Impact of cardiac magnetic resonance on the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - a 10-year experience with over 1000 patients.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the value of cardiac MRI in comparison to echocardiography in consecutive patients with previously diagnosed and new suspected hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS: All MRI studies of patients with HCM or suspected disease performed at our centre within a 10-year time period were evaluated. Initial diagnoses (echocardiography-based) and final (MRI-based) diagnoses were compared in subgroups, and the discrepancies were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 1006 subjects with HCM or suspected HCM were identified (61% males, 39% females; median age, 49.1 years; interquartile range, 34.9-60.4). In 12 (2.2%) out of 550 patients with known HCM, MRI indicated a diagnosis other than HCM, including but not limited to the subaortic membrane (n = 1, 8.3%) or mild left ventricular hypertrophy (n = 5, 41.7%). Among all patients with suspected HCM (n = 456), MRI diagnosis was different from HCM in 5.3% (n = 24) of patients. In an additional 20.4% of patients (n = 93), no significant hypertrophy was present. In total, among patients with suspected HCM, MRI led to clear HCM diagnosis in 204 (44.7%) patients. Among patients with a history of uncontrolled hypertension suspected of having HCM, MRI aided in identifying cardiomyopathy in 47.9% of patients. This subgroup contained the largest proportion of patients with an ambiguous diagnosis, namely, 29.6% compared with 13.8% in the remaining groups of patients with suspected HCM (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In a small but important group of patients with ultrasound-based HCM, cardiac MRI can diagnose previously unknown conditions and/or refute suspected cardiomyopathy. The diagnostic yield of MRI when compared to echocardiography in patients suspected of having HCM is 44.7%. KEY POINTS: • Out of 550 patients previously diagnosed with echocardiography but without magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as having hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), we diagnosed a different disease in 12 (2.2%) patients using MRI. • Among patients with suspected HCM based on echocardiography, MRI led to clear HCM diagnosis in 44.7% of patients. • In patients with a history of uncontrolled hypertension suspected, based on an echocardiogram, of having HCM, MRI aided in identifying cardiomyopathy in 47.9% of patients. This subgroup contained the largest proportion of patients with an ambiguous diagnosis.

Long-term follow-up and safety assessment of angiogenic gene therapy trial VIF-CAD: Transcatheter intramyocardial administration of a bicistronic plasmid expressing VEGF-A165/bFGF cDNA for the treatment of refractory coronary artery disease.

There have been a number of angiogenic gene therapy trials, yielding mixed results as to efficacy, but demonstrating uniform short-term treatment safety. Data regarding long-term safety of angiogenic gene therapy are limited. Double-blind VIF-CAD trial (NCT00620217) assessed myocardial perfusion and clinical data in 52 refractory coronary artery disease (CAD) patients randomized into treatment (VIF; n = 33) and Placebo (n = 19) arms. VIF group received electromechanical system NOGA-guided intramyocardial injections of VEGF-A165/bFGF plasmid (VIF) into ischemic regions, while the Placebo group-placebo plasmid injections. Full 1-year follow-up data have been published. This study presents the results of over 10-year (median 133 months, range 95-149) safety follow-up of VIF-CAD patients. Overall, 12 (36.4%) patients died in VIF and 8 (42.1%) in Placebo group (P = .68). Cardiovascular mortality was 12/33 (36.4%) in the VIF group and 6/19 (31.6%) in Placebo group (P = .73). Two Placebo patients died due to malignancies, but no VIF patients (P = .17). The Kaplan-Meier curves of combined endpoint: cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke were similar for both patient groups (P = .71). Odds ratio of Placebo group increasing (reaching a worse) their CCS class versus VIF was non-significant (OR 1.28, 95% CI = 0.66-2.45; P = .47). However, CCS class improved in time irrespectively of treatment-OR of reaching a less favorable CCS class per each year of follow-up was 0.74 (95% CI 0.685-0.792; P < .0001, pooled data). There were no differences in readmission rates. Intramyocardial VEGF-A165/bFGF plasmid administration appears safe, with no evidence of an increase in the incidence of death, malignancy, myocardial infarction or stroke during 10-year follow-up in this limited patient population.

