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1.
Psychopathology ; 56(1-2): 90-101, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35073545

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Mothers with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often show altered emotional availability toward their own child and heightened stress vulnerability. The aims of the present study were (1) to examine total cortisol output in saliva during mother-child interaction in mothers with BPD and their children and (2) to test whether maternal nonhostility as a subscale of emotional availability mediates the relationship between maternal BPD and child total cortisol output. METHODS: We investigated 16 mothers with BPD and 30 healthy control mothers (HC) and 29 children of mothers with BPD and 33 children of HC mothers. Children were between 5 and 12 years old. Salivary cortisol was collected prior to and twice after an episode of a 21-min standardized play situation between mother and child. Nonhostility was rated using the emotional availability scales. Analyses of covariance were computed to test for group differences in total cortisol output (measured with area under the curve with respect to ground). Pearson's correlation was calculated to test the association between maternal and child total cortisol output. To test the second question, a mediation analysis according to Preacher and Hayes was conducted. RESULTS: Mothers with BPD and their children had lower total cortisol output. Maternal and child total cortisol output was significantly correlated. Contrary to our hypothesis, maternal nonhostility did not mediate the relationship between BPD and child total cortisol output. CONCLUSION: Results imply that the hormonal stress activity of mothers with BPD and their children is altered, which may reflect modified stress regulation and stress vulnerability in mother and child and may impact on mother-child interaction. The finding of a positive association between mother's and child total cortisol output could indicate an intergenerational transmission of these alterations.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe , Hidrocortisona , Femenino , Humanos , Preescolar , Niño , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/psicología , Madres/psicología , Emociones , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/psicología
2.
Brain Behav Immun ; 97: 219-225, 2021 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34339804

RESUMEN

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been linked to elevated inflammation markers. It remains unclear whether the elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are not only observable in acute MDD but also in patients after remission. MDD is a common sequela of early life maltreatment (ELM), which has also been associated with elevated inflammation markers. While the majority of studies investigated (acute) MDD and ELM as isolated predictors of inflammation, a few studies found inflammation levels to be more pronounced in patients with MDD that were exposed to ELM. This investigation included both ELM and MDD in one study and aimed at distinguishing between the effects of MDD in remission (rMDD) and ELM and investigating potential accumulative effects on the inflammatory markers CRP and IL-6 in a population of N = 126 women (n = 122 for CRP and n = 66 for IL-6). We further investigated how disorder characteristics (course and severity) and specific types of ELM affect levels of CRP and IL-6. We found that rMDD predicted levels of CRP and IL-6 and physical abuse predicted levels of CRP when considering both predictors simultaneously, while other types of ELM did not. A later onset of MDD and a shorter time interval since the last episode were associated with higher levels of IL-6. Our findings contribute to the existing literature on the association between MDD and inflammation, suggesting that elevated levels of inflammation markers may persist even after remission of MDD. Our findings on physical abuse as a specific predictor of CRP in the presence of rMDD suggest that different types of ELM could result in distinct inflammation profiles.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Biomarcadores , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación , Interleucina-6
3.
Psychol Med ; 50(7): 1182-1190, 2020 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31115280

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Early life maltreatment (ELM), borderline personality disorder (BPD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) have been associated with empathy deficits in different domains. Lack of maternal empathy has also been related to child behavioral problems. As ELM, BPD, and MDD often co-occur, we aimed to identify dissociable effects on empathy due to these three factors. In addition, we aimed to investigate their indirect effects via empathy on child psychopathology. METHODS: We included 251 mothers with and without MDD (in remission), BPD and ELM and their children, aged 5-12. We used the Interpersonal Reactivity Index as a measure of empathy on four different dimensions (personal distress, empathic concern, perspective taking, and fantasy) and the Child Behavior Checklist as a measure of child psychopathology. RESULTS: Having included all three factors (ELM, MDD, BPD) in one analysis, we found elevated personal distress in MDD and BPD, and lower levels of perspective-taking in BPD, but no effects from ELM on any empathy subscales. Furthermore, we found indirect effects from maternal BPD and MDD on child psychopathology, via maternal personal distress. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated the dissociable effects of maternal ELM, MDD, and BPD on empathy. Elevated personal distress in mothers with BPD and MDD may lead to higher levels of child psychopathology.


