Care needs and self-induced measures of women with postpartum pelvic floor disorder- Results of a social media-based survey of 2930 women.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic floor disorders (PFD) occur in about 40% of women after delivery. Less is known about the intervention and care needs of women with postpartum PFD. The aim of this analysis was to analyze care needs and self-initiated measures to strengthen the pelvic floor in postpartum women in relation to incontinence and sexual dysfunction. Furthermore, influencing factors for self-initiated measures were evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An anonymous online survey (via LimeSurvey) was conducted between September and October 2022 and distributed via social media (Instagram and Facebook). The survey explicitly addressed mothers with and without pelvic floor disorders up to 5 years postpartum (inclusion criteria). Validated instruments were employed to assess incontinence (ICIQ-SF) and sexual functioning (PISQ-IR: Condition Impact). The questions on the use of services and preventive measures, as well as on the interaction with a gynecologist, were based on self-developed items. RESULTS: In total, 49.4% of the participants of the survey showed symptoms of urinary incontinence (UI). Furthermore, only 40.3% (n = 241) of women were actively asked by their gynecologists for the occurrence of UI or PFD among those who suffered from PFD. Overall, 79.3% of the participants of the survey with UI underwent measures to deal with the complaints. The ICIQ-SF Score was significantly associated with all self-induced measures. High School diplomas and academic degrees were associated with the use of love balls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the study show the unmet needs of postpartum women. PFD should be addressed more frequently in the outpatient setting. Furthermore, more systematic information about the treatment of PFD could help to address unmet information needs and improve interventions.

Emergency department use during pregnancy: a prospective observational study in a single center institution.

PURPOSE: Gynecologists working in emergency department services in hospitals lately have the impression that the number of pregnant women who present themselves because of anxiety or uncertainty is increasing. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess reasons of pregnant women for presenting themselves to an emergency department. Of special interest was how far a diagnosis could be confirmed for the symptoms pregnant women complained about. METHODS: This is a prospective questionnaire-based study conducted between April 2015 and April 2016 in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the University Hospital of Cologne. The questionnaire was placed in the waiting area of the emergency department service for pregnant women. Pregnant patients were included with a gestational age of above 20 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: 331 patients were enrolled in this study. The most frequent reason for emergency department use was "pain" in 28.3% and cervical insufficiency in 19.7% of all cases. 45.6% (n = 151) of the patients had a recommendation of an outpatient practice for presentation to emergency department service. 36.3% (n = 120) of all patients were admitted to hospital for further treatment, 58.6% (n = 194) could be released from hospital. 3.3% (n = 11) of all patients rejected recommended further treatment in hospital. A trend was demonstrated concerning former abortion and hospital admission (p = 0.062). CONCLUSIONS: The high amount of patients making nonurgent use of emergency department services indicates potential uncertainty in interpretation of symptoms. Patients with former abortion history were admitted more often to hospital, and therefore need special attention during pregnancy.

Biologic meshes and synthetic meshes in cancer patients: a double-edged sword: differences in production of IL-6 and IL-12 caused by acellular dermal matrices in human immune cells.

PURPOSE: In 2005, Breuing et al. first described the use of acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) in breast cancer patients. ADMs are assumed to be safe to use in an oncologic setting, but data from controlled studies are still needed. Here, we investigate the effects of ADMs on the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12, key regulators of immune suppression and activation. METHODS: Strattice (ST), CollaMend (CM), and Biodesign (BD) biologic meshes and TiLoop, a synthetic mesh (TL), were used in this study. We isolated myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs), untouched plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), naïve B cells, and CD8+ T cells and co-cultured these cells with either the biologic meshes or TL. As positive controls, we used CpG ODN 2216 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The cytokine concentrations of IL-12p70 and IL-6 were determined after 7 days using sandwich ELISA sets. RESULTS: There were highly significant differences between the ADMs and TL in terms of their ability to stimulate immunologic responses. IL-6 expression was significantly increased in B cells (p = 0.0006131) and T cells (p = 0.00418) when comparing TL and ADMs. We also identified significant differences in IL-12 production by B cells (p = 0.0166) and T cells (p = 0.003636) when comparing TL and ADMs. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the assumed lack of an immunological response to ADMs, in our experimental study, human immune cells reacted with significantly different cytokine profiles. These findings may have implications for the potential activation or suppression of effector cells in cancer patients and could explain some of the post clinical post surgical signs of ADMS like skin rush and seroma.