Guided de-escalation of DAPT in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with BVS implantation: a post-hoc analysis from the randomized TROPICAL-ACS trial.

To investigate the safety and efficacy of an early platelet function testing (PFT)-guided de-escalation of dual antiplatelet treatment (DAPT) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS). Early DAPT de-escalation is a new non-inferior alternative to 12-months DAPT in patients with biomarker positive ACS treated with stent implantation. In this post-hoc analysis of the TROPICAL-ACS trial, which randomized 2610 ACS patients to a PFT-guided DAPT de-escalation (switch from prasugrel to clopidogrel) or to control group (uniform prasugrel), we compared clinical outcomes of patients (n = 151) who received a BVS during the index PCI. The frequency of the primary endpoint (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke or BARC ≥ 2 bleeding) was 8.8% (n = 6) in the de-escalation group vs. 12.0% (n = 10) in the control group (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.26-1.98, p = 0.52) at 12 months. One early definite stent thrombosis (ST) occurred in the control group (day 19) and 1 possible ST (sudden cardiovascular death) in the de-escalation group (day 86), both despite prasugrel treatment and in a background of high on-treatment platelet reactivity assessed at day 14 after randomization (ADP-induced platelet aggregation values of 108 U and 59 U, respectively). A PFT-guided DAPT de-escalation strategy could potentially be a safe and effective strategy in ACS patients with BVS implantation but the level of platelet inhibition may be of particular importance. This hypothesis-generating post-hoc analysis requires verification in larger studies with upcoming BVS platforms.

Guided de-escalation of antiplatelet treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (TROPICAL-ACS): a randomised, open-label, multicentre trial.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend potent platelet inhibition with prasugrel or ticagrelor for 12 months after an acute coronary syndrome managed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the greatest anti-ischaemic benefit of potent antiplatelet drugs over the less potent clopidogrel occurs early, while most excess bleeding events arise during chronic treatment. Hence, a stage-adapted treatment with potent platelet inhibition in the acute phase and de-escalation to clopidogrel in the maintenance phase could be an alternative approach. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of early de-escalation of antiplatelet treatment from prasugrel to clopidogrel guided by platelet function testing (PFT). METHODS: In this investigator-initiated, randomised, open-label, assessor-blinded, multicentre trial (TROPICAL-ACS) done at 33 sites in Europe, patients were enrolled if they had biomarker-positive acute coronary syndrome with successful PCI and a planned duration of dual antiplatelet treatment of 12 months. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned (1:1) using an internet-based randomisation procedure with a computer-generated block randomisation with stratification across study sites to either standard treatment with prasugrel for 12 months (control group) or a step-down regimen (1 week prasugrel followed by 1 week clopidogrel and PFT-guided maintenance therapy with clopidogrel or prasugrel from day 14 after hospital discharge; guided de-escalation group). The assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was net clinical benefit (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke or bleeding grade 2 or higher according to Bleeding Academic Research Consortium [BARC]) criteria) 1 year after randomisation (non-inferiority hypothesis; margin of 30%). Analysis was intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01959451, and EudraCT, 2013-001636-22. FINDINGS: Between Dec 2, 2013, and May 20, 2016, 2610 patients were assigned to study groups; 1304 to the guided de-escalation group and 1306 to the control group. The primary endpoint occurred in 95 patients (7%) in the guided de-escalation group and in 118 patients (9%) in the control group (pnon-inferiority=0·0004; hazard ratio [HR] 0·81 [95% CI 0·62-1·06], psuperiority=0·12). Despite early de-escalation, there was no increase in the combined risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke in the de-escalation group (32 patients [3%]) versus in the control group (42 patients [3%]; pnon-inferiority=0·0115). There were 64 BARC 2 or higher bleeding events (5%) in the de-escalation group versus 79 events (6%) in the control group (HR 0·82 [95% CI 0·59-1·13]; p=0·23). INTERPRETATION: Guided de-escalation of antiplatelet treatment was non-inferior to standard treatment with prasugrel at 1 year after PCI in terms of net clinical benefit. Our trial shows that early de-escalation of antiplatelet treatment can be considered as an alternative approach in patients with acute coronary syndrome managed with PCI. FUNDING: Klinikum der Universität München, Roche Diagnostics, Eli Lilly, and Daiichi Sankyo.