Asunto(s)
Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/epidemiología , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/epidemiología , Empatía , Madres/psicología , Adulto , Berlin/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino
4.
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev ; 50(2): 278-290, 2019 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30132095

RESUMEN

The study addresses the impact of maternal early life maltreatment (ELM) and maternal history of depression (HoD) on offspring's mental health. Maternal sensitivity was examined as a potential mediator explaining the relationship between maternal ELM, maternal HoD and child psychopathology. Participants were 194 mothers with and without HoD and/or ELM as well as their children between 5 and 12 years. Maternal sensitivity was assessed using the Emotional Availability Scales. Parent and teacher ratings were utilized to assess child psychopathology. Path analyses showed an indirect effect of maternal HoD on parents' ratings of child psychopathology with maternal sensitivity as mediating variable. In contrast, maternal ELM was directly linked to teachers' ratings of child psychopathology; this effect was not mediated by maternal sensitivity. Our results indicate that the impact of maternal HoD, maternal ELM, and maternal sensitivity on offspring psychopathology might vary depending on the context in which child psychopathology is assessed.


Asunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Hijo de Padres Discapacitados/psicología , Depresión/psicología , Conducta Materna , Trastornos del Neurodesarrollo/psicología , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Madres/psicología , Apego a Objetos , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Psicopatología
5.
Nervenarzt ; 90(3): 267-276, 2019 Mar.
Artículo en Alemán | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30725114

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The "empathy hormone" oxytocin (OXT) is associated with social interaction and parent-child interaction. Mothers with mental stress factors, e.g., history of depression, borderline personality disorder or early life maltreatment in their own childhood often show distinct maternal behavior. The objectives of the study were (1) to examine the association between these three stress factors and maternal OXT within one analysis. (2) Moreover, OXT was tested as a potential mediator for the association between maternal experience of early childhood maltreatment and abuse potential against their own child. METHODS: Plasma OXT concentrations of 52 mothers during the follicular phase were collated (healthy control mothers n = 22, history of depression n = 23, borderline personality disorder n = 7). The maternal history of psychiatric disorders and experiences of early childhood maltreatment were examined via interviews. Regression and mediation analyses were applied to answer the research questions. RESULTS: Early childhood maltreatment was associated with reduced plasma OXT; however, maternal history of depression and borderline personality disorder were not related to OXT concentrations. In particular, having experienced parental antipathy in one's own childhood was associated with reduced OXT levels but OXT did not mediate the association between maternal early childhood experiences of maltreatment and abuse potential of their own child. CONCLUSION: In the present study alterations in plasma OXT concentrations were not associated with psychiatric disorders, such as a history of depression or borderline personality disorder but more with a potential etiological factor of these disorders, i.e. experience of maltreatment in their own childhood.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe , Maltrato a los Niños , Trastorno Depresivo , Conducta Materna , Oxitocina , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/sangre , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/complicaciones , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Preescolar , Trastorno Depresivo/sangre , Trastorno Depresivo/complicaciones , Femenino , Humanos , Conducta Materna/psicología , Oxitocina/sangre
6.
Br J Psychiatry ; 213(1): 412-418, 2018 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29792587

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Early life maltreatment (ELM), borderline personality disorder (BPD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) have been shown to increase the potential of abuse. Emotion regulation is an identified mediator for the association of ELM and BPD with abuse potential. Until now, there has been no study to account for the co-occurrence of these risk factors in one analysis, although BPD and MDD are known as common sequelae of ELM. This is paired with a lack of studies investigating the effects of abuse potential on child well-being.AimsOur study aims at (a) disentangling the effects of maternal ELM, MDD and BPD on abuse potential; (b) exploring the role of emotion regulation as a mediator; and (c) testing for intergenerational effects of abuse potential on child psychopathology. METHOD: The research design included 114 mothers with/without ELM, BPD and MDD in remission and their children, all of which were between 5 and 12 years of age. A path analysis was conducted to investigate the multiple associations between our variables. RESULTS: ELM, MDD and BPD were all associated with abuse potential, with emotion regulation acting as a mediator for BPD and MDD. Furthermore, an elevated abuse potential was related to higher psychopathology in the child. CONCLUSIONS: History of ELM as well as the common sequelae, BPD and MDD, pose risks for child abuse. Our findings suggest improvement of emotion regulation as a potential target for intervention programs. These programs should also aim at non-substantiated cases because even an elevated abuse potential affected child mental health.Declaration of interestNone.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Emociones , Madres/psicología , Adulto , Niño , Protección a la Infancia , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psicopatología
7.
Arch Womens Ment Health ; 20(4): 477-486, 2017 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28612177