Correction to: Promotor analysis of ESR1 in endometrial cancer cell lines, endometrial and endometriotic tissue.

In the original publication of the article, the name of first author was misspelled. The correct name has been copied below.

Promotor analysis of ESR1 in endometrial cancer cell lines, endometrial and endometriotic tissue.

PURPOSE: The nuclear hormone receptor estrogen receptor α (ERα) is pivotal for numerous processes in the cell. As a transcription factor, it regulates eukaryotic gene expression and affects cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Moreover, ERα is known for its influence on various gynecological diseases and carcinogenesis. Since its expression is often altered in diseased tissues and this alteration was found to be caused by hypermethylation of the ESR1 promotor region in cancer, including breast and colorectal cancer, the aim of this study is to elucidate if the expression of ERα is also regulated epigenetically in endometriosis and endometrial cancer. METHODS: Using real-time methylation-specific PCR (rt-MSP), we examined endometrial and endometriotic tissues as well as five endometrial cancer cell lines and compared the methylation status with the actual expression of ERα. RESULTS: The results of our study indicate that, though its expression is altered in endometrial and endometriotic tissue, ERα is not regulated by methylation of the promotor region in endometriosis. In contrast, three of the five endometrial cancer cell lines are methylated in the promotor region of ESR1. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, further investigation of the connection between ERα and endometrial cancer will be the next step.

The number of removed lymph nodes by inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy: impact on recurrence rates in patients with vulva carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Inguinal lymph node (LN) metastasis is a crucial prognostic factor in vulva carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of the number of resected LNs in patients with vulvar carcinoma on recurrence rates. METHODS: This retrospective study includes patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma who underwent inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy (IFL) between 1998 and 2011. Dissected groins were stratified by the number of removed lymph nodes (<6 LNs versus ≥6 LNs) or inguinal LN metastasis (pN- versus pN+) and analyzed according to groin, local and distance recurrence rates. RESULTS: In total 45 patients were identified and 79 groins were eligible for this analysis. 11 patients underwent ipsilateral IFL and 34 bilateral IFL. The median age was 58 years (range 31-80). The median tumor size was 2 cm (range 0.1-7.9). A median of 8 (range 0-19) LNs were resected per groin. Overall in 11 groins LN metastases were found. Groin recurrences occurred in four patients, local recurrence in six patients and distant metastasis in one patient. We did not observe any significant improvement in groin recurrence rates, local recurrence rates and distant recurrence rates if more than six LNs were removed per groin. Notably, patients with LN metastasis did not show higher recurrence rates compared to unaffected LNs. CONCLUSION: In this cohort we demonstrated that resection of more than six LNs per groin does not improve the recurrence rates in patients with carcinoma of the vulva. Further prospective studies with more individuals are needed to evaluate the role of resected LNs in vulvar carcinoma.

Cervical screening program and the psychological impact of an abnormal Pap smear: a self-assessment questionnaire study of 590 patients.

PURPOSE: Invasive cervical cancer is today the fourth most common cancer of women in western civilization. Screening programs have led to a continuously decrease. Nevertheless, both screening and a positive test result are known to be associated with a negative psychological impact. Screening programs in European countries differ and thus psychological impact might as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychological impact of women with an abnormal Pap smear in a German cohort. METHODS: Between July 2013 and May 2014, a self-assessment questionnaire was distributed to 595 patients that were referred to a special clinic for cervical dysplasia for further evaluation of an abnormal Pap smear. Patients were recruited in five different centers. RESULTS: Most patients (45.9 %) were informed about the test result via phone call by their doctor. 68.8 % of the patients felt anxious and 26.3 % even felt panic. After having talked to their physician, 51.4 % of our cohort still felt worried and only 24.4 % felt reassured. Concerning disease management, 48.4 % underwent a control Pap smear in 6 months. The preferred information source was the physician (63.9 %). Compared to the results in other European countries, our study cohort showed differences concerning age distribution, patients living in a partnership, number of children and especially disease management. CONCLUSION: Cancer screening itself and abnormal test results have an impact on patient's feelings. To reduce the psychological impact, patients need to be better informed about the risks and benefits of cancer screening programs and in case of cervical cancer screening about the meaning of an abnormal test result. Our results underline the importance of a trustful physician-patient relationship in that matter.