Quantification of mitral regurgitation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using aortic and pulmonary flow data: impacts of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and different left ventricular segmentation methods.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) enables the assessment of not only left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and scarring but also the severity of mitral regurgitation. CMR assessment of mitral regurgitation is primarily based on the difference between LV stroke volume (LVSV) and aortic forward flow (Ao) measured using the phase-contrast (PC) technique. However, LV outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction causing turbulent, non-laminar flow in the ascending aorta may impact the accuracy of aortic flow quantification, leading to false conclusions regarding mitral regurgitation severity. Thus, we decided to quantify mitral regurgitation in patients with HCM using Ao or, alternatively, main pulmonary artery forward flow (MPA) for mitral regurgitation volume (MRvol) calculations. METHODS: The analysis included 143 prospectively recruited subjects with HCM and 15 controls. MRvol was calculated as the difference between LVSV computed with either the inclusion (LVSVincl) or exclusion (LVSVexcl) of papillary muscles and trabeculations from the blood pool and either Ao (MRvolAoi or MRvolAoe) or MPA (MRvolMPAi or MRvolMPAe). The presence or absence of LVOT obstruction was determined based on Doppler echocardiography findings. RESULTS: MRvolAoi was higher than MRvolMPAi in HCM patients with LVOT obstruction [47.0 ml, interquartile range (IQR) = 31.5-60.0 vs. 35.5 ml, IQR = 26.0-51.0; p < 0.0001] but not in non-obstructive HCM patients (23.0 ml, IQR = 16.0-32.0 vs. 24.0 ml, IQR = 15.3-32.0; p = 0.26) or controls (18.0 ml, IQR = 14.3-21.8 vs. 20.0 ml, IQR = 14.3-22.0; p = 0.89). In contrast to controls and HCM patients without LVOT obstruction, in HCM patients with LVOT obstruction, aortic flow-based MRvol (MRvolAoi) was higher than pulmonary-based findings (MRvolMPAi) (bias = 9.5 ml; limits of agreement: -11.7-30.7 with a difference of 47 ml in the extreme case). The differences between aortic-based and pulmonary-based MRvol values calculated using LVSVexcl mirrored those derived using LVSVincl. However, MRvol values calculated using LVSVexcl were lower in all the groups analyzed (HCM with LVOT obstruction, HCM without LVOT obstruction, and controls) and with all methods of MRvol quantification used (p ≤ 0.0001 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: In HCM patients, LVOT obstruction significantly affects the estimation of aortic flow, leading to its underestimation and, consequently, to higher MRvol values than those obtained with MPA-based MRvol calculations.

Triple Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty for Patients with Recurrent Mitral Valve Stenosis: Long-Term Observations.

BACKGROUND: A third percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV) may provide a means of treating symptomatic patients with re-restenosis after successful initial and second valvuloplasties, though data related to the long-term safety and efficacy of a third PMBV are lacking. The study aim was to determine the immediate and long-term clinical outcome in patients who underwent a third PMBV to treat recurrent mitral stenosis. METHODS: Among a total of 1,849 patients who underwent PMBV at the authors' institution, seven females (mean age 38.5 ± 12.2 years at the first procedure) required repeat second and third PMBVs. The mean interval between the first and second valvuloplasties was 6.4 ± 2.5 years, and between the first and third valvuloplasties was 12.5 ± 6.5 years. All procedures were performed using the Inoue balloon system. RESULTS: Second and third PMBVs resulted in a significant increase in mitral valve area (MVA), from 1.1 ± 0.1 cm2 to 1.6 ± 0.2 cm2, and from 1.0 ± 0.2 cm2 to 1.6 ± 0.4 cm2, respectively. However, as mitral degeneration progressed, four patients required mitral valve replacement (MVR) at 9.2 ± 5.8 years (range: 6-18 years) after the third PMBV. The preoperative MVA of these patients was 0.97 ± 0.1 cm2. One patient died due to surgical complications, while the fifth and sixth patients remain under clinical observation. If patients have a fourth recurrence of mitral stenosis they are no longer considered to be suitable candidates for re-PMBV. The seventh patient died at the age of 84 years. CONCLUSIONS: A repeat, third PMBV is a safe and feasible procedure in selected patients with recurrent stenosis after successful first and second valvuloplasties. Although the third procedure provides good immediate results, the long-term outcome is not satisfactory. Nonetheless, a third PMBV would allow MVR surgery to be postponed for a few years.

