School achievement in adolescence and the risk of mental disorders in early adulthood: a Finnish nationwide register study.

School grades in adolescence have been linked to later psychiatric outcomes, but large-scale nationwide studies across the spectrum of mental disorders are scarce. In the present study, we examined the risk of a wide array of mental disorders in adulthood, as well as the risk of comorbidity, associated with school achievement in adolescence. We used population-based cohort data comprising all individuals born in Finland over the period 1980-2000 (N = 1,070,880) who were followed from age 15 or 16 until a diagnosis of mental disorder, emigration, death, or December 2017, whichever came first. Final grade average from comprehensive school was the exposure, and the first diagnosed mental disorder in a secondary healthcare setting was the outcome. The risks were assessed with Cox proportional hazards models, stratified Cox proportional hazard models within strata of full-siblings, and multinomial regression models. The cumulative incidence of mental disorders was estimated using competing risks regression. Better school achievement was associated with a smaller risk of all subsequent mental disorders and comorbidity, except for eating disorders, where better school achievement was associated with a higher risk. The largest associations were observed between school achievement and substance use disorders. Overall, individuals with school achievement more than two standard deviations below average had an absolute risk of 39.6% of a later mental disorder diagnosis. By contrast, for individuals with school achievement more than two standard deviations above average, the absolute risk of a later mental disorder diagnosis was 15.7%. The results show that the largest mental health burden accumulates among those with the poorest school achievement in adolescence.

Sociodemographic risk factors for the persistence of harmful alcohol use: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies.

PURPOSE: Previous research suggests several sociodemographic risk factors for the persistence of harmful alcohol use. However, the evidence is limited due to short follow-up times, retrospective reporting and samples comprising only people with alcohol dependence. We pooled data from six prospective cohort studies to systematically evaluate whether the sociodemographic risk factors differ between the incidence and persistence of harmful alcohol use. METHODS: Data were from six prospective cohort studies from the US, UK and Japan (n = 28,394). We conducted a two-stage meta-analysis to examine the associations of six sociodemographic risk factors (sex, age, presence of a partner, educational attainment, smoking and psychological distress) with the incidence and persistence of harmful alcohol use. Tests of heterogeneity were used to evaluate whether the associations differ between the incident and persistent use. RESULTS: Male sex, younger age, higher education, smoking, and psychological distress were associated with a greater risk of both the incidence and the persistence of harmful alcohol use in mutually adjusted models (ORs = 0.97-1.67). There were no differences in the associations of these risk factors with incident and persistent use, except that the association of psychological distress was greater with incident use compared to persistent use (p for heterogeneity < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the incidence and persistence of harmful alcohol use share a similar set of sociodemographic risk factors in the general population.

Network dynamics of depressive symptoms in antidepressant medication treatment: secondary analysis of eight clinical trials.

Depression can be viewed as a network of depressive symptoms that tend to reinforce each other via feedback loops. Specific symptoms of depression may be differently responsive to antidepressant treatment, and some symptoms may be more important than others in the overall improvement of depression associated with treatment. We pooled prospective data from eight industry-sponsored placebo-controlled trials for paroxetine, fluoxetine and imipramine (total n = 3559) to examine whether improvements in specific depressive symptoms were more strongly related to improvements in other depressive symptoms among patients on active antidepressant treatment as compared to placebo. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Data on treatment was dichotomized into active treatment (receiving any antidepressant agent) vs. placebo. Time-lagged longitudinal analyses suggested that improvement in three symptoms-depressed mood, insomnia, and suicidality-had a broader overall impact on subsequent improvement in other depressive symptoms in the antidepressant condition compared to placebo (i.e., greater out-strength). Moreover, improvements in depressed mood and insomnia were more likely to follow the improvements in other symptoms in the antidepressant condition compared to placebo (i.e., greater in-strength). These results from clinical trial data suggest that depressed mood, insomnia, and suicidality may be particularly important in accounting for the remission and recovery in response to antidepressant treatment.