Cervical conisation and the risk of preterm delivery: a retrospective matched pair analysis of a German cohort.

PURPOSE: Since the routine screening program for cervical dysplasia by Pap smear was established in the early 1970s, the rate of cervical cancer has continually dropped. Even if a high percentage of cervical dysplasia shows spontaneous restitution, the only effective therapy for persisting cervical dysplasia is local ablation or excision which might be associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery in subsequent pregnancies. However, data from German patients are missing, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of preterm delivery and associated risks in a cohort of patients who had undergone cervical conisation previous to their pregnancies. METHODS: A total of 144 patients with conisation and subsequent pregnancy were identified. They were compared regarding week of delivery and preterm birth, fetal birth weight, fetal outcome and birth procedure (spontaneous delivery, vacuum extraction, primary and secondary cesarean section) with their matched partners. RESULTS: 135 patients with singleton pregnancies and their matched partners were evaluated in the final analysis. The mean age was 33.5 years. Comparing the case and control group we reached significant different results for week of delivery, but not preterm birth defined as birth prior to 37 weeks of gestation. CONCLUSIONS: Within this German cohort cervical conisation did not increase the risk for preterm birth, cesarean section or poor fetal outcome. We therefore conclude that cervical conisation is an appropriate method to treat women with cervical dysplasia also at childbearing age when prevention of cervical cancer is needed.

Staging for Breast Cancer: A Comparison Between Old and New Approaches.

Background/Aim: Staging for breast cancer in advanced stages or prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is recommended to be performed with CT scan of the chest and abdomen and a bone scan. This recommendation is valid since 2012, when conventional staging with chest x-ray and ultrasound of the abdomen was replaced by the more sensitive CT scan. However, it remains unclear if this approach improves patient outcome and prognosis. Patients and Methods: We identified patients who were treated for breast cancer at the breast center of the St. Elisabeth Hospital, Cologne, in 2012 and 2014. Clinical information such as age at diagnosis, stage, tumor biology, grading, and the applied method for staging was abstracted from the patient chart. We also looked for local or distant recurrence and data of survival. Results: A total of 1,122 patients were identified. Of those, 104 patients developed local or distant recurrence and 54 died. Conventional staging with chest x-ray, abdominal ultrasound and a bone scan was more often in 2012 (482 cases) than in 2014 (135), but CT-staging was more often in 2014 (180 vs. 29 cases). In general, less patients were staged in 2014 than in 2012. There were no significant survival differences between the two groups. Conclusion: Staging habits changed in 2012 compared to 2014 according to the changes in guidelines. This change did not affect disease-free survival.

Staging for Breast Cancer: A Nationwide Survey about Adherence to Guidelines in German Breast Centers.

Introduction: The risk for metastasis at primary diagnosis of breast cancer is about 4%. The German guidelines give clear indications on when, who, and how to stage breast cancer patients. Ideally, this should be done via computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan of the thorax and abdomen and an additional bone scan. But daily practice shows that the way health-care providers handle staging recommendations can vary. To objectify adherence to guidelines we started a nation-wide survey. Methods: Between July and September 2020, we sent out a survey via email to all certified and noncertified breast centers and in addition to all Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Germany. We asked for timing of staging, conditions that cause staging, and the applied method. In case we did not get any reply, we sent out a reminder. Results: A total of 220 certified breast centers, 28 noncertified breast centers, and 48 Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology who care for breast cancer patients took part in our survey. A general pretherapeutic staging was performed in 16.4%, 39.3%, and 66.7% of all institutions and a general postoperative staging was performed in 4.1%, 0%, and 6.3% of each institutional type, respectively. In terms of the applied method, 75% of all certified breast centers used a CAT scan and bone scan, while 23.3% primarily used chest X-ray, ultrasound of the abdomen (27.7%), or MRI. As a potential reason for using X-ray and ultrasound, the presence of a "low-risk" breast cancer was mentioned. Summary: Although certified breast centers show the highest adherence to current guidelines, some still perform a general staging or do not use the recommended staging method. The low probability of primary metastatic breast cancer and the use of a reasonable exposure to radiation warrant a critical discussion.