A review and recommendations for oral chaperone therapy in adult patients with Fabry disease.

Fabry disease (FD) is a rare, X-linked lysosomal storage disorder affecting both males and females caused by genetic abnormalities in the gene encoding the enzyme α-galactosidase A. FD-affected patients represent a highly variable clinical course with first symptoms already appearing in young age. The disease causes a progressive multiple organ dysfunction affecting mostly the heart, kidneys and nervous system, eventually leading to premature death. Disease-specific management of FD includes enzyme replacement therapy with agalsidase α and ß or pharmacological oral chaperone migalastat. Migalastat is a low-molecular-mass iminosugar, that reversibly binds to active site of amenable enzyme variants, stabilizing their molecular structure and improving trafficking to the lysosome. Migalastat was approved in the EU in 2016 and is an effective therapy in the estimated 35-50% of all patients with FD with amenable GLA gene variants. This position statement is the first comprehensive review in Central and Eastern Europe of the current role of migalastat in the treatment of FD. The statement provides an overview of the pharmacology of migalastat and summarizes the current evidence from the clinical trial program regarding the safety and efficacy of the drug and its effects on organs typically involved in FD. The position paper also includes a practical guide for clinicians on the optimal selection of patients with FD who will benefit from migalastat treatment, recommendations on the optimal selection of diagnostic tests and the use of tools to identify patients with amenable GLA mutations. Areas for future migalastat clinical research have also been identified.

Sudden Cardiac Death Risk over Time in HCM Patients with Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator.

Background: In patients with HCM at high risk of SCD, an ICD should be considered as a standard of care. Current risk approximation algorithms recommended by ESC 2014 criteria indicate that SCD risk is not stable. The aim of the study was to investigate how the calculated SCD risk in HCM patients with an ICD implanted in the past changed over time. Methods: We analyzed 64 HCM patients with ICD for primary prevention, referred for ICD re-implantation, and 32 HCM patients referred for a first-time ICD placement during the same period. The 5-year-SCD risk was assessed for suitable patients using the recommended ESC calculator. Results: The first-time group had a higher 5-year-SCD risk than those referred for ICD re-implantation: 7.50 (IQR 5.98−10.46) vs. 4.88 (IQR 3.42−7.25), p < 0.05. Out of the patients with an initial calculated risk below 4%, the risk increased in 22% of cases, reaching the 4−6% range. In 78% of patients, the risk remained stable and low. In 31% of patients with an initial calculated SCD risk ≥ 6%, the risk decreased over time to below 6%, and in 14% of the cases, below 4%. Conclusions: SCD risk in HCM patients is usually stable or gets lower. Our data suggest it is important to re-evaluate the risk profile for patients with HCM when ICD re-implantation is considered.

Intramyocardial plasmid-encoding human vascular endothelial growth factor A165/basic fibroblast growth factor therapy using percutaneous transcatheter approach in patients with refractory coronary artery disease (VIF-CAD).

BACKGROUND: VIF-CAD randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was an attempt to induce therapeutic angiogenesis by percutaneous intramyocardial transfer of bicistronic (vascular endothelial growth factor/fibroblast growth factor [VEGF/FGF]) plasmid (pVIF) in patients with refractory heart ischemia. Myocardial perfusion, clinical symptoms, exercise tolerance, left ventricular function, and safety were assessed. METHODS: Fifty-two patients with refractory coronary artery disease were randomized to receive VEGF/FGF plasmid (n = 33) or placebo plasmid (n = 19) into myocardial region showing stress-induced perfusion defects. Repeat stress and rest technetium Tc 99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography at 5 months was the primary efficacy measure. Secondary assessment included Canadian Cardiovascular Society class and exercise tolerance at 5 and 12 months. RESULTS: Rest- and stress-induced perfusion defects did not differ between groups. Canadian Cardiovascular Society functional class improved after 5 (P = .0210) and 12 months (P = .0607) in the treatment group. The exercise tolerance of treated patients improved: total exercise time increased marginally (P = .0541); maximum workload (P = .0419) and total test distance (P = .0473) increased significantly, compared to placebo. CONCLUSION: Bicistronic VEGF/FGF plasmid therapy did not improve myocardial perfusion measured by single-photon emission computed tomography. However, treated patients experienced improvement with respect to exercise tolerance and clinical symptoms. Intramyocardial VEGF/FGF bicistronic plasmid transfer seemed safe throughout the follow-up period of 1 year.