Long-term cumulative light exposure from the natural environment and sleep: A cohort study.

We analysed (A) the association of short-term as well as long-term cumulative exposure to natural light, and (B) the association of detailed temporal patterns of natural light exposure history with three indicators of sleep: sleep duration, sleep problems, and diurnal preference. Data (N = 1,962; 55% women; mean age 41.4 years) were from the prospective Young Finns Study, which we linked to daily meteorological data on each participant's neighbourhood natural light exposure using residential postal codes. Sleep outcomes were self-reported in 2011. We first examined associations of the sleep outcomes with cumulative light exposure of 5-year, 2-year, 1-year, and 2-month periods prior to the sleep assessment using linear and Poisson regression models adjusting for potential confounders. We then used a data-driven time series approach to detect clusters of participants with different light exposure histories and assessed the associations of these clusters with the sleep outcomes using linear and Poisson regression analyses. A greater cumulative light exposure over ≥1 year was associated with a shorter sleep duration (ß = -0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.15 to -0.04), more sleep problems (incident rate ratio [IRR] 1.04, 95% CI 1.0-1.07) and diurnal preference towards eveningness (ß = -0.09, 95% CI -0.14 to -0.03). The data-driven exposure pattern of "slowly increasing" light exposure was associated with fewer overall sleep problems (IRR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.98) compared to a "recently declining" light exposure group representing the "average-exposure" group. These findings suggest that living in an area with relatively more intense light exposure for a longer period of time influences sleep.

Association of depressive symptoms with health care utilization in older adults: Longitudinal evidence from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe.

OBJECTIVES: Many older adults with depression do not receive adequate treatment. Differences in treatment utilization may reflect the heterogeneous nature of depression, encompassing multiple distinct symptoms. We assessed whether depressive symptoms are differentially associated with subsequent health care utilization with respect to three outcomes as follows: (1) contact with a medical doctor (MD), (2) depression-specific treatment, and (3) inpatient psychiatric admission. METHODS/DESIGN: Longitudinal analyses were based on data from three follow-up cycles conducted between 2004 and 2013 among 53,139 participants from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe. Depressive symptoms were self-reported at baseline of each follow-up cycle using the 12-item EURO-D scale. Health care utilization was self-reported at the end of each follow-up cycle. RESULTS: After adjustment for sex, age, country of interview, follow-up time, educational attainment, presence of a partner in household, body-mass index, the number of chronic diseases, disability, average/prior frequency of contact with an MD, and all other depressive symptoms, people with more frequent contact with an MD had most often reported sleep problems (IRR = 1.10) and fatigue (IRR = 1.10), followed by sad/depressed mood, tearfulness, concentration problems, guilt, irritability, and changes in appetite. Those treated for depression had most often reported sad/depressed mood (OR = 2.18) and suicidal ideation (OR = 1.72), but also sleep problems, changes in appetite, fatigue, concentration problems, hopelessness, and irritability. Sad/depressed mood (OR = 2.87) was also associated with psychiatric inpatient admission. Similarly to other outcomes, appetite change, fatigue, and sleep problems were associated with inpatient admission. CONCLUSIONS: Specific symptoms of depression may determine utilization of different types of health care among elderly.

Subclinical hypothyroidism and symptoms of depression: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES).

BACKGROUND: Subclinical hypothyroidism has been associated with increased risk for depression, yet the findings remain controversial. It is possible that subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with some, but not all symptoms of depression. We examined symptom-specific associations between depression and subclinical hypothyroidism. METHODS: Participants (N = 7683 adults) were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of 2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2011-2012 We included participants who had data on their thyroid profile and depressive symptoms (measured using Patient Health Questionnaire), and excluded those with overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, and those on thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Logistic regression with sampling weights was used to examine the association between subclinical hypothyroidism and depression symptoms. We also ran sensitivity analysis using different cut-off points for defining subclinical hypothyroidism. RESULTS: Of all the participants, 208 (2.7%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and of them only six had depression. Subclinical hypothyroidism was not associated with depression (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.20-1.87) nor with the specific depression symptoms. Using lower criteria for subclinical hypothyroidism diagnosis resulted in similar findings. CONCLUSIONS: In a nationally representative sample of US adults, we observed no association between subclinical hypothyroidism and overall depression risk or any of the individual symptoms of depression.