The Role of Previous Therapies and Sites of Metastasis as Influencing Factors on Discordance of ER, PR and HER2 Status Between Primary and Metastasized Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of the present study was to analyze metastasized breast cancer (BC) patients with regard to the discordance of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). We especially aimed to analyze the association between the change of tumor biology and previous treatment or metastatic sites. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with metastasized BC who were treated at the Department of Gynecology/Breast Center of the University Hospital of Cologne were analyzed. RESULTS: Loss of HER2 occurred more frequently in lymph node metastases that were not in the axillary region (p=0.026). Letrozole showed a significant correlation with loss of ER and/or PR (p=0.041). Improved overall survival and post-metastasis survival were noticed with a gain of HER2 (p=0.044 and p=0.009, respectively) and concordant positive ER and PR status (p=0.002 and p=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The discordance of receptors and the dependence of BC on therapies as well as metastatic sites stresses the necessity of early sample taking to offer patients suitable therapy options.

Factors Predictive of Sentinel Lymph Node Involvement in Primary Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has replaced axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for axillary staging in patients with early-stage breast cancer. The need for therapeutic ALND is the subject of ongoing debate especially after the publication of the ACOSOG Z0011 trial. In a retrospective trial with univariate and multivariate analyses, factors predictive of sentinel lymph node involvement should be analyzed in order to define tumor characteristics of breast cancer patients, where SLNB should not be spared to receive important indicators for adjuvant treatment decisions (e.g. thoracic wall irradiation after mastectomy with or without reconstruction). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2006 and 2010, 1,360 patients with primary breast cancer underwent SLNB with/without ALND with evaluation of tumor localization, multicentricity and multifocality, histological subtype, tumor size, grading, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status. These characteristics were retrospectively analyzed in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to define significant predictive factors for sentinel lymph node involvement. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor size and LVI (p<0.001) were independent predictive factors for metastatic sentinel lymph node involvement in patients with early-stage breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Because of the increased risk for metastatic involvement of axillary sentinel nodes in cases with larger breast cancer or diagnosis of LVI, patients with these breast cancer characteristics should not be spared from SLNB in a clinically node-negative situation in order to avoid false-negative results with a high potential for wrong indication of primary breast reconstruction or wrong non-indication of necessary post-mastectomy radiation therapy. The prognostic impact of avoidance of axillary staging with SLNB is analyzed in the ongoing prospective INSEMA trial.

ESR1-promoter-methylation status in primary breast cancer and its corresponding metastases.

The role of ESR1 methylation in breast cancer and its influence on disease progression is not yet fully understood. Healthy breast tissue usually does not show ESR1 promoter methylation, whereas the frequency of ESR1 methylation appears to increase in primary breast cancer and in metastatic disease. Although women with ER positive breast cancer have a good prognosis, some will relapse. We aimed to evaluate the methylation status of ESR1 in primary breast cancer and its corresponding metastases by a methylation-specific real-time PCR and to correlate the methylation status with clinical outcome. Women who were treated for primary and metastatic breast cancer were included in the study. Tumor DNA was isolated from paraffin embedded tissue sections. After bisulfite treatment ESR1 promoter methylation was analyzed by real time-MSP of each tissue sample. Kaplan-Meier-Curves were drawn for survival. In the group of patients with positive ESR1 promoter methylation in the primary breast carcinoma survival was lower compared to the group of patients without methylation (38.1 months vs. 54.3 months, n.s.). Seven out of 19 (37%) of those patients with positive ESR1 promoter methylation developed loss of ER expression in metastatic disease. None of the patients who had primary tumours that were ESR1 methylation negative developed ER expression negative metastatic disease. The results underline the importance of the ESR1 promoter methylation and its potential application as a predictive marker. To improve the clinical outcome of patients with metastatic disease, those with initially positive ESR1 methylation status should undergo a tissue biopsy already at the beginning of metastatic disease to identify those with loss of ER expression and thus resitance to anti-endocrine therapy.