Cardiac Lipomatosis: A Rare Form of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy.

A 30-year-old female patient was referred to our centre due to an abnormal electrocardiography showing left ventricular hypertrophy. The physical examination was normal, and the patient was asymptomatic. Echocardiography was performed, revealing an atypical pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy with heterogeneous echogenicity of the left ventricular walls. A cardiac magnetic resonance examination revealed marked thickening of the interventricular septum and left and right ventricular walls. The signal intensity of the thickened ventricular walls was increased and was similar to that of subcutaneous fat. Follow-up echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance showed no progression of left ventricular hypertrophy.

Is home-based therapy in Fabry disease the answer to compelling patients' needs during the COVID-19 pandemic? Survey results from the Polish FD Collaborative Group.

BACKGROUND: Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked disorder related to a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A. In Poland, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for FD is offered by the National Health Fund only at selected hospital infusion centers. Patients with FB are considered at a high risk of developing complications from COVID-19. Some patients omitted infusions due to fear of infection or outbreaks in hospitals. Lack of alternative infusion sites hampered the situation. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on FD patients, especially their fears and expectations, the Polish FD Collaborative Group collaborated on a survey project. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between September and November 2020, we distributed a customized survey exploring expectations and fears among FD subjects. RESULTS: Fifty-five individuals (35 receiving ongoing ERT) from different FD centers completed the study. The median age was 40 years [IQR 25; 50], and gender distribution was almost equal (27 F; 28 M). One-fourth of FD patients reported severe disability limiting transportation for infusions that, in the opinion of the other 25% of responders, consumed >4 h. Forty-four (80%) of all would prefer home infusions performed by a nurse (n = 37, 67.3%) or by a trained non-medical person (n = 7, 12.7%), while 8 (14.5%) patients would choose a local hospital. As expected, transportation time (in one direction) was longer in those preferring home infusions (89.4 ±63 vs 36.2 ±67 min; p = 0.02). Also, those with more severe FD manifestation would prefer home infusions to treatment in FD centers (p = 0.03). The vast majority of respondents (n = 46; 83%) would not change their preferences after pandemic termination. CONCLUSIONS: To maintain ERT, FD patients prefer home infusions or those given in the nearest hospital, especially during a pandemic.

Considerations for Home-Based Treatment of Fabry Disease in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond.

Current therapy for Anderson-Fabry disease in Poland includes hospital or clinic-based intravenous enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant agalsidase alpha or beta, or oral pharmacological chaperone therapy with migalastat. Some countries around the world offer such treatment to patients in the comfort of their own homes. The 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic has pushed global healthcare providers to evolve their services so as to minimize the risk of COVID-19 exposure to both patients and providers; this has led to advances in telemedicine services and the increasing availability of at-home treatment for various procedures including parenteral drug administration. A total of 80% of surveyed Anderson-Fabry disease patients in Poland would prefer home-based treatment, which would be a safe and convenient alternative to clinic-based treatment if patient selection is based on our proposed algorithm. Our recommendations for home-based treatments appear feasible for the long term care of Anderson-Fabry disease patients during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. This may also serve as a basis for home-based treatment programs in other rare and ultra-rare genetic diseases.