Nativity status and workplace discrimination in registered nurses: Testing the mediating role of psychosocial work characteristics.

AIM: To examine: (a) whether nativity status was associated with workplace discrimination, and (b) whether this association was mediated through psychosocial work characteristics (job strain, job demands, and job control) among registered female nurses. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey with a self-report questionnaire was conducted. METHODS: A random sample of 610 native Registered Nurses and a total sample of 188 foreign-born Registered Nurses working in Finland were used. Data were collected between September-November of 2017 and analysed using a counterfactual approach in the causal mediation framework. RESULTS: After adjusting for several potential confounders, foreign-born nurses scored higher on workplace discrimination than native nurses. Approximately 20% of the association between nativity status and workplace discrimination was mediated through job control. Job demands and job strain were unlikely to mediate this association. CONCLUSION: The study provides further evidence that migrant status is associated with a higher risk of workplace discrimination among nurses. Lower levels of control over one's own job may partly contribute to the higher risk of workplace discrimination in foreign-born women nurses. IMPACT: Our study addresses the relationship between nativity status and workplace discrimination among female nurses and its mediating factors. The findings suggest that healthcare organization leaders need to be aware of the increased risk of workplace discrimination among migrant nurses. Moreover, healthcare organizations need to consider psychosocial work characteristics, including job control, in the efforts aimed to prevent and reduce discrimination against their foreign-born employees.

Transmission of Mental Disorders in Adolescent Peer Networks.

Importance: Previous research indicates that mental disorders may be transmitted from one individual to another within social networks. However, there is a lack of population-based epidemiologic evidence that pertains to the full range of mental disorders. Objective: To examine whether having classmates with a mental disorder diagnosis in the ninth grade of comprehensive school is associated with later risk of being diagnosed with a mental disorder. Design, Setting, and Participants: In a population-based registry study, data on all Finnish citizens born between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 1997, whose demographic, health, and school information were linked from nationwide registers were included. Cohort members were followed up from August 1 in the year they completed ninth grade (approximately aged 16 years) until a diagnosis of mental disorder, emigration, death, or December 31, 2019, whichever occurred first. Data analysis was performed from May 15, 2023, to February 8, 2024. Exposure: The exposure was 1 or more individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder in the same school class in the ninth grade. Main Outcomes and Measures: Being diagnosed with a mental disorder during follow-up. Results: Among the 713 809 cohort members (median age at the start of follow-up, 16.1 [IQR, 15.9-16.4] years; 50.4% were males), 47 433 had a mental disorder diagnosis by the ninth grade. Of the remaining 666 376 cohort members, 167 227 persons (25.1%) received a mental disorder diagnosis during follow-up (7.3 million person-years). A dose-response association was found, with no significant increase in later risk of 1 diagnosed classmate (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.02), but a 5% increase with more than 1 diagnosed classmate (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.04-1.06). The risk was not proportional over time but was highest during the first year of follow-up, showing a 9% increase for 1 diagnosed classmate (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.14), and an 18% increase for more than 1 diagnosed classmate (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.13-1.24). Of the examined mental disorders, the risk was greatest for mood, anxiety, and eating disorders. Increased risk was observed after adjusting for an array of parental, school-level, and area-level confounders. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this study suggest that mental disorders might be transmitted within adolescent peer networks. More research is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the possible transmission of mental disorders.

Intergenerational continuity of loneliness and potential mechanisms: Young Finns Multigenerational Study.