RESUMEN

Early life maltreatment (ELM) poses a risk for the development of insecure attachment and depression over the life span, depending on the type of maltreatment (physical, sexual, emotional, neglect) and its severity. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ELM and lifetime depression on adult insecure attachment in a female sample (N = 188), consisting of n = 81 women with ELM and n = 107 without ELM. Women with ELM reported significantly higher scores on insecure attachment than women without ELM. A significant interaction effect for ELM × lifetime depression was found: Contradictory to the hypotheses, women with ELM but without lifetime depression scored highest on avoidant attachment, differing significantly from women with ELM and lifetime depression, even though the severity of ELM was higher among women with ELM and lifetime depression and they experienced significantly more severe neglect and sexual abuse, but not physical or emotional abuse. Regression analyses revealed that ELM was the only predictor of avoidant attachment, explaining 15.5% of the variance. Results underline the strong influence of ELM on adult attachment and are of special importance for prevention and intervention programs.


Asunto(s)
Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Apego a Objetos , Adulto , Niño , Depresión/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
8.
Depress Anxiety ; 33(7): 648-57, 2016 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26697826

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The association between maternal depression and adverse outcomes in children is well established. Similar links have been found for maternal childhood abuse. One proposed pathway of risk transmission is reduced maternal emotional availability. Our aim was to investigate whether sensitive parenting is impaired in mothers with depression in remission, and whether among these mothers childhood abuse has an additional impact. METHODS: The mother-child interaction of 188 dyads was assessed during a play situation using the Emotional Availability Scales, which measure the overall affective quality of the interaction: maternal sensitivity, structuring, nonhostility, and nonintrusiveness. Mothers with depression in remission were compared to healthy mothers. Children were between 5 and 12 years old. Group differences and impact of additional childhood abuse were analyzed by one-factorial analyses of covariance and planned contrasts. RESULTS: Mothers with depression in remission showed less emotional availability during mother-child interaction compared to healthy control mothers. Specifically, they were less sensitive and, at trend-level, less structuring and more hostile. Among these mothers, we found an additional effect of severe maternal childhood abuse on maternal sensitivity: Mothers with depression in remission and a history of severe childhood abuse were less sensitive than remitted mothers without childhood abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that depression impacts on maternal emotional availability during remission, which might represent a trait characteristic of depression. Mothers with depression in remission and additional severe childhood abuse were particularly affected. These findings may contribute to the understanding of children's vulnerability to develop a depressive disorder themselves.


Asunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , Emociones , Conducta Materna/psicología , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Madres/psicología , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Alemania , Humanos , Masculino , Remisión Espontánea
10.
Front Psychiatry ; 14: 1267038, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37965361

RESUMEN

Background: Maternal early-life maltreatment (ELM) increases the risk of subsequent child maltreatment, but the underlying mechanisms of these intergenerational effects remain largely unknown. Identifying these mechanisms is crucial for developing preventive interventions that can break the cycle of abuse. Notably, previous research has shown that ELM often results in attachment insecurity and altered anger characteristics. Therefore, this study determines whether these characteristics mediate the relationship between maternal history of ELM and child abuse potential. Methods: The study sample included 254 mothers, of whom 149 had experienced ELM to at least a moderate degree. Maternal ELM was assessed using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA) interview. Attachment insecurity, trait anger and anger expression, and maternal abuse potential were assessed using the Vulnerable Attachment Questionnaire (VASQ), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), and Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI), respectively. Results: The severity of maternal ELM predicted higher child abuse potential, with attachment insecurity and anger suppression mediating this effect. Specifically, higher levels of maternal ELM were associated with greater attachment insecurity and increased anger suppression, resulting in a higher child abuse potential. Although higher levels of trait anger were directly associated with higher child abuse potential, this parameter did not mediate the relationship with ELM. In addition, no significant associations were observed between outwardly expressed anger and ELM or child abuse potential. All analyses were adjusted for maternal mental disorders, years of education, and relationship status. Discussion: Attachment insecurity and anger suppression may serve as pathways linking the maternal history of ELM to the risk of child abuse, even when considering maternal psychopathology. Overall, our findings indicate that interventions aimed at strengthening attachment and improving anger suppression may be beneficial for all mothers with ELM history and high child abuse potential, not just those who suffer from mental illness.