A Retrospective Analysis of Ki-67 Index and its Prognostic Significance in Over 800 Primary Breast Cancer Cases.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The Ki-67 index is chiefly important for distinguishing between luminal A and luminal B human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2neu)-negative breast cancer subtypes. However, its ability to predict response to chemotherapy is uncertain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients treated for primary breast cancer at the University Hospital of Cologne were identified. Immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 detection was performed according to standard protocols. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were calculated and compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: Patients with low Ki-67 index had a significantly better disease-free-survival (DFS) than patients with high Ki-67 index (hazard ratio=2.85; 95% confidence interval=1.45-5.59; p=0.002). A significant influence on DFS was demonstrated (hazard ratio(HR)=1.02; confidence interval(CI)=1.00-1.04; p=0.048) within the subgroup of hormone receptor-positive and HER2neu-negative patients, but not within the subgroup of those with luminal B/HER2neu-negative tumors (DFS: p=0.801; overall-survival: p=0.379). CONCLUSION: The Ki-67 index has a prognostic impact on DFS in patients with hormone receptor-positive and HER2neu-negative tumors. The strict cut-off value was not suitable for distinguishing between high- and low-risk patients and their response to adjuvant chemotherapy.

Predictors of sentinel lymph node metastases in breast cancer-radioactivity and Ki-67.

OBJECTIVES: Since the introduction of the sentinel node technique for breast cancer in the 1990s patient's morbidity was reduced. Tracer uptake is known to be dependent from lymph node integrity and activity of macrophages. The aim of this study was to assess whether radioactivity of the tracer can predict sentinel lymph node metastases. Furthermore, a potential association with Ki-67 index was examined. Non-invasive prediction of lymph node metastases could lead to a further decrease of morbidity. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients with primary breast cancer who underwent surgery at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the University Hospital of Cologne between 2012 and 2013. Injection of radioactive tracer was done a day before surgery in the department of Nuclear Medicine. Clinical data and radioactivity of the sentinel node measured the day before and intraoperatively were abstracted from patient's files. RESULTS: Of 246 patients, 64 patients had at least one, five patients had two and one patient had three positive sentinel lymph nodes. Occurrence of sentinel lymph node metastases was not associated with preoperative tracer activity (p = 0,319), intraoperative tracer activity of first sentinel node (p = 0,086) or with loss of tracer activity until operation (p = 0,909). There was no correlation between preoperative Ki-67 index and occurrence of lymph node metastases (p = 0,403). CONCLUSION: In our cohort, there was no correlation between radioactivity and sentinel node metastases. Tracer uptake might not only be influenced by lymph node metastases and does not predict metastatic lymph node involvement.

GDM Alters Expression of Placental Estrogen Receptor α in a Cell Type and Gender-Specific Manner.

OBJECTIVE: The nuclear receptor estrogen receptor α (ERα) is one of the key players in energy balance, insulin resistance, and trophoblast differentiation. We tested the hypothesis that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alters expression of placental ERα in a cell type-specific manner and that this regulation may involve epigenetic changes. STUDY DESIGN: Expression of ERα was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using the semiquantitative immunoreactive score in 80 placentas (40 GDM/40 controls). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) measured ERα messenger RNA (mRNA) in decidual tissue. Methylation-specific PCR was performed to analyze cytosine-phosphatidyl-guanine-island methylation of the ERα promoter. RESULTS: Expression of ERα protein is upregulated (P = .011) in GDM in extravillous trophoblasts but not in syncytiotrophoblast. Gestational diabetes mellitus downregulated ERα in decidual vessels only in pregnancies with male but not female fetuses. Furthermore, mRNA of the ERα encoding gene estrogen receptor gene 1 (ESR1) was increased (+1.77 fold) in GDM decidua when compared to controls (P = .024). In parallel, the promoter of ESR1 was methylated only in decidua of healthy control individuals but not in GDM. CONCLUSION: Gestational diabetes mellitus affects expression of placental ERα in a cell type-dependent way, on epigenetic level. These data link GDM with epigenetic deregulations of ERα expression and open new insights into the intrauterine programming hypothesis of GDM.