Evidence on the intergenerational continuity of loneliness and on potential mechanisms that connect loneliness across successive generations is limited. We examined the association between loneliness of (G0) parents (859 mothers and 570 fathers, mean age 74 years) and their children (G1) (433 sons and 558 daughters, mean age 47 years) producing 991 parent-offspring pairs and tested whether these associations were mediated through subjective socioeconomic position, temperament characteristics, cognitive performance, and depressive symptoms. Mean loneliness across parents had an independent effect on their adult children's experienced loneliness (OR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.23-2.42). We also found a robust effect of mothers' (OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.17-2.29), but not of fathers' loneliness (OR = 1.47, 95% CI 0.96-2.25) on offspring's experienced loneliness in adulthood. The associations were partly mediated by offspring depressive (41-54%) and anxiety (29-31%) symptoms. The current findings emphasize the high interdependence of loneliness within families mediated partly by offspring's mental health problems.

Estimating risk of loneliness in adulthood using survey-based prediction models: A cohort study.

It is widely accepted that loneliness is associated with health problems, but less is known about the predictors of loneliness. In this study, we constructed a model to predict individual risk of loneliness during adulthood. Data were from the prospective population-based FinHealth cohort study with 3444 participants (mean age 55.5 years, 53.4% women) who responded to a 81-item self-administered questionnaire and reported not to be lonely at baseline in 2017. The outcome was self-reported loneliness at follow-up in 2020. Predictive models were constructed using bootstrap enhanced LASSO regression (bolasso). The C-index from the final model including 11 predictors from the best bolasso -models varied between 0.65 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.70) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.75) the pooled C -index being 0.68 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.75). Although survey-based individualised prediction models for loneliness achieved a reasonable C-index, their predictive value was limited. High detection rates were associated with high false positive rates, while lower false positive rates were associated with low detection rates. These findings suggest that incident loneliness during adulthood. may be difficult to predict with standard survey data.

Loneliness and cognitive function in older adults: Longitudinal analysis in 15 countries.

This study aims to evaluate the directionality of the association between loneliness and cognitive performance in older adults, accounting for confounding factors. Data were from 55,662 adults aged ≥ 50 years who participated in Waves 5-8 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Loneliness was assessed with the Three-Item Loneliness Scale (TILS) and with a one-item direct question. Cognitive performance was assessed with four measures: verbal fluency, numeracy, immediate recall, and delayed recall. Age, sex, geographical area, educational attainment, partnership status, depressive symptoms, and previous chronic diseases at baseline were used as covariates. We analyzed the associations with three-wave random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) and conducted age-stratified analysis among those younger versus older than 65 years. Full information maximum likelihood estimators were used to handle missing values in Waves 6-8 in the main analyses. We also conducted additional sensitivity analyses stratified by retirement status (retired vs. not) at baseline. At the within-person level, loneliness and cognitive performance were not associated with each other among those aged 50-64 years in the main time-lagged analysis. Among those aged ≥ 65 years, loneliness was associated with lower cognitive performance in the next wave in all four cognitive domains. In addition, lower verbal fluency predicted greater loneliness in the next waves among this age group. Similar patterns were found independently of retirement status at baseline. These results suggest that loneliness is a psychosocial risk factor for cognitive decline among older adults (≥ 65 years). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Socioeconomic position at the age of 30 and the later risk of a mental disorder: a nationwide population-based register study.

BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to examine the association between multiple indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) at the age of 30 and the subsequent risk of the most common mental disorders. METHODS: All persons born in Finland between 1966 and 1986 who were alive and living in Finland at the end of the year when they turned 30 were included. Educational attainment, employment status and personal total income were used as the alternative measures of SEP. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association of SEP at the age of 30 with later risk of mental disorders. Additional analyses were conducted using a sibling design to account for otherwise unobserved shared family characteristics. Competing risks models were used to estimate absolute risks. RESULTS: The study population included 1 268 768 persons, 26% of whom were later diagnosed with a mental disorder. Lower SEP at age 30 was consistently associated with a higher risk of being later diagnosed with a mental disorder, even after accounting for shared family characteristics and prior history of a mental disorder. Diagnosis-specific analyses showed that the associations were considerably stronger when substance misuse or schizophrenia spectrum disorders were used as an outcome. Absolute risk analyses showed that, by the age of 52 years, 58% of persons who had low educational attainment at the age of 30 were later diagnosed with a mental disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Poor SEP at the age of 30 is associated with an increased risk of being later diagnosed with a mental disorder.