12.
Psychoneuroendocrinology ; 120: 104791, 2020 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32683140

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Maternal early life maltreatment (ELM) and history of depression can bear a risk for adverse development in the child. One neurobiological pathway for the transmission of both maternal ELM and remitted depression (MDD) might be altered maternal cortisol levels. In the present study, we examine (1) main and interacting effects of maternal ELM and remitted MDD on hair cortisol concentration (HCC) in mothers, whether (2) maternal HCC explains the association between maternal ELM or remitted MDD and maternal child abuse potential, and (3) whether maternal child abuse potential as well as maternal HCC are associated with maternal report of child well-being. METHODS: The current study involved 127 mother-child dyads. Maternal history of ELM and psychopathology were assessed via the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) and Childhood Experience and Care (CECA) interview. The Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI) was used to assess maternal child abuse and neglect potential. We applied the Kidscreen-27 parent report to study child well-being. To assess HCC, hair strands were taken from the mothers. To test the research questions, a two-factorial analysis of covariance, mediation analysis using ordinary least squares regressions with bootstrapping, and Pearson correlations were calculated. RESULTS: Mothers with ELM had significantly increased HCC. There was no effect of remitted MDD on HCC, nor an interaction effect of both factors. HCC was a significant mediator of the association between maternal ELM and maternal child abuse potential. Maternal child abuse potential as well as HCC were significantly associated with reduced child well-being. DISCUSSION: Our data suggest that adverse experiences in childhood are associated with altered HPA-axis functioning reflected in increased levels of HCC. HPA-axis activity is not altered in mothers with remitted MDD. From a clinical point of view, one might speculate that the partially mediating effect of maternal HCC could indicate a starting point in the prevention of the intergenerational cycle of abuse.


Asunto(s)
Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia/psicología , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Conducta Materna/psicología , Adulto , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Depresión/fisiopatología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/fisiopatología , Femenino , Cabello/química , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/análisis , Masculino , Conducta Materna/fisiología , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/psicología , Madres/psicología
13.
Psychoneuroendocrinology ; 121: 104845, 2020 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32861165

RESUMEN

Obstetric complications (OC) may have implications for later health outcomes. However, there is a lack of research examining the association between OC and behavior problems or quality of life (HRQoL). We aimed to close this gap and further investigate functioning of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis as a potential physiological vulnerability moderating the association between OC and behavior problems and HRQoL. We investigated 232 mothers and their five to 12-year-old children. Presence of OC during the pre-, peri-, and postnatal phases was determined by interviewing mothers. Children's behavior problems (CBCL, TRF) and HRQoL (Kidscreen rated by mothers and children) were assessed. Children gave 3 cm strands of hair for analysis of hair cortisol (HC). Structural equation modeling analyses with a latent variable of child outcome ("distress"), OC as predictor and HC as a potential moderator were conducted. OC significantly predicted distress (ß = .33, p < .01). The model showed a good fit to the data: χ2(14)=15.66, p < .33, CFI=.99, TLI=.99, RMSEA=.02, 90 %CI [.00, .06], SRMR=.04. In addition, HC moderated the association between OC and distress (ß=-.32, p < .01). The moderation model also showed a good fit: χ2(14) =7.13, p = .93, CFI=1.00, TLI=1.06, RMSEA=.00, 90 %CI [.00, .02], SRMR=.03. Results indicated that the association between OC and distress was significant only when children had low HC-levels. This was also the case for both externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Our results underline the notion of OC as a risk factor for child behavior problems and wellbeing and point to an important role of the children's physiological set-up such as HPA-functioning.


Asunto(s)
Cabello/química , Hidrocortisona/análisis , Complicaciones del Trabajo de Parto/psicología , Adulto , Niño , Salud Infantil , Preescolar , Familia , Femenino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/química , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/metabolismo , Masculino , Madres/psicología , Complicaciones del Trabajo de Parto/metabolismo , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Embarazo , Problema de Conducta/psicología , Calidad de Vida/psicología , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismo
14.
Psychoneuroendocrinology ; 90: 52-60, 2018 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29433073

