patients at risk, 50-60% of whom developed CMV disease. No similar distinction between risk groups was possible based on pp65-specific CD8 or CD4 T cell responses. Remarkably, CMV disease developed exclusively in patients with a dominant pp65-specific CD8 T cell response. In conclusion, high frequencies of IE-1 but not pp65-specific CD8 T cells correlate with protection from CMV disease. These results have important implications for monitoring T cell responses, adoptive cell therapy, and vaccine design.

Dissection of the CMV specific T-cell response is required for optimized cardiac transplant monitoring.

Despite the success of antivirals in preventing clinically overt CMV disease in cardiac allograft recipients, sub-clinical active CMV infection remains a major concern because of its association with allograft rejection and vasculopathy. The measurement of CMV specific T-cell responses is a promising approach to assessing this situation. For simplicity, class-I MHC/peptide-multimers staining CD8 T-cells directly are often used but this ignores a much wider range of responses including the whole CD4 T-cell compartment. CD4 T-cells, however, were recently shown to be critical to reducing CMV load early after transplantation. To determine how extensive T-cell responses to CMV are, the responses to two dominant CMV proteins, IE-1 and pp65, were dissected in detail accounting for T-cell lineage, frequencies, epitope recognition and changes over time in more than 25 heart transplant recipients. Cross-sectional results from over 30 healthy CMV-carriers were analyzed for comparison. Responses were unexpectedly complex, with considerable inter-individual variation in terms of dominance, breadth, and recognized epitopes. Whereas the use of MHC/peptide-multimers for clinical CD8 T-cell response monitoring alone can be justified in some situations, short term T-cell activation combined with intracellular cytokine staining was clearly found to be of more general usefulness. The performance of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, or IL-2 as single read-outs in identifying activated T-cells was examined and confirmed that the frequently used IFN-gamma was best suited. These results should be used to inform the design of clinically applicable and diagnostically useful approaches to monitoring CMV specific responses in heart transplant recipients.

Photoemission and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure studies of the bacterial surface protein layer of Bacillus sphaericus NCTC 9602.

The electronic structure of the regular, two-dimensional bacterial surface protein layer of Bacillus sphaericus NCTC 9602 has been examined by photoemission (PE) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Both the O 1s and the N 1s core-level PE spectra show a single structure, whereas the C 1s core-level spectrum appears manifold, suggesting similar chemical states for each oxygen atom and also for each nitrogen atom, while carbon atoms exhibit a range of chemical environments in the different functional groups of the amino acids. This result is supported by the element-specific NEXAFS spectra of the unoccupied valence electronic states, which exhibit a series of characteristic NEXAFS peaks that can be assigned to particular molecular orbitals of the amino acids by applying a phenomenological building-block model. The relative contributions of the C-O, C-N, and C-C bond originating signals into the C 1s PE spectrum are in good agreement with the number ratios of the corresponding bonds calculated from the known primary structure of the bacterial surface protein. First interpretation of the PE spectrum of the occupied valence states is achieved on the basis of electronic density-of-states calculations performed for small peptides. It was found that mainly the pi clouds of the aromatic rings contribute to both the lowest unoccupied and the highest occupied molecular orbitals.

Preparation of high-quality ultrathin transmission electron microscopy specimens of a nanocrystalline metallic powder.

This article explores the achievable transmission electron microscopy specimen thickness and quality by using three different preparation methods in the case of a high-strength nanocrystalline Cu-Nb powder alloy. Low specimen thickness is essential for spatially resolved analyses of the grains in nanocrystalline materials. We have found that single-sided as well as double-sided low-angle Ar ion milling of the Cu-Nb powders embedded into epoxy resin produced wedge-shaped particles of very low thickness (<10 nm) near the edge. By means of a modified focused ion beam lift-out technique generating holes in the lamella interior large micrometer-sized electron-transparent regions were obtained. However, this lamella displayed a higher thickness at the rim of ≥30 nm. Limiting factors for the observed thicknesses are discussed including ion damage depths, backscattering, and surface roughness, which depend on ion type, energy, current density, and specimen motion. Finally, sections cut by ultramicrotomy at low stroke rate and low set thickness offered vast, several tens of square micrometers uniformly thin regions of ∼10-nm minimum thickness. As major drawbacks, we have detected a thin coating on the sections consisting of epoxy deployed as the embedding material and considerable nanoscale thickness variations.

Electronic structure of regular bacterial surface layers.

We report photoemission and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure measurements of the occupied and unoccupied valence electronic states of the regular surface layer of Bacillus sphaericus, which is widely used as the protein template for the fabrication of metallic nanostructures. The two-dimensional protein crystal shows a semiconductorlike behavior with a gap value of approximately 3.0 eV and the Fermi energy close to the bottom of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. We anticipate that these results will open up new possibilities for the electric addressability of biotemplated low-dimensional hybrid structures.