Association of social isolation and loneliness with risk of incident hospital-treated infections: an analysis of data from the UK Biobank and Finnish Health and Social Support studies.

BACKGROUND: Although loneliness and social isolation have been linked to an increased risk of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and dementia, their association with the risk of severe infection is uncertain. We aimed to examine the associations between loneliness and social isolation and the risk of hospital-treated infections using data from two independent cohort studies. METHODS: We assessed the association between loneliness and social isolation and incident hospital-treated infections using data for participants from the UK Biobank study aged 38-73 years at baseline and participants from the nationwide population-based Finnish Health and Social Support (HeSSup) study aged 20-54 years at baseline. For inclusion in the study, participants had to be linked to national health registries, have no history of hospital-treated infections at or before baseline, and have complete data on loneliness or social isolation. Participants with missing data on hospital-treated infections, loneliness, and social isolation were excluded from both cohorts. The outcome was defined as a hospital admission with a primary diagnosis of infection, ascertained via linkage to electronic health records. FINDINGS: After exclusion of 8·6 million participants for not responding or not providing appropriate consent, the UK Biobank cohort consisted of 456 905 participants (249 586 women and 207 319 men). 26 860 (6·2%) of 436 001 participants with available data were reported as being lonely and 40 428 (9·0%) of 448 114 participants with available data were socially isolated. During a median 8·9 years (IQR 8·0-9·6) of follow-up, 51 361 participants were admitted to hospital due to an infectious disease. After adjustment for age, sex, demographic and lifestyle factors, and morbidities, loneliness was associated with an increased risk of a hospital-treated infection (hazard ratio [HR] 1·12 [95% CI 1·07-1·16]), whereas social isolation was not (HR 1·01 [95% CI 0·97-1·04]). Of 64 797 individuals in the HeSSup cohort, 18 468 (11 367 women and 7101 men) were eligible for inclusion. 4466 (24·4%) of 18 296 were lonely and 1776 (9·7%) of 18 376 socially isolated. During a median follow-up of 10·0 years (IQR 10·0-10·1), 814 (4·4%) participants were admitted to hospital for an infectious disease. The HRs for the HeSSup study replicated those in the UK Biobank (multivariable-adjusted HR for loneliness 1·32 [95% CI 1·06-1·64]; 1·08 [0·87-1·35] for social isolation). INTERPRETATION: Loneliness might increase susceptibility to severe infections, although the magnitude of this effect appears modest and residual confounding cannot be excluded. Interventional studies are required before policy recommendations can advance. FUNDING: Academy of Finland, the UK Medical Research Council, and Wellcome Trust UK.

Psychosocial work environment as a dynamic network: a multi-wave cohort study.

While characteristics of psychosocial work environment have traditionally been studied separately, we propose an alternative approach that treats psychosocial factors as interacting elements in networks where they all potentially affect each other. In this network analysis, we used data from a prospective occupational cohort including 10,892 participants (85% women; mean age 47 years) and repeated measurements of seven psychosocial work characteristics (job demands, job control, job uncertainty, team climate, effort-reward imbalance, procedural justice and interactional justice) assessed in 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012. Results from multilevel longitudinal vector autoregressive models indicated that job demands as well as interactional and procedural justice were most broadly associated with the subsequent perceptions of the work-related psychosocial factors (high out-Strength), suggesting these factors might be potentially efficient targets of workplace interventions. The results also suggest that modifying almost any of the studied psychosocial factors might be relevant to subsequent perceptions of effort-reward imbalance and interactional justice at the workplace.

Climatic exposures in childhood and the risk of schizophrenia from childhood to early adulthood.

