A case of coexistent poorly differentiated adenosquamous carcinoma (glassy cell carcinoma), usual-type adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the cervix.

Poorly differentiated adenosquamous carcinoma (glassy cell carcinoma) of the cervix is extremely rare, accounting for 1-2% of all cervical cancers. Herein, we report a case with coexistent poorly differentiated adenosquamous carcinoma (glassy cell carcinoma), "usual-type" adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the cervix. A female patient in her 60 s was referred to our hospital and diagnosed with poorly differentiated adenosquamous carcinoma based on cervical cytology and biopsy. The tumor was classified as clinical stage IB1 cervical cancer following magnetic resonance imaging; radical hysterectomy was performed. Histopathological examination revealed poorly differentiated adenosquamous carcinoma (glassy cell carcinoma), usual-type adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma in situ, all coexisting. All carcinoma regions showed identical sizes to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) in fragment analysis. The patient is currently alive, without evidence of recurrence, 31 months post surgery. In this case, three different carcinomas coexisted. Fragment analysis of the patient's HPV status suggested that all carcinomas were related to an infection with the same high-risk HPV type. To determine the precise mechanism of tumor development, i.e., whether the tumors were of the mixed or collision type, further studies are needed, including clonal analysis for the loss of heterozygosity pattern.

NMR-based analysis of the chemical composition of Japanese persimmon aqueous extracts.

Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) is recognized as an outstanding source of biologically active compounds relating to many health benefits. In the present study, NMR spectroscopy provided a comprehensive metabolic overview of Japanese persimmon juice. Detailed signal assignments of Japanese persimmon juice were carried out using various 2D NMR techniques incorporated with broadband water suppression enhanced through T1 effects (BB-WET) or WET sequences, and 26 components, including minor components, were identified. In addition, most components were quantitatively evaluated by the integration of signals using conventional (1) H NMR and BB-WET NMR. This is the first detailed analysis combined with quantitative characterization of chemical components using NMR for Japanese persimmon. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Broadband WET: a novel technique for quantitative characterization of minor components in foods.

NMR analysis of foods frequently suffers from a problem of dynamic range, which limits the detection of minor components due to the huge signals of water and major components such as sugars. In the present study, we propose a new method named as 'broadband WET'. This pulse scheme was applied to persimmon fruit juice for saturating the resonances of water and sugars, which covered a broad bandwidth. In comparison with the conventional solvent suppression methods such as WET and DPFGSE-WATERGATE, it was shown that broadband WET provided highly selective suppression of resonances covering an extensive bandwidth and quantitative signals of minor components without distortion. The proposed method is suitable to detect quantitative signals of the minor components with a high sensitivity.

F2-selective two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy for the analysis of minor components in foods.

In this study, we propose F(2)-selective 2D NMR spectroscopy as an effective method to obtain high-quality spectra of minor components in complex foodstuffs. Selective excitation along the F(2) axis overcame the problems occurring in the conventional F(1)-selective 2D NMR spectroscopy. The technique was successfully applied to mango juice to provide high-quality TOCSY, DQF-COSY, and NOESY spectra of the minor components for the assignment of their signals. In addition, high-quality TOCSY spectra were obtained for the minor components of Japanese sake and honey. These results indicate that F(2)-selective 2D NMR spectroscopy will be useful for the non-destructive analysis of various foods.

NMR-based metabolic profiling and comparison of Japanese persimmon cultivars.

Persimmons are a traditional, autumnal, and healthy fruit commonly consumed in Japan and East Asia based on the saying, "a persimmon a day keeps the doctor away." The differences in metabolites among five major Japanese persimmon cultivars were investigated using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach. By using a broadband water suppression enhanced through T1 effects (WET) method for the sensitive detection of minor metabolites, better discrimination among cultivars and more informative details regarding their metabolic differences have been achieved compared to those achieved in conventional 1H NMR sequences. Among the nonastringent cultivars analyzed, the Taishu cultivar has the highest abundance of amino acids. The Matsumotowase-Fuyu cultivar contains ethyl-ß-glycosides as characteristic components, which may relate to fruit softening. Citric acid concentration is higher in Maekawa Jiro than in other nonastringent cultivars. Among the two astringent cultivars analyzed, ethanol was significantly higher in Hiratanenashi than in Yotsumizo, which indicates different reactivity during deastringency treatments. The present study proposes an efficient and relatively quantitative metabolomics approach based on broadband WET NMR spectra.

Roles of ERCP in the Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer.