RESUMEN

The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) and its end product, the glucocorticoid cortisol, has been shown to be associated with psychopathology. Determining cortisol concentrations in hair (HCC) allows the investigation of long-term HPAA-activity. There is a significant scarcity of studies investigating the link between HCC and psychopathology and quality of life in child and adolescent samples. In addition, as the HPAA constitutes a feedback system enabling adaption to environmental demands, it is important to consider the socio-environmental context that the children grow up in. We therefore investigated the associations between child HCC and psychopathology/quality of life and compared these links in two groups of five to 12-year-olds: children living with mothers who report experiences of early life maltreatment (ELM) (high-risk group) and children whose mothers did not report any ELM (low-risk group). We expected that, under conditions of a high-risk environment, elevated HPAA-functioning would be associated with low levels of psychopathology and high levels of quality of life in children. Under low-risk conditions, elevated HPAA-functioning would be associated with high levels of psychopathology and low levels of quality of life in children. For the complete sample of N = 130 children, three-months HCC did not significantly predict child psychopathology or quality of life. However, there was a significant moderating effect of group membership: In the high-risk group, high levels of HCC were significantly associated with high levels of self-reported quality of life. In the low-risk group, there was no association between HCC and self-reported quality of life. For child psychopathology, in the low-risk group, high levels of HCC were significantly associated with high levels of teacher reported behavior problems, whereas in the high-risk group, the association did not reach significance. Our results underline the importance of accounting for the social environment children grow up in when investigating the link between HCC and child psychopathology and quality of life.


Asunto(s)
Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia , Cabello/metabolismo , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismo , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/metabolismo , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Masculino , Madres , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Psicopatología , Calidad de Vida , Factores de Riesgo , Medio Social , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
15.
J Affect Disord ; 231: 63-73, 2018 04 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29453011

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Both, maternal borderline personality disorder (BPD) and maternal major depressive disorder (MDD) are often associated with adverse consequences for children, including increased risk for child behavior problems. Reduced maternal emotional availability might play a critical role in transmitting maternal psychopathology on the child. Our aim was to investigate the association between emotional availability and maternal BPD and MDD in remission (rMDD), and if this interrelatedness mediates the association between maternal mental disorders and child behavior problems. METHODS: The interaction of 178 mother-child dyads was assessed during a play situation using the Emotional Availability Scales. Children were between 5 and 12 years old. Regression analyses were used to investigate the impact of maternal BPD and maternal rMDD on emotional availability. Ordinary least squares regression analyses using bootstrapping were conducted to investigate the mediating effect of emotional availability on the association between maternal mental disorders and child behavior problems. RESULTS: Mothers with BPD showed increased hostility during mother-child interaction, whereas history of MDD was associated with reduced sensitivity. Maternal hostility was a mediator between maternal BPD and number of child psychiatric disorders, as well as externalizing and internalizing behavior. Maternal sensitivity mediated the association between maternal rMDD and number of child psychiatric disorders, as well as internalizing child behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that mothers with BPD show a qualitatively different pattern of emotional availability compared to mothers with rMDD. These patterns might reflect two separate pathways of transgenerational transmission of aspects of maternal mental disorders, where intervention and training programs could start: maternal rMDD impacts on child behavior problems via reduced sensitivity, and maternal BPD via increased hostility, which could both be addressed with specific therapeutic interventions.


Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/psicología , Hijo de Padres Discapacitados/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/psicología , Madres/psicología , Adulto , Niño , Conducta Infantil , Preescolar , Emociones , Femenino , Hostilidad , Humanos , Masculino , Problema de Conducta , Psicopatología , Análisis de Regresión
16.
J Affect Disord ; 225: 280-288, 2018 01 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28843077

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: There is a well-established link between maternal depression and child mental health. Similar effects have been found for maternal history of early life maltreatment (ELM). However, studies investigating the relationship of children's quality of life and maternal depression are scarce and none have been conducted for the association with maternal ELM. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of maternal history of ELM and depression on children's health-related quality of life and to identify mediating factors accounting for these effects. METHODS: Our study involved 194 mothers with and without history of depression and/or ELM and their children between five and 12 years. Children's health-related quality of life was assessed by maternal proxy- and child self-ratings using the KIDSCREEN. We considered maternal sensitivity and maternal parenting stress as potential mediators. RESULTS: We found an effect of maternal history of depression but not of maternal history of ELM on health-related quality of life. Maternal stress and sensitivity mediated the effects of maternal depression on child global health-related quality of life, as well as on the dimensions Autonomy & Parent Relation, School Environment (maternal and child rating), and Physical Wellbeing (child rating). LIMITATION: Due to the cross-sectional design of the study, causal interpretations must be made with caution. Some scales yielded low internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal impairments in areas of parenting which possibly developed during acute depression persist even after remission of acute affective symptoms. Interventions should target parenting stress and sensitivity in parents with prior depression.