ESR1 promoter methylation in squamous cell cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Estrogen receptor-alpha is usually expressed in normal cervical tissue, but its presence is decreased or absent in invasive cervical cancer indicating that its expression is lost during development of invasive cervical cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate ESR1 promoter methylation in cervical cancer and correlate methylation status with clinico-pathological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients treated for cervical cancer were included in the study. Isolation and bisulfite treatment of genomic DNA from cervical cancer tissue was performed by commercially-available kits. Methylated ESR1 promoter sequences were detected by quantitative real-time methylation-specific PCR. RESULTS: Methylation status did not present differences regarding age at-diagnosis, FIGO stage, grade, BMI and overall survival for all patients, but within the subgroup of non-keratinizing squamous cell cancer methylation status correlated with grading (p=0.047). CONCLUSION: Methylation of the ESR1 promoter does not seem to be of any prognostic relevance, but is associated with higher tumor grading of cervical cancer patients.

Estrogen receptor promoter methylation predicts survival in low-grade ovarian carcinoma patients.

PURPOSE: Ovarian carcinoma is the third most common gynecological cancer and only short recurrence-free survival and overall survival times are achieved. The role of the estrogen receptor expression is well studied in breast cancer and breast cancer cell lines. Patients with positive estrogen receptor expression have a lower risk for recurrence and a better overall survival. Previous studies have shown that ESR1 methylation influences ovarian cancer development and might thus play a role regarding prognosis of ovarian carcinoma. METHODS: A total of 75 patients were identified that were treated for ovarian carcinoma by debulking surgery and adjuvant standard chemotherapy. Isolation and bisulfite treatment of genomic DNA from serial sections of surgically resected ovarian carcinoma tissue was performed using commercially available kits. For the detection of methylated ESR1 promoter sequences, real-time methylation-specific PCR was used. RESULTS: Promoter methylation did not show a correlation between clinical-pathological data for all patients. However, within the subgroup of low-grade ovarian carcinoma patients and patients with an ovarian tumor of low malignant potential methylation of the ESR1 promoter inversely correlated with survival (p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Although small numbers of ovarian carcinoma patients were analyzed, methylation status might be useful as a prognostic marker within the subgroup of low-grade ovarian carcinoma patients. Further studies should investigate a larger cohort and also address the use of demethylation agents with respect to improve patient's prognosis in this subgroup of ovarian carcinoma patients.

Intraoperative Boost Radiotherapy during Targeted Oncoplastic Breast Surgery: Overview and Single Center Experiences.

Breast-conserving surgery followed by whole-breast irradiation is the standard local therapy for early breast cancer. The international discussion of reduced importance of wider tumor-free resection margins than "tumor not touching ink" leads to the development of five principles in targeted oncoplastic breast surgery. IORT improves local recurrence risk and diminishes toxicity since there is less irradiation of healthy tissue. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) can be delivered in two settings: an IORT boost followed by a conventional regimen of external beam radiotherapy or a single IORT dose. The data from TARGIT-A and ELIOT reinforce the conviction that intraoperative radiotherapy during breast-conserving surgery is a reliable alternative to conventional postoperative fractionated irradiation, but only in a carefully selected population at low risk of local recurrence. We describe our experiences with IORT boost (50 kV energy X-rays; 20 Gy) in combination with targeted oncoplastic breast surgery in a routine clinical setting. Our experiences demonstrate the applicability and reliability of combining IORT boost with targeted oncoplastic breast surgery in breast-conserving therapy of early breast cancer.