Comparison of mitral regurgitation severity assessments based on magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Mitral regurgitation (MR), which is one of the factors responsible for heart failure symptoms and the development of atrial fibrillation, is an important feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and its presence affects which treatment options are chosen. Although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the reference standard for assessing the regurgitant volume (RV) and fraction (RF), echocardiography is the most common method for assessing MR severity. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to compare the results of echocardiography and cardiac MRI for assessing MR severity in a cohort of patients with HCM. MR severity was assessed in 53 patients using cardiac MRI by determining the mitral RV (MRV) and mitral RF (MRF). The results were graded according to thresholds recommended in current guidelines. MR severity assessed by echocardiography was graded by integrating indices of severity. Greater than mild MR, as assessed using echocardiography, was present in 22 patients (41.5%) with HCM and in none of the control patients (p = 0.001). In all, 31 patients (58.5%) had no more than mild MR. When MR severity was assessed using different methods, either moderate (kappa = 0.44, 95% confidence interval = 0.21-0.67), poor or no agreement was found between MRI-derived and echocardiography-derived grades. HCM patients with echocardiography-derived moderate and severe MR had similar median MRVs and MRFs (p = 0.59 and p = 0.11, respectively). In HCM patients, cardiac MRI and echocardiography were at most in modest agreement in assessing MR severity. Importantly, echocardiography-derived moderate and severe MR were not distinguishable by either MRV or MRF.

Sudden cardiac death risk in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: comparison between echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging.

In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients, left ventricular (LV) maximal wall thickness (MWT) is one of the most important factors determining sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk. In a large unselected sample of HCM patients, we aimed to simulate what changes would occur in the calculated SCD risk according to the European HCM Risk-SCD calculator when MWT measured using echocardiography was changed to MWT measured using MRI. All consecutive patients with HCM who underwent cardiac MRI were included. MWT measured with echocardiography and MRI were compared, and 5-year SCD risk according to the HCM Risk-SCD calculator was computed using four different models. The final population included 673 patients [389 (57.8%) males, median age 50 years, interquartile range (36-60)]. The median MWT was lower measured by echocardiography than by MRI [20 (17-24) mm vs 21 (18-24) mm; p < 0.0001]. There was agreement between echocardiography and MRI in the measurement of maximal LV wall thickness in 96 patients (14.3%). The largest differences between echo and MRI were - 13 mm and + 9 mm. The differences in MWT by echocardiography and MRI translated to a maximal difference of 8.33% in the absolute 5-year risk of SCD, i.e., the echocardiography-based risk was 8.33% lower than the MRI-based estimates. Interestingly, 13.7% of patients would have been reclassified into different SCD risk categories if MRI had been used to measure MWT instead of echocardiography. In conclusion, although there was high general intermodality agreement between echocardiography and MRI in the MWT measurements, the differences in MWT translated to significant differences in the 5-year risk of SCD.

Repeat percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty for patients with mitral valve restenosis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine immediate and long-term clinical outcome, as well prognostic factors in patients who underwent repeat percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV). BACKGROUND: Repeat PMBV may be a method of treatment for symptomatic patients with restenosis after successful initial PMBV, but data regarding its long term safety and efficacy are scarce. METHODS: The study group consisted of 67 patients (mean age 52.1 ± 10.5 years). All PMBV procedures were performed using the Inoue balloon system. RESULTS: Repeat PMBV resulted in significant increase in MVA from 1.17 ± 0.16 cm(2) to 1.63 ± 0.22 cm(2) (P < 0.001). Good immediate result (MVA ≥1.5 cm(2) , mitral regurgitation ≤2) was obtained in 52 (77.6%) patients and was not predicted by any analyzed factors. During follow-up (mean time 4.9 ± 2.9 years) six patients died, nine underwent mitral valve replacement, four-third PMBV, and four developed heart failure. The 3-, 5-, and 8-year good functional results (survival free of mitral valve replacement, third PMBV or heart failure ≥ NYHA III) by Kaplan-Meier estimates were 89.3, 75.6, and 52.6%, respectively. These results were significantly superior in patients with good immediate results and echo score <7. In the entire population multivariate Cox regression analysis identified echo score <7 and absence of prior surgical commissurotomy as the independent predictors of event-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Repeat PMBV is safe and provides good immediate results in patients with restenosis after successful first procedure. Long-term results of repeat PMBV are satisfactory and related mainly to the echo score and quality of the procedure.

Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism, suboptimal reperfusion and all-cause mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the 681 G>A (*2) polymorphism of cytochrome P450 (CYP2C19) is related to suboptimal reperfusion and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) pretreated with clopidogrel. METHODS: The study included 276 consecutive patients with AMI in whom percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting was attempted. Four-year follow-up for all-cause mortality was obtained. RESULTS: There were 15 failed procedures (5.4%). In the remaining 261 patients, suboptimal reperfusion (post-PCI TIMI flow <3) was observed in 12.6% of the cases. There were 56 carriers (50 heterozygous and 6 homozygous) of CYP2C19*2. The prevalence of carriers in patients with suboptimal flow was 39.4% in comparison to 18.9% in the other patients (p = 0.01). Independent predictors of suboptimal reperfusion were initial TIMI flow ≤1 (OR = 5.9, 95% CI 2.2-16.2, p = 0.001) and CYP2C19*2 (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.6, p = 0.01). Thirty patients died during follow-up (11.5%). Four-year mortality tended to be higher in carriers of CYP2C19*2 (17.9%) versus non-carriers (9.8%; p = 0.09), but the only independent predictors of death were age (HR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.4-2.8, p = 0.0001) and suboptimal reperfusion (HR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.5-8.8, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The CYP2C19*2 allele is an independent predictor of suboptimal reperfusion in patients with AMI undergoing PCI with stenting after pretreatment with clopidogrel and may increase the risk of all-cause mortality.

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Fabry's disease.

Fabry's disease (FD) is a rare hereditary disorder caused by the loss of alpha galactosidase A activity leading to accumulation of glycosphingolipids in various organs including hypertrophy of the heart. Most reports on cardiac involvement in FD focus on the left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and its relation to diastolic function. However, recent studies demonstrated large subset of patients with FD and right ventricle (RV) hypertophy. The accurate depiction of RV volumes, function and mass is possible with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). The CMR study can be also used to identify typically localised regions of intramyocardial fibrosis (infero-lateral segments of the LV), which have been shown to be a marker of inefficacious response to enzyme replacement therapy. We present series of 8 patients with genetically confirmed FD who underwent CMR study. We demonstrated a typical concentric and diffuse pattern of LVH with RV involvement in patients with the most severe LVH without significant impact on RV function and volumes. We showed that myocardial fibrosis can be observed not only in LV but also in RV. In 2 patients FD coexisted with symptomatic coronary artery disease with evidence of subendocardial myocardial fibrosis typical for ischaemic origin in one patient. The CMR confirmation of the presence of FD in one patient at an early stage of the disease, before the onset of advanced hypertrophy or failure of other organs, supports the value of this imaging technique in differential diagnosis of concentric and diffuse LVH.

Comparison between maximal left ventricular wall thickness and left ventricular mass in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance enables accurate and reproducible assessment of left ventricular (LV) dimensions and function, free of geometric assumptions and limitations related to an inadequate acoustic window. In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), LV mass (LVM) and maximal LV wall thickness (MLVWT) have prognostic significance. AIM: To compare MLVWT and LVM in patients with HCM. METHODS: The study population included 33 patients with HCM (17 males, mean age 48.5 +/- 16.5 years). Subjects after alcohol septal ablation or surgical myectomy were excluded from the study. The MLVWT and LVM were measured with the use of cardiac magnetic resonance. The MLVWT was determined with the use of the dedicated software in short axis slices after manual definition of endocardial and epicardial contours. The LVM was indexed for body surface area and expressed in g/m(2). Cut-off values for normal, mildly increased and markedly increased LVM were based on previously published studies. RESULTS: Mean LVM in the whole study group was 107.4 +/- 30.9 g/m(2) (range 57.0-163.4 g/m(2)) and was higher in males than females (120.2 +/- 30.8 g/m(2) vs 93.8 +/- 25.3 g/m(2), respectively; p = 0.01). Mean MLVWT was 23.4 +/- 4.8 mm (range 16-36 mm). There was only a weak trend toward higher MLVWT in men when compared to women (24.8 +/- 5.4 mm vs 21.9 +/- 3.7 mm, respectively; p = 0.09). There was no correlation between LVM and MLVWT (r = 0.24; p = 0.17). A significant variability in LVM was observed in subjects with similar MLVWT; a greater than two-fold difference was noted in extreme cases. In three patients (9%; one female, two male) LVM was within the normal range and in another one female (3%) patient LVM was mildly increased. In the remaining patients (n = 29; 88%) markedly increased LVM was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The MLVWT does not reflect the degree of LV hypertrophy in patients with HCM. Patients with similar MLVWT may have substantial differences in LVM. A substantial group of patients with HCM is characterised by normal, or only mildly increased LVM, despite significant LV wall hypertrophy measured as MLVWT.