BACKGROUND: Season of birth is a risk factor of schizophrenia, and it is possible that cumulative exposure to climatic factors during childhood affects the risk of schizophrenia. We conducted a cohort study among 365,482 persons born in Finland in 1990-1995 to examine associations of 10-year cumulative exposure to global solar radiation and ambient temperature in childhood with schizophrenia. METHODS: Data on schizophrenia diagnoses and sociodemographic factors from the Finnish population register and health care register were linked to daily meteorological data using residential information. The study population was followed from age 10 until the first schizophrenia diagnosis, death, emigration or December 31, 2017, whichever came first. Hazard ratios (HR) for the risk of schizophrenia were estimated using Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Compared to the lowest quintile of global solar radiation or ambient temperature, growing up in the second highest quintile (Q4) was associated with greater risk of schizophrenia. These hazard ratios were attenuated after adjustment for parental mental disorder, parental education, parental income, area-level socioeconomic characteristics and urbanicity (HR = 1.29, 95 % CI 1.06-1.58 for radiation; HR = 1.24, 95 % CI, 1.02-1.52 for temperature). Continuous linear terms evaluated in secondary models suggested a greater risk of schizophrenia at greater childhood exposure to global radiation and ambient temperature, but these associations did not remain in fully adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: We found no consistent evidence that cumulative exposure to sunlight and ambient temperature in childhood is associated with the risk of developing schizophrenia. Studies in other populations residing in different latitudes are needed.

Associations of long-term solar insolation with specific depressive symptoms: Evidence from a prospective cohort study.

Evidence suggests that sunlight counteracts depression, but the associations of long-term sunlight exposure with specific symptoms of depression are not well known. We evaluated symptom-specific associations of average 1-year solar insolation with DSM-5 depressive symptoms in a representative cohort of Finnish adults. The sample included 1,845 participants from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study with data on DSM-5 depressive symptoms, place of residence and covariates. Daily recordings of global solar radiation were obtained from the Finnish Meteorological Institute. Each participant's residential zip code on each day one year prior to the assessment of depressive symptoms was linked to the solar radiation data, and 1-year average daily solar insolation was calculated. Associations of the average 1-year solar insolation with depressive symptoms were assessed with linear and logistic regression analyses adjusting for season, sex, age, as well as individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics. Average daily solar insolation over one year prior to the depressive symptom assessment was not associated with the total number of depressive symptoms reported by participants. In symptom-specific analyses, participants exposed to higher levels of solar insolation in their residential neighborhood were less likely to report suicidal thought (OR = 0.61, 95% CI, 0.39-0.94), and more likely to report changes in appetite (OR = 1.24, 95% CI, 1.00-1.54), changes in sleep (OR = 1.30, 95% CI, 1.06-1.59) and feelings of worthlessness/guilt (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.07-1.65). These findings suggest that solar insolation may contribute to symptom-specific differences in depression. Studies in other populations residing in different geographical locations are needed.

Long-term residential sunlight exposure associated with cognitive function among adults residing in Finland.

While sunlight may influence cognitive function through several pathways, associations of residential sunlight exposure with cognitive function are not well known. We evaluated associations of long-term residential sunlight exposure with cognitive function among a representative cohort of 1838 Finnish adults residing in Finland who underwent comprehensive cognitive assessment in midlife. We linked daily recordings of global solar radiation to study participants using residential information and calculated the average daily residential exposure to sunlight for four exposure time intervals: 2 months, 1 year, 2 years and 5 years prior to the date of the cognition assessment. Associations of the residential sunlight exposure with cognitive function were assessed using linear regression analyses adjusting for season, sex, age, and individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic characteristics. Greater average residential sunlight exposure over 2 and 5 years prior to the cognitive function assessment was associated with better global cognitive function (b = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.25; b = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.29, per 1 MJ/m2 difference in sunlight exposure), while no associations with global cognitive function were observed at shorter exposure time intervals. In domain-specific analyses, greater residential exposure to sunlight over 1, 2 and 5 years prior to the cognitive function assessment was associated with better performance on new learning and visual memory (b = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.00, 0.20; b = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.28; b = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.31) and sustained attention (b = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.25; b = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.30; b = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.29), but worse performance on reaction time (b = - 0.12, 95% CI = - 0.22, - 0.02; b = -0.15, 95% CI = - 0.28, - 0.02; b = - 0.18, 95% CI = - 0.30, - 0.05). Residential sunlight exposure was not associated with executive function. These findings suggest long-term residential sunlight exposure may be an environmental factor influencing cognitive function among a cognitively healthy cohort residing in Northern Europe. Further studies in populations residing in different geographical locations are needed.