It has been reported that endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is of value in evaluating precise pancreatograms of the pancreatic duct (PD). Recently, institutions have tended to perform magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) for the diagnosis of PD due to post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). In small pancreatic cancer (PC), including PC in situ (PCIS) which is undetectable on cross sectional images, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and MRCP serve important roles in detecting local irregular stenosis of the PD or small cystic lesions. Subsequently, ERCP and associated serial pancreatic juice aspiration cytologic examination (SPACE) obtained by endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage (ENPD) may be useful in the diagnosis of very early-stage PC. Further prospective multicenter studies are required to establish a standard method of SPACE for the early diagnosis of PC.

Quantitation of Minor Components in Mango Juice with Band-Selective Excitation NMR Spectroscopy.

1H NMR-based metabolic analysis of foods has been widely applied. However, dynamic range problems frequently impede its application because foodstuffs are composed of various organic compounds in a wide range of concentrations. Band-selective excitation 1H NMR spectroscopy has been found to be a useful tool for observing the minor components in foods. Because quantitative information is important for metabolic analysis of foods and complete metabolome data, quantitation with the band-selective excitation 1H NMR method was carefully investigated in the present study. As a result, the concentrations of minor components in mango juice of the "Carabao" cultivar were successfully quantitated by band-selective excitation 1H NMR using standard curves that exhibited good linearity. The band-selective excitation 1H NMR technique was therefore effective for determining the concentrations of minor components in foods.

Metabolic discrimination of mango juice from various cultivars by band-selective NMR spectroscopy.

NMR-based metabolic analysis of foods has been widely applied in food science. In this study, we performed discrimination of five different mango cultivars, Awin, Carabao, Keitt, Kent, and Nam Dok Mai, using metabolic analysis with band-selective excitation NMR spectra. A combination of unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) with low-field region (1)H NMR spectra obtained by band-selective excitation provided a good discriminant model of the five mango cultivars. Using F(2)-selective 2D NMR spectra, we also identified various minor components in the mango juice. Signal assignment of the minor components facilitated the interpretation of the loading plot, and it was found that arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, glutamine, shikimic acid, and trigonelline were important for classification of the five mango cultivars.

NMR-based metabolic profiling of rice wines by F(2)-selective total correlation spectra.

In this study, we performed NMR-based metabolic profiling of major rice wines (Japanese sake, Chinese Shaoxing wine, and Korean makgeolli). In the (1)H NMR spectra, the rice wines showed broad resonances in the region of about 7.9-9.0 ppm. These resonances showed many and complex correlations with approximately 0.5-4.5 ppm in the F(2)-selective TOCSY (total correlation spectroscopy) spectra, and these correlations were attributed mainly to peptides. These spectral patterns were characteristic of individual rice wines, and the combination of F(2)-selective TOCSY spectra and principal component analysis enabled us to classify the rice wine species. Furthermore, it also provided information about raw materials, namely, what type of koji (rice koji or wheat koji) was used. These spectra may be useful as a new "fingerprint" for quality control or food authentication.

Roasting process of coffee beans as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance: time course of changes in composition.

In this paper, we report a (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based comprehensive analysis of coffee bean extracts of different degrees of roast. The roasting process of coffee bean extracts was chemically characterized using detailed signal assignment information coupled with multivariate data analysis. A total of 30 NMR-visible components of coffee bean extracts were monitored simultaneously as a function of the roasting duration. During roasting, components such as sucrose and chlorogenic acids were degraded and components such as quinic acids, N-methylpyridinium, and water-soluble polysaccharides were formed. Caffeine and myo-inositol were relatively thermally stable. Multivariate data analysis indicated that some components such as sucrose, chlorogenic acids, quinic acids, and polysaccharides could serve as chemical markers during coffee bean roasting. The present composition-based quality analysis provides an excellent holistic method and suggests useful chemical markers to control and characterize the coffee-roasting process.

(13)C NMR-based metabolomics for the classification of green coffee beans according to variety and origin.

(13)C NMR-based metabolomics was demonstrated as a useful tool for distinguishing the species and origins of green coffee bean samples of arabica and robusta from six different geographic regions. By the application of information on (13)C signal assignment, significantly different levels of 14 metabolites of green coffee beans were identified in the classifications, including sucrose, caffeine, chlorogenic acids, choline, amino acids, organic acids, and trigonelline, as captured by multivariate analytical models. These studies demonstrate that the species and geographical origin can be quickly discriminated by evaluating the major metabolites of green coffee beans quantitatively using (13)C NMR-based metabolite profiling.