Asunto(s)
Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Salud Infantil , Depresión/psicología , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Madres/psicología , Calidad de Vida/psicología , Adulto , Síntomas Afectivos/psicología , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino
17.
PLoS One ; 12(8): e0182476, 2017.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28806742

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Maternal sensitive behavior depends on recognizing one's own child's affective states. The present study investigated distinct and overlapping neural responses of mothers to sad and happy facial expressions of their own child (in comparison to facial expressions of an unfamiliar child). METHODS: We used functional MRI to measure dissociable and overlapping activation patterns in 27 healthy mothers in response to happy, neutral and sad facial expressions of their own school-aged child and a gender- and age-matched unfamiliar child. To investigate differential activation to sad compared to happy faces of one's own child, we used interaction contrasts. During the scan, mothers had to indicate the affect of the presented face. After scanning, they were asked to rate the perceived emotional arousal and valence levels for each face using a 7-point Likert-scale (adapted SAM version). RESULTS: While viewing their own child's sad faces, mothers showed activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex whereas happy facial expressions of the own child elicited activation in the hippocampus. Conjoint activation in response to one's own child happy and sad expressions was found in the insula and the superior temporal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal brain activations differed depending on the child's affective state. Sad faces of the own child activated areas commonly associated with a threat detection network, whereas happy faces activated reward related brain areas. Overlapping activation was found in empathy related networks. These distinct neural activation patterns might facilitate sensitive maternal behavior.


Asunto(s)
Emociones/fisiología , Expresión Facial , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Madres/psicología , Adulto , Nivel de Alerta , Conducta , Mapeo Encefálico , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Felicidad , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad
18.
J Affect Disord ; 189: 233-9, 2016 Jan 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26451509

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The association between maternal depression and adverse emotional and behavioral outcomes in children is well established. One associated factor might be altered affect recognition which may be transmitted transgenerationally. Individuals with history of depression show biased recognition of sadness. Our aim was to investigate parallels in maternal and children's affect recognition with remitted depressed mothers. METHODS: 60 Mother-child dyads completed an affect recognition morphing task. We examined two groups of remitted depressed mothers, with and without history of physical or sexual abuse, and a group of healthy mothers without history of physical or sexual abuse. Children were between 5 and 12 years old. RESULTS: Across groups, mothers identified happy faces fastest. Mothers with remitted depression showed a higher accuracy and response bias for sadness. We found corresponding results in their children. Maternal and children's bias and accuracy for sadness were positively correlated. Effects of remitted depression were found independent of maternal history of physical or sexual abuse. LIMITATIONS: Our sample size was relatively small and further longitudinal research is needed to investigate how maternal and children's affect recognition are associated with behavioral and emotional outcomes in the long term. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a negative processing bias in mothers with remitted depression which might represent both the perpetuation of and vulnerability to depression. Children of remitted depressed mothers appear to be exposed to this processing bias outside acute depressive episodes. This may promote the development of a corresponding processing bias in the children and could make children of depressed mothers more vulnerable to depressive disorders themselves.


Asunto(s)
Depresión/psicología , Expresión Facial , Pesar , Felicidad , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/psicología , Madres/psicología , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino
19.
Behav Res Ther ; 64: 43-8, 2015 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25528502

RESUMEN

The topic of therapist training has been relatively neglected in the research literature. Similarly, the related issue of the measurement of the outcome of training, especially therapist competence, has been largely overlooked. Data supporting the effectiveness of various methods of clinician training and those providing estimates of the level of competence achieved by clinicians are scarce. Validated scalable methods for the measurement of clinician outcomes such as competence are required to evaluate both existing and new methods of training. This study focuses on the development and testing of an online measure (eMeasure) to assess therapists' applied knowledge of Enhanced Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT-E), a transdiagnostic evidence-supported treatment for the full range of eating disorders. The eMeasure meets the stringent requirements of the Rasch model and has three equivalent versions making it suitable for repeat testing of trainees in outcome studies. Preliminary best cut points to distinguish between those who are competent and those who are not are identified. While the present work focused on CBT-E, the method described may be used to develop and test other measures relating to therapist competence.


Asunto(s)
Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/educación , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/terapia , Personal de Salud/educación , Competencia Profesional , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Internet , Masculino
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