Acute inhalation study of allyl alcohol for derivation of acute exposure guideline levels.

An acute, whole-body inhalation study for allyl alcohol in Sprague-Dawley rats was designed to support derivation of AEGL values, with emphasis on establishing NOAELs for irreversible effects of different exposure concentrations and durations. Groups of 10 rats were exposed for 1 hour (0, 50, 200, or 400 ppm), 4 hours (0, 20, 50, or 100 ppm), or 8 hours (0, 10, 20, or 50 ppm). Clinical evaluations were performed during exposure and in an open field within 22-71 minutes after termination of exposure. Clinical pathology, gross necropsy, and histopathology (nasal tissues, larynx, trachea, lungs/bronchi, liver, and kidneys) were evaluated 14 days after exposure. Mortality was limited to 1 male exposed for 8 hours to 50 ppm. Clinical findings of gasping, rales, increased respiration noted at higher exposure levels were rapidly reversed. No treatment-related findings were observed in the liver and kidneys, or in the lungs of surviving animals. Histopathology in the nasal cavity was noted at all exposure levels following 1, 4, or 8 hours of exposure. Mild nasal inflammation was found at the lowest exposure levels (50-ppm/1-hour, 20-ppm/4-hour, and 10-ppm/8-hour). These effects were considered reversible and were not associated with related clinical signs. Severe, irreversible nasal olfactory epithelial lesions were present in 50 ppm/8-hour males. The NOELs for irreversible effects were 400-ppm/1-hour, 100-ppm/4-hour, and 20-ppm/8-hour. The incidence of severe findings was positively dependent on both concentration and the exposure duration. In contrast, the incidence of mild reversible findings did not appear to be dependent on duration.

Inhalation carcinogenicity study with nickel metal powder in Wistar rats.

Epidemiological studies of nickel refinery workers have demonstrated an association between increased respiratory cancer risk and exposure to certain nickel compounds (later confirmed in animal studies). However, the lack of an association found in epidemiological analyses for nickel metal remained unconfirmed for lack of robust animal inhalation studies. In the present study, Wistar rats were exposed by whole-body inhalation to 0, 0.1, 0.4, and 1.0 mg Ni/m(3) nickel metal powder (MMAD=1.8 microm, GSD=2.4 microm) for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 24 months. A subsequent six-month period without exposures preceded the final euthanasia. High mortality among rats exposed to 1.0 mg Ni/m(3) nickel metal resulted in the earlier termination of exposures in this group. The exposure level of 0.4 mg Ni/m(3) was established as the MTD for the study. Lung alterations associated with nickel metal exposure included alveolar proteinosis, alveolar histiocytosis, chronic inflammation, and bronchiolar-alveolar hyperplasia. No increased incidence of neoplasm of the respiratory tract was observed. Adrenal gland pheochromocytomas (benign and malignant) in males and combined cortical adenomas/carcinomas in females were induced in a dose-dependent manner by the nickel metal exposure. The incidence of pheochromocytomas was statistically increased in the 0.4 mg Ni/m(3) male group. Pheochromocytomas appear to be secondary to the lung toxicity associated with the exposure rather than being related to a direct nickel effect on the adrenal glands. The incidence of cortical tumors among 0.4 mg Ni/m(3) females, although statistically higher compared to the concurrent controls, falls within the historical control range; therefore, in the present study, this tumor is of uncertain relationship to nickel metal exposure. The lack of respiratory tumors in the present animal study is consistent with the findings of the epidemiological studies.