Predictors of right ventricular function and size in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

We investigated factors associated with right ventricular (RV) function and size in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. Two hundred fifty-three consecutive HCM patients and 20 healthy volunteers underwent cardiac magnetic resonance examination. In addition to measuring RV function (ejection fraction-RVEF) and size (end-diastolic volume-RVEDV), each image was inspected for the presence of RV and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and the maximal wall thickness of the left and right ventricles was recorded. HCM patients had higher RVEF and lower RVEDV than healthy volunteers and similar RV mass. The mean RV wall thickness was higher in HCM patients than in controls. LV late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was present in 89.7% of patients, and RV LGE was present in 3.1% of patients (p < 0.0001). Univariate and multivariable analyses revealed that LVEF, peak LV outflow tract gradient, LV LGE, maximal LV wall thickness, and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) volume by magnetic resonance imaging were positive predictors of RVEF. In addition to TR volume, the only independent predictor of RVEF < 45% was LVEF (odds ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.67-0.95). Multivariable analysis revealed that LVEDV and TR volume were positive predictors of RVEDV, whereas negative predictors were RVEF, maximal RV wall thickness, LV LGE, and age. Neither estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure nor TR grade by echocardiography proved to be predictors of RVEF. There were no differences in either the maximal RV wall thickness or the maximal left ventricular (LV) wall thickness in patients stratified according to NYHA functional class (p = 0.93 and p = 0.15, respectively). There were no differences in mean RV wall thickness in patients categorised based on the number of clinical risk factors for sudden cardiac death (SCD), i.e., non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, family history of SCD, or unexplained syncope (p = 0.79). On the other hand, there was a weak positive association between RV hypertrophy and the estimated probability of SCD at 5 years (rho = 0.16, p = 0.01). RV systolic dysfunction measured as decreased RVEF was uncommon in HCM and was associated with poor LV systolic function. LV also had a significant impact on RV size.

Improvement in long-term survival with acute kidney recovery after a successful transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequent in patients treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Yet, the procedure can improve kidney function, that is, it can lead to acute kidney recovery (AKR). OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess kidney function changes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement and their impact on long­term outcomes. PATIENT AND METHODS: In 432 patients (median age, 83 years; female sex, 63.4% ), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was measured before and after the procedure. Chronic kidney disease was defined as a prior diagnosis or baseline eGFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow­up was 44.7 (31.2-48) months. RESULTS: Overall, 66.7% of patients had CKD. An increase in eGFR of 10% or greater at 48 hours (median [IQR], 39.8% [26.2%-51.8%]) was observed in 55.2% of patients with CKD and lasted until discharge (31.8% [17.8%-49%]) in 35.8% (the AKR group). In 17.4% of patients (64.3% with CKD), there was a drop in eGFR of 10% or greater at 48 hours, which remained at discharge in 6.5% of patients (the AKI group; median [IQR] eGFR drop, -22.8% [-40.6% to -14.9%] and -22.8% [-37.5% to -16.2%], respectively). There was a stepwise increase in AKR prevalence from CKD stage 1 and 2 (11.5%) to 4 (52%) (P = 0.03). In­hospital mortality (P = 0.01) was highest with AKI (10.7%); intermediate with CKD but no AKR (6.6%); and lowest with neither CKD nor AKI (1.5%) or with AKR (1%). Estimated 4­year mortality was correspondingly different (46.9%, 47.2%, 25.5%, 35.4%, respectively; P <0.001). The nonperipheral access was associated with more AKI and less AKR. Acute kidney recovery was more frequent with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack or a newer generation self-expanding valves. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement led to acute kidney recovery in a substantial number of patients with CKD and an improved 4­year survival.