Big Five personality traits and COVID-19 precautionary behaviors among older adults in Europe.

OBJECTIVES: Taking precautions against COVID-19 is important among older adults who have a greater risk for severe illness if infected. We examined whether Big Five personality traits are associated with COVID-19 precautionary behaviors among older adults in Europe. METHOD: We used data from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (N = 34 629). Personality was self-reported in 2017 using the BFI-10 inventory. COVID-19 precautionary behaviors - wearing a mask, limiting in-person contacts, keeping a distance to others, washing hands, and using a disinfectant - were assessed in the summer of 2020 through self-reports. Associations between personality and precautionary behaviors were examined with multilevel random-intercept logistic regression models. The models were adjusted for age, gender, and educational attainment. RESULTS: Personality traits were differentially associated with precautionary behaviors, with higher openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism showing the most consistent associations. The pattern of associations between personality traits and precautionary behaviors varied depending on the specific behavior. The associations were relatively weak in comparison to those between sociodemographic factors and precautionary behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults, taking COVID-19 precautionary behaviors was most consistently related to higher openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism, suggesting that precautionary behaviors may be motivated by multiple psychological differences.

Longitudinal associations between specific symptoms of depression: Network analysis in a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Network perspective to mental disorders suggests that depression develops due to interrelated associations between individual symptoms rather than due to a common cause. However, it is unclear whether long-term longitudinal associations between specific symptoms of depression demonstrate coherent patterns. We examined the temporal sequences and changes in depressive symptoms over time, and whether some symptoms are more central than others in inducing changes in the rest of the symptoms over time. We also compared the network structure of depressive symptoms between people who were and were not taking medication for depression or anxiety. METHODS: Data were from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe, with five follow-ups conducted between 2004 and 2017. Participants who had data on depressive symptoms from at least two study waves were analyzed (n = 72,971). Depressive symptoms were self-reported using the 12-item EURO-D scale. RESULTS: All individual symptoms were longitudinally associated with each other. Changes in sad or depressed mood, diminished interest, and suicidal ideation were the most strongly associated with changes in other symptoms. There were no consistent differences in symptom associations between individuals taking versus not taking psychotropic medication. LIMITATIONS: Depressive symptoms were self-reported and measured every two years, which may dilute some short-term temporal sequences of the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate differences between depressive symptoms in their long-term associations with other depressive symptoms in the general population. Changes in sad or depressed mood, diminished interest, and suicidal ideation have the strongest associations with changes in the rest of the symptoms.

Testosterone and specific symptoms of depression: Evidence from NHANES 2011-2016.

Testosterone is one possible biomarker for depression risk among men and women. Both high and low levels of testosterone have been associated with depression, at least among men. Testosterone may be associated only with specific symptoms of depression, which might help to explain inconsistencies in previous results. We examined the cross-sectional associations between total testosterone and the specific symptoms of depression using pooled data across three cycles of NHANES (2011-2012, 2013-2014, and 2015-2016). The sample included 4253 men and 5102 women. Testosterone was modelled as 1) a dichotomous (low testosterone cut-off <300 â€‹ng/dL for men and 15 â€‹ng/dL for women) and 2) a continuous variable using cubic splines. In men, very low testosterone was weakly associated with problems with appetite, whereas very high testosterone was associated with sleep problems and weakly associated with tiredness. There were no consistent symptom-specific associations among women. These findings provide only suggestive evidence for symptom-specific associations between testosterone and depression, mainly related to somatic complaints. Further data are needed to assess the reliability of these associations.